PowerPoint Phrases and Clauses

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Notes on Phrasesand ClausesNotes on PhrasesNotes on Phrasesand Clausesand Clauses

Phrase

• A group of words that acts like asingle part of speech

• It DOES NOT contain a subject anda verb; therefore, it cannot standalone as a sentence.

Prepositional Phrase

• a group of words that begins with apreposition and ends with a noun orpronoun– that noun or pronoun is called the object

of the preposition– answers the question “what?” or

“whom?” about the preposition• acts like either an adjective or

an adverb3

Prepositional Phrase

• Example:

The little girl rode around the block

on her bicycle.

Both act like adverbs tellingwhere and how she rode

Participial Phrase

• begins with a participle—a verb formthat ends in –ing, -ed, d, n, or anyother verb ending

• ends with the object of theparticiple—a noun or pronoun thatanswers the question “what?”

• Acts like an adjective

Participial Phrase

• Examples:• The teacher, trying to maintain order,

raised her hand for quiet.

• The winner of the race, worn out fromrunning, fell to the ground.

Appositive andAppositive Phrase

• Noun or pronoun, along with itsmodifiers, that follows and renamesanother noun or pronoun

• Can also be a single word

Appositive andAppositive Phrase

• Examples:

• My sister Lisa is a phlebotomist, atype of vampire.

• Lisa, my sister, is a phlebotomist, atype of vampire.

Infinitive andInfinitive Phrase

• an infinitive plus its modifiers andobjects

• an infinitive consists of to plus a verband can act like a noun, anadjective, or an adverb

• the object of an infinitive answers

the question “what?” about theinfinitive. An infinitivedoesn’t have to have anobject. 9

Infinitive andInfinitive Phrase

• Examples:• He likes to eat pepperoni pizza.– What does he like to eat?– object = pizza

• I want to watch TV.– What do I want to watch?– object = TV

Gerund andGerund Phrase

• Consists of a gerund plus itsmodifiers and objects• A gerund is a verb form that ends in

–ing and acts like a noun• The object of the gerund follows the

gerund and answers the question“what?” about the gerund.

– A gerund looks like a verb but acts likea noun.

Gerund andGerund Phrase

• Examples:• Writing long essays can be fun.– Writing what?

• I like eating pizza.– Eating what?

Verb phrase

• Consists of a main verb and all itshelping verbs• The main verb is the last word in the

verb phrase• The verbs that come in front of themain verb are the helping verbs

• Helping verbs assist inestablishing the “time” of theverb

Verb phrase

• Examples:• I am swimming.

• I was swimming.

• I have been swimming.

Examples of Phrases

• around the block(prepositional phrase)

• trying to maintain order (participial phrase)

• swimming laps (gerund phrase)

• a poem about young love (appositive phrase)• to become an archaeologist (infinitive phrase)

• Has been running (verb phrase)Note: these do not begin with a capital letter,

and they don’t end with a periodbecause they are not complete

sentences.15

Phrase(continued)

• Phrases most frequently act like:– Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs,and prepositions

• You can have the following types ofphrases:

– Prepositional, participial, verb,noun, appositive, infinitive, andgerund.

Clause

• a group of words thatcontains a subject and a verb

Two Kinds of Clauses

1. Dependent clause

2. Independent clause

Dependent Clause

• a group of words that contains asubject and a verb• BUT it does not express a complete

thought, and• It cannot stand alone as a sentence.• Can also be called a subordinate

clause

Dependent Clause(continued)

• If you try to disguise a dependentclause as a sentence, you only have asentence fragment , an incomplete

sentence.• To exist, a dependent clause must beattached to an independent clause.

• Dependent clauses act like nouns,adjectives, or adverbs.

Examples ofDependent Clauses

• After we went to the mall• When the dog ran down the street• Because we didn’t understand the

questions• While you were sleeping• Before the bell rang, the classroom

was quiet.

Independent Clause• A group of words that contains a

subject and a verb• It expresses a complete thought.• It can stand alone as a sentence.• It can also be called a main clause .• The definition of an independent

clause is basically the same as thedefinition of a sentence.

Examples of IndependentClauses

• We ate at Pizza Hut.• He finished his homeworkassignments early in the afternoon.

• She wore her new dress to theHomecoming Dance.

• Alley caught the blue lizard.

Four Types of Sentences:classified according to structure

1. Simple sentence—contains oneindependent clause and nodependent clauses

– Sue laughed.– Jane cried.

2. Compound sentence—contains atleast two independent clauses

– Sue laughed, and Jane cried.– Sue laughed; Jane cried.– Sue laughed; however, Jane cried.

3. Complex sentence—contains oneindependent clause plus one or moredependent clauses

– When Sue laughed, Jane cried.– Sue laughed when Jane cried.

4. Compound-complex sentence—contains at least two independentclauses plus one or more dependent

clauses.– Sue laughed, and Jane cried becauseshe was sad.

– Because she was sad, Jane cried;however, Sue laughed.

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