Primary'Sources' Week'2' January'14,'2015'€œP… ·...

Primary'Sources'

Week'2'

January'14,'2015'• The$Song$of$Roland,$trans.'Jessie'Crosland'(1999),'nos.'80693,'1046107,'1286134,'

1566159,'1686177,'pp.'22625,'28629,'35636,'42643,'46648.'

• Chretien'de'Troyes,'Lancelot:$The$Knight$of$the$Cart$in'Sources$of$The$Making$of$the$West,$Vol.$1:$to$1715,$ed.'K.'J.'Lualdi'(2012),'2206226.'

• Bernard'of'Clairvaux,'“In'Praise'of'the'New'Knighthood,”'tr.'Conrad'Greenia'in'The$OnBline$Reference$Book$for$Medieval$Studies'

• The'Rule'and'Statutes'of'the'Teutonic'Knights,'tr.'Indrikis'Sterns'in'The$OnBline$Reference$Book$for$Medieval$Studies'

• Nikolaus'von'Jeroschin,'The$Chronicle$of$Prussia,$trans.'Mary'Fischer'(2010),'excerpts.'

'

Study'Guide''

Primary'sources'are'historical'texts'written'during'the'period'we'are'studying.'Your'job'as'a'historian)is)to)critically(analyze(these(primary(sources(for(the(information(they(contain(about(life(in(the(past.((Critically(analyzing(any(primary(source(begins(with(thinking(about(a(few(basic(questions:''Background'Questions''

1. What'kind'of'document'is'this?'(law'code,'letter,'chronicle,'papal'bull,'etc.)'

2. When'was'the'document'written?''What'else'is'going'on'at'that'time?'How'does'the'document'fit'in'

the'context'of'other'events'being'covered'in'class?''

3. Who'is'writing'this?'Is'there'anything'about'the'author’s'background'that'might'explain'his/her'

perspective?'

4. Who/what'is'the'source'about?'What'is'the'connection'between'the'author'and'the'subject'matter?'

5. Where'is'the'author'writing?'Where'are'they'writing'about?'Did'the'author'witness'the'events'

firsthand?'How'did'he'learn'about'the'events?'

6. Who'was'the'intended'audience?'How'might'people'have'reacted'to'the'document'at'the'time'it'was'

written?'

'

Critical'Thinking'

1. What'does'this'source'tell'us'about'the'group'that'we'are'studying'this'week?6'men'and'masculinity'

2. Why'did'the'author'write'the'document?'Did'it'have'the'intended'effect?'

3. How'does'this'source'reflect'the'views'of'the'society'in'which'it'was'produced?'

4. Why'are'we'reading'this'document?'How'does'this'document'reflect'the'themes'of'the'course?'

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Knighthood)and)Chivalry)!

A!knight!was!expected!to!have!not!only!the!strength!and!skills!to!face!combat!in!the!Middle!Ages!but!was!also!expected!to!temper!his!aggressive!warrior!side!with!a!chivalric!ethos.!The!medieval!code!of!chivalry!(there!was!no!actual!code,!we!just!call!it!that!today)!was!a!moral!system!which!idealized!qualities!such!as!bravery,!

courtesy,!honor,!and!gallantry!toward!women.!That!means!a!knight!had!to!be!a!warrior!and!gentleman;!a!

knight!had!to!exhibit!courtly!conduct!(courtesy).!!

!

The!term!chivalry)is!derived!from!the!Old!French!term!chevalerie!meaning!“horseman;!knight.”!The!earliest!usage!of!'chivalry'!(in!eleventhI!and!early!twelfthIcentury!texts)!was!to!denote!the!collective!body!of!

chevaliers.!By!the!early!twelfth!century!the!term!'chivalry'!also!came!to!stand!for!the!values,!ethos,!and!

manners!appropriate!to!the!knightly!class.!What!were!these!values:?!

!

• To!fear!God!and!maintain!His!Church!!

• To!serve!the!liege!lord!in!valor!and!faith!!

• To!protect!the!weak!and!defenseless!!

• To!give!aid!to!widows!and!orphans!!

• To!refrain!from!unnecessary!cruelty!!

• To!live!by!honor!and!for!glory!!

• To!despise!monetary!reward!!

• To!fight!for!the!welfare!of!all!!

• To!obey!authority!!

• To!guard!the!honor!of!fellow!knights!!

• To!avoid!unfairness,!meanness!and!deceit!!

• To!keep!faith!!

• At!all!times!to!speak!the!truth!!

• To!persevere!to!the!end!in!any!enterprise!

begun!!

• To!respect!the!honor!of!women!!

• Never!to!refuse!a!challenge!from!an!equal!!

• Never!to!turn!the!back!upon!a!foe!!

!

Since!there!is!no!actual!“code,”!after!reading!a!lot!of!medieval!literature,!historians!have!discerned!three!basic!

types!of!chivalry:!

!

1.!!Warrior)chivalry,!in!which!a!knight's!chief!duty!is!to!his!lord,!countrymen!and!fellow!Christians.!Such!a!knight!exhibits!virtues!such!as!mercy,!courage,!valor,!fairness.!He!protects!the!weak!and!the!poor.!He!is!also!

willing!to!give!his!life!for!another’s!whether!he!would!be!giving!his!life!for!a!poor!man!or!his!lord.!!!

!

2.!Religious)chivalry,!in!which!a!knight's!chief!duty!is!to!protect!the!innocent!and!serve!God.!Such!a!knight!is!faithful!to!God,!protects!the!innocent,!follows!church!teachings!and!is!generous.!He!is!a!champion!of!good!

against!evil!and!obeys!God!above!the!feudal!lord.!

!

3.!Courtly)love)chivalry,!in!which!a!knight's!chief!duty!is!to!his!lady!(A!lady!is!the!wife!of!the!knight’s!lord.!The!knight!can!never!consummate!his!love!to!his!lady).!The!knight!serves!his!lady!by!going!on!quests!and!

performing!courageous!deeds!to!demonstrate!his!love.!He!is!gentle!and!gracious,!and!he!loves!from!a!distance.!!

Great!link!for!more!info!on!chivalry!(if!you!plan!to!write!your!paper!on!this!topic,!you!should!check!it!out): http://www.usna.edu/Users/history/abels/hh315/Chivalry.htm!!

!

Key)Terms!I!feudal!society!(not!

feudalism)!

I!three!orders!!

I!“those!who!fight”!

I!milites)4)milites)Christi)I!(liege)!lord!

I!lady!

I!vassal!

I!fief!

I!homage!

4)Renaissance!of!the!twelfth!century!

I!courtly!love!

I!troubadour!

I!chanson)de)geste)

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Crusades(and(Crusaders((

In#1095#Pope#Urban#II#proclaimed#the#First#Crusade#with#the#stated#goal#of#restoring#Christian#access#to#holy#places#in#and#near#Jerusalem#which#had#recently#been#taken#by#the#Seljuk#Turks.#Following#the#First#Crusade#there#was#an#intermittent#200Fyear#struggle#for#control#of#the#Holy#Land#with#six#more#major#crusades#and#numerous#minor#ones.#In#1291,#the#conflict#ended#in#failure#with#the#fall#of#the#last#Christian#stronghold#in#the#Holy#Land#at#Acre,#after#which#Roman#Catholic#Europe#mounted#no#further#coherent#response#in#the#east.#####Why#go#on#crusade?#F#The#Pope#offered#plenary#indulgences#to#the#participants:#anyone#who#went#would#have#their#sins#automatically#remitted#and#they#were#sure#to#go#to#heaven.##Who#went?#F#Everyone!##F#First#the#nobility#went.#They#fought#off#the#Seljuk#Turks#and#established#the#Kingdom#of#Jerusalem.#F#Then#pilgrims#started#to#comeF#women,#children,#sick,#poor,#etc.##Of#course,#the#Kingdom#of#Jerusalem#was#a#great#start#but#what#about#getting#there?#The#Christians#needed#to#carve#out#a#safe#path#for#pilgrim.#This#is#what#happened:##(These#lands#were#called#the#Outremer.######Obviously,#getting#to#the#Holy#Land,#staying#in#the#Holy#Land,#and#getting#back#home#was#a#very#dangerous#journey…so…military#orders#were#created#to#keep#people#safe#and#ward#off#the#Turks:##Hospitallers#(1099)#–#Their#mission#was#to#defend#and#provide#care#for#the#sick#(at#the#hospital).#

Templar#Knights#(1118)#–#Their#mission#was#to#defend#the#Temple#of#Jerusalem.#

Teutonic#Knights#(1190)#–#Their#mission#was#to#defend#the#Outremer#from#the#city#of#Acre.#

#

What#was#unique#about#these#orders?#The$military$orders$combined$monastic$and$chivalric$ideals.$Crusading$knights$were$both$monk$and$warrior!$##Finally,#the#Seljuk#Turks#prevailed#and#the#last#Christian#stronghold#at#Acre#fell#in#1291.#But…the#crusades#weren’t#over#just#yet…there#were#still#problems#in#northern#Europe…## # # # # # # (continued#below)#

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co

mmons/2/2d/Near_East_1135.svg

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The(Northern(Crusades((

Most#of#Europe#was#Christian#by#the#eleventh#century.#The#Christian#mission#was#very#important#because#the#Church#claimed#universal$authority.$In#the#Baltic#there#were#still#pockets#of#pagans#(nonFChristians#that#practiced#their#ancestral#traditions).#The#Northern#Crusades#began#in#the#12th#century#against#the#Wends#or#Polabian#Slavs.#They#lived#in#what#is#today#northeastern#Germany.#The#Northern#Crusades#were#a#great#opportunity#for#Germany,#Denmark,#and#Sweden#to#get#involved#(the#Holy#Land#was#a#long#way#away).#Once#the#Wends#were#Christianized#(1147),#the#crusaders#moved#further#northeast#to#the#Baltic#Sea#region.#There#were#lots#of#pagans#there:#Prussians,#Selonians,#Semigallians,#Lithuanians,#Curonians,#Estonians,#etc.##########Then,#with#the#fall#of#Acre,#military#orders,#including#the#Teutonic#Knights#lost#their#purpose.#They#therefore#also#came#to#join#the#efforts#in#the#north.#The#Teutonic#Knights#did#something#very#unique.#Instead#of#just#forcing#the#pagans#to#convert#with#“fire#and#sword,”#they#built#themselves#a#state#on#the#lands#of#the#pagans.#It#was#called#the#Teutonic#Order#State:##(green#area)####The#Lithuanians#were#the#last#Europeans#to#accept#the#Catholic#faith#in#1387.####(((((Key(Terms(F#crusade#F#crusader#F#military#order#F#Holy#Land#F#Outremer#F#Teutonic#Order#State#(

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/275px-

Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Teutonic_state_1455.png

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#Europe(c.(1200(

(

(

Eastern(Baltic(

Outremer(

http://www.mad-irishman.net/ars/vigil_cavernae/images/1200big.jpg

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The primary source excerpts normally included in this packet have been omitted for reasons of copyright.

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