Pre-Civil War: Decade of Crisis 1850-1860. Institution of Slavery l Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin l Nat...

Pre-Civil War: Pre-Civil War: Decade of CrisisDecade of Crisis

1850-1860

Institution of SlaveryInstitution of Slavery

Eli Whitney - Cotton GinNat Turner’s Revolt 1831Missouri Compromise 1820

–36 degrees 30 minutes

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850California (49ers) apply to become a

FREE state–Popular Sovereignty

South RejectsCompromise proposed by Henry

Clay, Daniel Webster, Stephen Douglas

They Propose:They Propose:Allow California in as free state

(Northern Victory)Create New Mexico and Utah

territories without restrictions about slavery

Stricter fugitive slave law (Southern Victory...hurt Underground RR)

Results of Compromise of Results of Compromise of 18501850

4 Southern States threaten to secede

North upset about fugitive slave law

Uncle Tom's CabinUncle Tom's CabinHarriet Beecher

Stowe - 1852

Dramatic account of a slave fighting for freedom

Result...more people wanting to abolish slavery

Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)(1854)

Background (RR, etc)Stephen Douglas, Senator (ILL) He

Proposes:– Create Kansas and Nebraska Territories– Scrap the Missouri Compromise (36

degrees 30 minutes). Instead, allow Popular Sovereignty

Results of the K-N ActResults of the K-N Act

Stephen Douglas -very ambitiousBirth of the new Republican

PartyHelped unify the NorthBleeding Kansas

"Bleeding Kansas"-"Bleeding Kansas"-miniature Civil War 1855-57miniature Civil War 1855-57

ElectionWar

–Free Soil Group...John Brown

Dred Scott Dred Scott Decision...1857Decision...1857

BackgroundSupreme Court (Chief Justice Roger

Taney) decides:– Slaves = 3/5ths of a person, so NO RIGHT

to sue– Slave=Property– Congress cannot restrict property within

TERRITORIES.

Results of Dred Scott Results of Dred Scott Ruling:Ruling:Wipes out:

–Kansas-Nebraska Act

–Idea of Popular SovereigntyHuge Southern VictoryOutrages & Unifies Republicans

Other Important Events Other Important Events of the Late 1850’sof the Late 1850’s

Lincoln-Douglas DebatesJohn Brown’s Raid...attack

US Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

Election of 1860Election of 1860

4 Political Parties!

RepublicansRepublicansNorthern PartyRESTRICT

slavery, not abolish it

Abraham Lincoln from ILL

Northern DemocratsNorthern DemocratsDemos splitNorthern Democrats supported

Stephen Douglas and popular sovereignty

Southern DemocratsSouthern DemocratsMore radical, want slavery

legal everywhereSelected John Breckinridge

(Tenn), current VP under Buchanan

Constitutional Union PartyConstitutional Union Party

Wanted a compromise over slavery

Selected John Bell (Tenn)

Popular Vote TotalsPopular Vote Totals

Pop.%

LincolnDouglas

BreckenridgeBell

0

10

20

30

40

Pop.%

LincolnDouglas

BreckenridgeBell

Lincoln

Douglas

Breckenridge

Bell

Lincoln wins with only 40% of Popular Vote

What should the Southern States do?

What options do they have?

SecessionSecessionPresident James Buchanan-

“Lame Duck”December 1860 - South

Carolina SecedesWhat should Buchanan do???Is secession irrational???

Confederate StatesConfederate Statesof Americaof AmericaBy Feb, 1861, most of the South is

goneElect Jefferson Davis (Mississippi)

as PresidentSelect Richmond (Virginia) as

CapitolFlag (11 states, yet 13 stars)

Strengths and WeaknessesStrengths and WeaknessesNorth

–(Union, Blue, Yankees) South

–(Confederacy, Gray, Rebels)

Border StatesBorder States

The Battles BeginThe Battles BeginFort Sumter (Charleston, S. C.)1st Bull Run

– “Stonewall” JacksonNaval WarfareUnion has Navy

– Ironclad Warship (forerunner to battleships) Monitor v Merrimack (Virginia) March 1862

War in the WestWar in the WestShiloh (Tenn) April 1862New Orleans and the Mississippi RiverBattle and Seige of Vicksburg (Miss)

– Heavily fortified city with RR

– 47 day seige of city

– Major turing point of war

– Union splits south & gets River

– Grant v. Pemberton

War in the EastWar in the East

Robert E. Lee, Confederate General

Battle of Antietam (Maryland) –Sept 1862 - George McClellan

Lincoln changes War - Lincoln changes War - Emancipation ProclamationEmancipation Proclamation

War in the East (continued)War in the East (continued)Union Commanders--"Revolving

Door"–Fredricksburg (VA) Dec, 1862 -

Ambrose Burnside–Chancellorsville (VA) Spring 1863

- Joe Hooker–Gettysburg (Penn) July 1863 -

George Meade

GettysburgGettysburgLee invades NorthJuly 3 - "Pickett's Charge"

(Gen.George Pickett, confederate) Great Union Victory & Major

turning point of WarMeade fails to chase LeeGettysburg Address (Lincoln)

East (continued)East (continued)

“Revolving Door” - (cont) U.S. Grant in charge (1864-)

William Tecumseh Sherman's "March to the Sea" ... (Total War) - Atlanta to Savannah

The EndingThe EndingAppomattox Courthouse (April 9,

1865) Lee surrenders

Factors of WarFactors of WarFirst American “Draft”War’s Deadly Cost

0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000

Dead

Civil War

WW 1

WW 2

Lincoln's AssassinationLincoln's Assassination

April 14, 1865...Fords Theatre"American Cousin" playJohn Wilkes BoothDemocrat Andrew Johnson will

lead Reconstruction efforts