Presentation of Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Research Study

California Environmental Protection Agency

Air Resources Board

Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel Research Study

March 12, 2009 Tom Durbin

California Environmental Protection Agency

Air Resources Board 1

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Engine Dynamometer Cycle Development

– Engine parameters (J1939) obtained from chassis dynamometer runs over the UDDS and Cruise cycles

• UDDS was loaded at weight of truck cab only • Cruise was loaded at the full vehicle GVWR

– A single test run was selected to represent the set of engine parameter data collected

• Based on NOx emissions, deviation from the drive cycle, and examination of outliers

– Torque and RPM values normalized – Cycles were optimized for the engine dyno – New regression statistics criteria

2

Engine Parameters

• 2006 Cummins ISM 370 • In-line, 6 cylinder, 4-stroke, 10.8 L

engine • 385 @ 1800 rpm • Turbo charged with EGR

3

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

UDDS Engine Dynamometer Cycle R

PM

and

Torq

ue

(%of m

axim

um

)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10

-20

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

normalized RPM normalized torque

4

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

RP

M a

nd

Torq

ue

(% o

f m

axim

um

)

Cruise-1 Engine Dynamometer Cycle 120

normalized torque normalized RPM

100

80

60

40

20

0 0 500 1000 1500 2000

-20

5

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Cruise-2 Engine Dynamometer Cycle P

erce

nt S

pee

d/T

orq

ue (%

)

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Normalized Speed Normalized Torque

Time (sec)

6

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Engine 1 Test Runs – Testing completed

• Soy-based biodiesel • Animal-based biodiesel • Renewable diesel • Initial round of mitigation testing with additives and renewable

blends

– Biodiesel Results show trends consistent with expectations • Increasing NOx for the biodiesel blends • Decreasing PM for the biodiesel blends • Decreasing THC for the biodiesel blends

– Renewable diesel results show reductions in NOx and PM – Complications due to outliers

7

= = = =

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Soy Feedstock Test Matrix A Lght. UDDS B FTP C1 ARB 40 mph Cruise C ARB 50 mph Cruise

Engine 1-2006 cummins ISM

Soy based biodiesel Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7 Day 8 Day 9 Day 10 Day 11 Day 12 Day 13 Day 14 Day 15 Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle

CARB A B20 B B50

CARB

A CARB

B100

C1 B100 B B20 C1 CARB

B50

B B50

B100

A B100

CARB

A CARB A B20 B B50

B100

A B100

CARB

C1 CARB

B5

C1 B5

CARB

C1 C1 A B A C1 B A B C1 C1 A B A C1 C1 B C1 C1 B A A C1 C1 B B C1 C1 B C1 C1

B20 C1 B50 B C1 A B20 B CARB A B C1 B B20 A B50 C1 B C1 C1 C1 B C1 A B A C1 A A C1 B B C1 A C1 C1 A A B C1 C1 B C1 B A C1 A A B C1 C1

Day 16 Day 17 Day 18 Day 19 Day 20 Day 21 Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle Fuel Cycle

CARB C

B50

B50

CARB A

B100

B100

CARB A

B5

B5

CARB C CARB C B50 A A C B C C B B B C C C A

B20 A C B C C B100

CARB

B C A A C B20 C C B B C C C C

B20 B C A C C C A B C C C C C A B C B50 C C

CARB C CARB A CARB B CARB C C C B C C C C C A B A C C C

8

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Outlier Complications

-2.0E-02

0.0E+00

2.0E-02

4.0E-02

6.0E-02

8.0E-02

1.0E-01

1.2E-01

1.4E-01

1.6E-01

1.8E-01

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

NO

x E

mis

sion

s (g

/sec

.)

200810101059 200810130852 200810161234 200810170809

Time (sec.)

9

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Outlier Complications

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Inta

ke A

ir T

empe

ratu

re (°

F)

200810101059

200810130852

200810161234

200810170809

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Time (Sec.)

10

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

NO

x E

mis

sions

(g/s

ec.)

Outlier Complications 3.00E-01 120

2.50E-01 100

2.00E-01 80

0 200 400 600 800

Norm

aliz

ed T

orq

ue

and

RP

M (%

)

200812020818 CARB 200812031056 B20 200812021156 B20 200812021621 B50 200812030905 B50 200812031331 CARB 200812031607 B100 200812040730 B100 200812041108 B20 200812041336 B20 200812041527 CARB 200812051142 B50 200812050807 CARB 200812051333 B50 200812051443 B100 200812080808 B100 200812080958 CARB 200812081253 B20 200812081445 B20 200812090946 B50 200812091137 B50 200812091351 B100 200812091543 B100 200812100836 CARB 200812021230 B20

1.50E-01 60

1.00E-01 40

5.00E-02 20

0 Normalized RPM 0.00E+00 Nomalized Torque

-5.00E-02 -20 Time (sec.)

11

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Draft Test Results (NOx) NOx Emissions

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Em

issi

ons

(g/b

hp-h

r)

ULSD

B20 - Soy

B50 - Soy

B100 - Soy

B5 - Soy

UDDS FTP CRUISE - 1 CRUISE - 2

12

x

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Draft Test Results (NO ) NOx Emissions

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

NO

x E

mis

sion

s (g

/bhp

-hr)

ULSD

B20 - Animal

B50 - Animal

B100 - Animal

B5 - Animal

UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2

13

14

Draft Test Results (NOx)

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Draft Test Results (PM) PM Emissions

UDDS FTP CRUISE - 1 CRUISE - 2 0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

Em

issi

ons

(g/b

hp-h

r)

ULSD

B20 - Soy

B50 - Soy

B100 - Soy

B5 - Soy

15

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Draft Test Results (PM) PM Emissions

0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

PM

Em

issi

ons

(g/b

hp-h

r)

ULSD

B20 - Animal

B50 - Animal

B100 - Animal

B5 - Animal

UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2

16

17

Draft Test Results (PM)

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

18

Draft Test Results (THC)

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

19

Draft Test Results (CO)

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Draft Test Results (NOx) NOx Emissions

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

NO

x E

mis

sion

s (g

/bhp

-hr)

ULSD

R20

R50

R100

UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2

20

21

Draft Test Results (NOx)

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

22

Strategies for NOx Mitigation

– Additives

– Renewable/biodiesel blends – GTL

– Match blending – subsequent testing??

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Additive Testing – 2- ethyl-hexyl-nitrate (EHN)

• 1% level in B5, B10, and B20

– Di-tert-butyl-peroxide (DTBP) • 1% level in B10 and B20

– Both additives have been studied by NREL and SwRI

– Use B20-soy with highest NOx disbenefit – All testing on FTP – DTBP successful at 1% level with B10 – 2-EHN unsuccessful at 1% level with B5 – Additional testing as needed to look at cycle effects

and higher blend levels 23

24

Renewable/Biodiesel Blend Testing

– R80/B20 - successful

– R55/CARB25/B20 - successful – CARB70/R20/B10 - unsuccessful

– CARB75/R20/B5 - successful

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Text Matrix - Mitigation CARB B20-S 1% 2-EHN R80 B20-S CARB B10-S 1% DTBP C25/R55/B20-S CARB CARB

B20-S 1% DTBP CARB B10-S B5 - S CARB B5-S 1% 2-EHN C70/R20/B10-S C75/R20/B5-S

B20-S 1% DTBP CARB B10-S B5 - S CARB B5-S 1% 2-EHN C70/R20/B10-S C75/R20/B5-S

B20-S 1% 2-EHN R80 B20-S CARB B10-S 1% DTBP C25/R55/B20-S CARB CARB CARB

25

P N y P S

N S S

S S B - - -oB BH H0 0 5R s - -T TE 2 1E BA - 0 5 B B

%D

%D- 0 - /12 B 0C 22 / /B 5 0 2% B %5 2 R1 1/ R R1 10 /5S S8 / /S S5 0 7R- - 2 7- B0 0 -0 5B B2 1 R2 BB B R RB AA AC C C

First Round Results - Draft

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

1.9

2.0

2.0

2.1

2.1

2.2

2.2

NO

x E

mis

sions (g

/bhr-

hr)

26

27

Draft Test Results (NOx)

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Additional Mitigation Testing

– Testing with a GTL fuel planned shortly

– Additional testing of Additives, etc. possible

28

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Additional Slides - Draft THC Emissions

UDDS FTP CRUISE - 1 CRUISE - 2

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Em

issi

ons

(g/b

hp-h

r)

ULSD

B20 - Soy

B50 - Soy

B100 - Soy

B5-soy

29

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

TH

C E

mis

sion

s (g

/bhp

-hr)

Additional Slides - Draft THC Emissions

0.90

0.80

0.70

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00

ULSD

B20 - Animal

B50 - Animal

B100 - Animal

B5 - Animal

UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2

30

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

Em

issi

ons

(g/b

hp-h

r)

Additional Slides - Draft CO Emissions

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

0.0 UDDS FTP CRUISE - 1 CRUISE - 2

ULSD

B20 - Soy

B50 - Soy

B100 - Soy

B5 - Soy

31

Biodiesel/Renewable Diesel Study

CO

Em

issi

ons (g

/bhp

-hr)

Additional Slides - Draft CO Emissions

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

ULSD

B20 - Animal

B50 - Animal

B100 - Animal

B5 - Animal

UDDS FTP CRUISE - 2

32