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Role of EC/IRB
นพ.อน�นต์� มโนม�ยพ�บู ลย� พบู.,วทม (ระบูาดว�ทยาคล�น�ก).ว�ทยาล�ยแพทยศาสต์ร�กร�งเทพมหานครและวชิ�รพยาบูาล
Research process
Research processFormulate the problem
Review the literatures
Create hypothesis and objectives
Research design
Research methodology
-population, intervention, define variables, measurements
Data collection, analysis and interpretation
Communicate the result:
Presentation and publishing
History of Ethical Problems in Biomedical Research
History of informed consent
In 1900 , Dr. Albert Neisser, German physician, studied infected patients (mainl
y prostitutes) with syphilis without their co nsent.
Against by the academic community and public opinion
“A legally based, positivistic contract - theory of the patient doctor relationship" th
at was not adopted into German law
Nazism
Nazi Party (1920-1945)World War II
Nazi humanexperimentation A series of controversial medical
experiments on large numbers of prisoners during World War II .
Prisoners were coerced into participating: T hey did not willingly volunteer and there w
as never informed consent . Typically, the experiments resulted in death
, disfigurement or permanent disability.
Examples of Nazi Experiments Freezing Malaria Mustard Sulfonamide Sterilization Poison
Experiments with Poisons
The poisons were secretly administered to experimental subject
s in their food. The victims died as a result of the
poison or were killed immediately in order to permit autopsies .
Sterilization experiments
T o develop a method of sterilization w hich would be suitable for sterilizing
millions of people with a minimum of t ime and effort.
These experiments were conducted by means of -X ray , surgery
and various drugs . Thousands of victims were sterilized
compulsory .
Aftermath Many of the subjects died or were
murdered after the tests to study the effect post mortem
T he German doctors captured by Allied forces were put on trial which is
commonly known as the Doctors ' Trial
.
Japanese Experiments during WWII
T he results from Unit 731 were kept classified by the USA
T he majority of doctors involved were given pardons
The Nuremberg Doctors Trial of 1946
20 physicians. The judgment included a set of
standards knows as the Nuremberg Code.
Nuremberg Code
At the trial, several of the doctors arg ued in their defense that there was no
international law regarding medical experimentation.
T he development of the Nuremberg Code of medical ethics . 1947
Nuremberg Code
The Nuremberg code includes such principles as informed consent and absence of coercion; properly formulated scientific experimentation; and beneficence towards experiment participants.
Thalidomide
Thalidomide was approved as a sedative in Europe in the late 1950’s.
The FDA never approved the drug, but samples were sent to US doctors.
By 1961 thalidomide was shown to be very harmful to the fetus, interfering with the normal development of arms and legs.
Thalidomide
These events lead to the passage of the Drug Amendments of 1962 to the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.
This was the first US statues that required subjects be informed of a drugs experimental nature and to consent before starting the research study.
“Syphilis Victims in US Study Went Untreated for 40 Years”
US Public Health Service studies syphilis in Black men
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: 1932-1972
Tuskegee Syphilis Study: 1932-1972
When the study began in 1932, standard medical treatments for syphilis were toxic, dangerous, and of questionable effectiveness
By 1947 penicillin had become the standard treatment for syphilis. Prior to this discovery, syphilis frequently led to a chronic, painful, and fatal multisystem disease
The Belmont Report
is an important historical document in the field of medical ethics
The report was created on 1979 Prompted in part by problems arising from
the Tuskegee Syphilis Study (1932-1979) Department of Health, Education and
Welfare (HEW) revised and expanded its regulations for the protection of human subjects
The Three Fundamental Ethical Principles
respect for persons: protecting the autonomy of all people and treating them with courtesy and respect and allowing for informed consent;
beneficence: maximizing benefits for the research project while minimizing risks to the research subjects
justice: ensuring reasonable, and well-considered procedures are administered fairly (the fair distribution of costs and benefits.)
International Guidelines Nuremberg Code Declaration of Helsinki
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS)
International Conference on Harmonization “Guideline for Good Clinical Practice”(ICH/GCP)
WHO guidelines
The Declaration of Helsinki
The Declaration of Helsinki was developed by the World Medical Association (WMA), as a set of ethical principles for the medical in 1964 community regarding human experimentation.
It is widely regarded as the cornerstone document of human research ethics
Although it is not a legally binding instrument in international law
The Declaration of Helsinki
The Declaration developed the ten principles first stated in the Nuremberg Code.
The Declaration more specifically addressed clinical research.
A notable change from the Nuremberg Code was a relaxation of the conditions of consent, which was 'absolutely essential'
First revision (1975)
Introduction the concept of oversight by an 'independent committee‘ which became a system of Institutional Review Boards (IRB) in the US, and research ethics committees or ethical review boards in other countries.
In the United States regulations governing IRBs came into effect in 1981
Second to Sixth Revisions (1975-2008) In1994, WHO group concluded "Placebo-
controlled trials offer the best option for a rapid and scientifically valid assessment of alternative antiretroviral drug regimens to prevent transmission of HIV".
Direct conflict with CIOMS, which stated "The ethical standards applied should be no less exacting than they would be in the case of research carried out in country”
The Declaration of Helsinki
From 1982, the Declaration was not alone as a universal guide
CIOMS and the World Health Organization (WHO) had also developed their International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects.
Principles of the Declaration
The Declaration is morally binding on physicians
The obligation overrides any national or local laws or regulations, if the Declaration provides for a higher standard of protection of humans than the latter.
Investigators still have to abide by local legislation but will be held to the higher standard.
The CIOMS Guidelines
Created in 1993 by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Scie
nces (CIOMS) and updated in 2002 these 21 guidelines (15 in the original repor
t) address issues including informed conse nt, standards for external review, recruitme
nt of participants, and more. The Guidelines are general instructions and
principles of ethical biomedical research
Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
is an international quality standard It also provides assurance of the safety and
efficacy of the newly developed compounds.
GCP Guidelines include standards on how clinical trials should be conducted , define t
he roles and responsibilities of clinical trial sponsors, clinical research investigators, a
nd monitors.
ICH-GCP
The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH)
is a project that brings together the regulatory authorities of Europe, Japan and the United States and experts from the pharmaceutical industry in the three regions to discuss scientific and technical aspects of pharmaceutical product registration.
ICH GCP overview
Guidelines for the investigator Guidelines for the trial sponsor (industrial,
academic) Guidelines for the clinical trial protocol and
protocol amendments Guidelines for the Investigator's brochure
IRB and EC
I nstitutional R eview Board (IRB) also known as an independent ethics
committee (IEC) or ethical review board (E RB)
to approve, monitor, and review biomedical and behavioral research involving humans
to protect the rights and welfare of the rese arch subjects.
USA regulations, (FDA and Office for Human Research Protections, OHRP) have
empowered IRBs to approve, modifications or disapprove research.
Ethics Committee (EuropeanUnion)
The Ethics Committee , according to Directive 2001/20/EC, is an independ
ent body With the Clinical Trials Directive, the E
uropean Union (EU) envisioned a har monisation of research ethics commit
tees (RECs) across Europe,.
IRB or EC Approval Criteria
Risks to subjects minimized Risks to subjects reasonable in relation to
anticipated direct benefit knowledge to be gained
Selection of subjects equitable Informed consent sought and documented Appropriate provisions for monitoring safety Provisions for confidentiality Additional safeguards for vulnerable
populations
WHO guidelines
Operation guidelines for Ethical Committees that review biomedical research, WHO 2000
The basic principles of the ethical issues
Respect for persons Beneficence (beneficent) Justice (fairness)
Vulnerable population include some individuals who have limited
autonomy such that they cannot fully participate in the consent process.• Prisoners• Children• Subordinate Individuals• Decisionally Impaired.
Informed Consent Informed consent: right to know,
right to self determination The hallmark of consent are
informed understoodVoluntary - Oral, implied: to communicate
and idea without saying it directly , written consent
Research Ethics in Thailand
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อน�ม�ย
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กร�งเทพมหานคร ใชิ!ระยะเวลาประมาณ 2 - 3 เด/อน
Funding
Funding in BMA Medical College and Vajira Hospital
กองท�นว�จ�ยทางการแพทย� ม ลน�ธ�วชิ�รพยาบูาล ท�นละไม#เก�น 40 000, บูาท
ท�นส#งเสร�มการว�จ�ยทางแพทย� วพบู .ท�นละไม#เก�น 10 0000, บูาท
Communicate The Results
Knowledge
Index Medicus Pubmed Impact factor Citation International journal National journal
Index Medicus
is a bibliographic listing of references from biomedical journals worldwide
National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health
Pubmed (www.nlm.nih.gov) included 4,844 journals till January 2005
N Eng J Med, JAMA, Lancet, Ann Intern Med, Annu Rev Med, Arch Intern Med, BMJ, Am J Med,
ICMJE: International Committee of Medical Journal Editors Informal meeting of medical journal
editors in 1978: Vancouver group Expanded and evolved to ICMJE Multiple editions of the Uniform
Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. (last revision 2001)
Clinical trial registration www.icmje.org
Journal impact factor (JIF)
Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in USA
Journal citation report
Journal impact factor (JIF)
ISI was founded in 1961 AD. Tool for selecting the journal into the
database 3 databases
Databases of ISI
Science citation index 5876, journalsHigh JIF: N Eng J Med, JAMA, Lancet, Ann Intern Med, Annu Rev Med, Arch Intern Med, BMJ, Am J Med, Medicine,
Social science citation index 1700, journals
Arts and humanities citation index 1130 journals
3 indexes of Journal impact factor (JIF)
journal impact factor immediacy index cited half-life โดยเป5นท')ทราบูก�นโดยท�)วไปว#า วารสารใดม'ค#าด�ชิน'ด�งกล#าวส ง
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ต์ามไปด!วย วารสารน�4น ๆ ม'โอกาสท')จะค�ดเล/อกงานว�จ�ยท')ม'ค�ณภาพส ง
มาต์'พ�มพ�เผู้ยแพร#ได!มากข้*4น
JIF = number of citation in year (x) from articles in year (x-1) and
(x-2) of that journal / sum of articles published in year (x-1) and (x-2) of that journal
Technique of calculation
Thailand Citation Index (TCI)
Citation information of local journals Report Thai Journal Impact Factor
List of approved local journals ส.าน�กงานคณะกรรมการการอ�ดมศ*กษา
(สกอ.) โดยส.าน�กส#งเสร�มและพ�ฒนาสมรรถนะบู�คลากร
ประกาศบู�ญชิ'รายชิ/)อวารสารว�ชิาการทางด!านว�ทยาศาสต์ร�และเทคโนโลย' ภายในประเทศท')เป5นท')ยอมร�บูระด�บูนานาชิาต์� และระด�บูชิาต์�
ประกาศ ม�ถ�นายน 2550
List of approved international journals
Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy andImmunology
The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health
Journal of the Medical Association ofThailand
Siriraj Hospital Gazette (สั่�รุศ�รุ�รุ�ช) Chulalongkorn Medical Journal
(จั�ฬ�ลังกรุณ�เวิชสั่�รุ)
List of approved international journals ScienceAsia: Journal of the Science Society of
Thailand Songklanakarin Journal of Science and
Technology ECTI Transactions on Electrical Eng., Electronics,
and Communication Thai Journal of Agricultural Science Asian Journal of Energy and Environment Journal of Environmental Research Thai Forest Bulletin
List of approved national journals เป5นวารสารท')แนะน.าให!ใชิ!เพ/)อต์'พ�มพ�เผู้ยแพร#
ว�ทยาน�พนธ�ระด�บูปร�ญญาโท หร/อต์'พ�มพ�เผู้ยแพร#ว�ทยาน�พนธ�ระด�บูปร�ญญาเอกส.าหร�บูกล�#มมหาว�ทยาล�ยราชิภ�ฎ มหาว�ทยาล�ยเทคโนโลย'ราชิมงคล และกล�#มมหาว�ทยาล�ยต์�4งใหม# รวมถ*งผู้ลงานข้องน�กว�ชิาการ
ประกอบูด!วยวารสารจ.านวน 39 ฉบู�บู
List of approved national journals Thai Journal of Hematology and
Transfusion Medicine Vajira Medical Journal (วิช�รุเวิชสั่�รุ) Journal of the Nephrology Society of
Thailand Internal Medicine Journal of Thailand วิ�รุสั่�รุสั่�ขภ�พจั�ต้แห$งปรุะเทศไทย ศรุ�นคำรุ�นทรุ�เวิชสั่�รุ
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