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3/1/2019
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Precision Orchard Management:Research update
Dr. Brent BlackUtah State University
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Overview
• Definitions and examples
• GIS-based applications
• Weather-based decision support tools
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Precision management
• Components
– Sensors and remote sensing
– Precision positioning
– Integrated communication
– Geomapping
– Auto-steering
– Variable rate technology
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Precision management
• Mapping components
– Soil properties map
– Grid soil testing (nutrients)
– Yield history
– Pest distribution
• Variable management
– Variety
– Seeding rate
– Fertilizer rate
– Pesticide rate
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Orchard examples
• TRAPs app
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Precision Crop Load Management• Determine target crop load
– Bushels per acre to maximize “crop value” (target size class)
– Fruit # per acre → Fruit # per tree → Fruit # per branch
• Precision pruning– Determine flower buds per tree (5 trees per block)
– Factor this into pruning strategies to reduce flower buds
• Precise thinning program– Fruit Growth Model
– Carbohydrate Thinning Model
– “Window” hand thinning
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Orchard examples
• TRAPs app features
• Precision crop load management
• Variable rate management
– Fertilizer
– Based on what? • Soil variability
• Yield history?
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Applications for Utah• Appropriate for tart cherry?
• Research locations
– Three farms
– Two orchard blocks per farm
– Orchard blocks differ in soil uniformity
(based on NRCS maps)
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Mapping parameters - Soil• Soil properties
– Electromagnetic probe• Texture
• pH
• Salinity
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Mapping parameters - Soil
• Soil properties
– Electromagnetic probe
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Mapping parameters - Soil
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Mapping parameters - Canopy
• Aerial imaging
• Light interception mapping
– Light sensors 5-cm spacing
– GPS and data logger
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Mapping parameters - Canopy
• Aerial imaging
• Light interception mapping
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Mapping parameters - Canopy
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Mapping parameters - Yield
• Yield variability
• Technology?
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Mapping parameters - Yield
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Mapping parameters - Yield
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• Mapping Parameters:
Canopy Soil Yield
• Next steps?
– Correlations among these and yield, tree health
– Changes in leaf area over time?
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• Leaf area changes
– Proportional to water needs
• Improved crop coefficients
ETcrop = ETref × Kcrop
Apple
Sweet Cherry
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• Variable rate management
– Fertility
– Irrigation
– Pruning
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• Pruning
– Canopy density threshold
• Fruit color
• Powdery mildew
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Gi.3 Gi.5 Mah
Tree
ligh
t in
terc
epti
on
(%
)
Rootstock
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Overview
• Definitions and examples
• GIS-based applications for tart cherry?
• Weather-based decision support tools
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Weather Based Decision Support
• TRAPs app
– 10 Insect pests
– 1 disease
• Crop growth models?
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• Carbon balance affects thinning response
• Surplus = difficult to thin
• Deficit = easy to thin
Apple Carbohydrate Model
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• Predicts time to pollination
• Used to time bloom thinners
Pollen Tube Growth Model
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ETcrop = ETref × Kcrop
• Orchard-specific ETref calculations
• Projected ET from weather forecasts
Improved ET estimates
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• Growing Degree Days (GDD) from 1-Jan to crop growth stages – apple (by cultivar: Cripps Pink, Gala, Red Delicious)
• GDD to bloom for peach and cherry
Crop Phenology
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• Uses GDD, fruit measurements and date to estimate harvest fruit size distribution. (Cripps Pink, Gala, Red Delicious)
Fruit Growth Model - Apple
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• Bee activity based on weather
– (rain, wind, temperature, sunlight)
• Past three days,
• Forecast of next three days
• Limiting factor
Honey Bee Foraging Activity
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• California model
– GDH for first 30 days after bloom
– Predicts fruit size potential
– Used to determine thinning timing and severity
Peach fruit development
R2 = 0.5944
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0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Kingsburg
Modesto
Yuba City
F B
D to
R
D (
D a
y s
)
G D H 30
Days
fro
m b
loom
to
“reference”
R2 = 0.6254
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50 60 70 80 90
Kingsburg
Modesto
Yuba City
F r
u i
t
s i
z e
( m
m )
F B D to R D ( D a y s ) 32
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Weather-based toolsUDAF Specialty Crop grant (2019-2021)
• Integrate new heat unit models into Climate Center Website
• Validate these models under Utah Conditions
• Refine/Improve the models where appropriate
• Integrate validated models into Utah TRAPs app.
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Which weather-based toolsGeneral
– Improved ET estimate and forecasts
– Chill unit accumulation
– Bee activity
Apple– Pollen tube growth (bloom thinning)
– Carbohydrate model (thinning)
– Bloom date
– Fruit growth (estimate final size)
Peach– Bloom date
– Fruit development (thinning severity)
Cherry– Bloom date
• Priority: High, Medium, Low, No Interest34
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