Principles of Research Ebony Smith and Kimberli Thompson

Principles of Research

Ebony Smith and Kimberli ThompsonPharm D Candidate May 09’

The Current State of our School SystemThe Current State of our School System

Ebony Smith Pharm D. Candidate May 09 Kimberli Thompson Pharm D. Candidate May 09

What is Research?What is Research?

ResearchResearch

Research is an Research is an organizedorganized systematicsystematic way way of of finding answersfinding answers to to questionsquestions..

ResearchResearch

SystematicSystematic a definite set of procedures and steps followa definite set of procedures and steps follow

OrganizedOrganized structure or method in going about doing researchstructure or method in going about doing research

ResearchResearch

Questions are central to research. If Questions are central to research. If there is no question, then the answer is there is no question, then the answer is of no useof no use

Finding answers is the end of all Finding answers is the end of all researchresearch

Purpose of ResearchPurpose of Research

To find an answer to generate ideas for To find an answer to generate ideas for an hypothesis an hypothesis

To test an hypothesis in order to apply To test an hypothesis in order to apply them to real lifethem to real life

Validity/Reliability Validity/Reliability

ValidityValidity The strength of our conclusionThe strength of our conclusion Does the study prove/disprove the hypothesis?Does the study prove/disprove the hypothesis? Researcher’s biasResearcher’s bias

Reliability Can the measurement be repeated? Do you get the same results?

Test/Retest

In order to be valid, a test must be reliable; but reliability does not guarantee validity.

Types of Research

Qualitative

&

Quantitative

Qualitative Qualitative ResearchResearch

Hypothesis-generatingHypothesis-generatingSeeks to understand; Why?Seeks to understand; Why?Naturalistic; observes natural settingNaturalistic; observes natural setting

DataData

Subjective; perceptions of participants in Subjective; perceptions of participants in environmentenvironment

In-depth interviews, direct observation, written In-depth interviews, direct observation, written texttext

MethodsMethods

Interviewer is integral part of researchInterviewer is integral part of research Human person is primary instrumentHuman person is primary instrument Detailed data gained through open-ended questionsDetailed data gained through open-ended questions

Grounded ApproachGrounded Approach

‘‘I am totally a victim of my circumstances …right now I lack complete free will …life is dictating to me.’’

Healthcare experiences of the homeless

SamplingSampling

SmallSmall Non-RandomNon-Random Purposive Purposive

participants are selected based on some established participants are selected based on some established characteristiccharacteristic

Snowball Sampling Snowball Sampling participants are referred from earlier informantparticipants are referred from earlier informant

When Should you use Qualitative When Should you use Qualitative Research?Research?

AdvantagesAdvantages In-depth; ComprehensiveIn-depth; Comprehensive Wide understanding of concept in natural settingWide understanding of concept in natural setting Cost lessCost less

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Difficulties in establishing reliability and validityDifficulties in establishing reliability and validity Difficult to prevent of detect researcher biasDifficult to prevent of detect researcher bias Limited due to in-depth formatLimited due to in-depth format

Quantitative Quantitative ResearchResearch

Focused; aims to test hypothesisFocused; aims to test hypothesisExperimental; controlled settingExperimental; controlled settingGeneralization of findingsGeneralization of findings

DATADATA

Objective; statistically validObjective; statistically valid Displayed using tables, charts, histograms, graphsDisplayed using tables, charts, histograms, graphs MeasurableMeasurable

0

50

100

150

200

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr

North

West

East

MethodsMethods

Use of structured question where answers have been pre-Use of structured question where answers have been pre-determineddetermined

Instruments; scales, test, surveys, computers, etc.Instruments; scales, test, surveys, computers, etc. Analysis of relationships between variablesAnalysis of relationships between variables

SamplingSampling

LargeLarge RepresentativeRepresentative RandomRandom

When Should I use Quantitative When Should I use Quantitative Researcher?Researcher?

AdvantagesAdvantages Mathematically confirmedMathematically confirmed Large scaleLarge scale GeneralizableGeneralizable Reliability and Validity measuredReliability and Validity measured

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Narrow perspectiveNarrow perspective Researcher biasResearcher bias Ethical questionsEthical questions Cost moreCost more

Let’s CompareLet’s Compare

QualitativeQualitative SubjectiveSubjective Small SamplesSmall Samples QualityQuality Interviews/ Interviews/

ObservationsObservations Generate hypothesisGenerate hypothesis

QuantitativeQuantitative ObjectiveObjective Large SamplesLarge Samples QuantityQuantity StatisticsStatistics Test hypothesisTest hypothesis

Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Combining Qualitative and Quantitative ResearchResearch

AdvantagesAdvantages Research developmentResearch development Increased ValidityIncreased Validity ComplimentaryComplimentary Create new ways of thinkingCreate new ways of thinking

DisadvantagesDisadvantages Philosophical DifferencesPhilosophical Differences CostCost Inadequate trainingInadequate training

What type of research question is this?

What percentage of teenagers engage in illegal substances acts before the age of 20?

A: Qualitative

B: Quantitative

What type of research question is this?

Partying Before the Party: Interviews Examining Prepartying Behavior Among College Students

A: Qualitative

B: Quantitative

What type of research question is this?

Randomized controlled trial on loud music listening

A: Qualitative

B: Quantitative

EthicsEthics

Norm of conduct that distinguishes between acceptable and Norm of conduct that distinguishes between acceptable and unacceptable behaviorunacceptable behavior

Method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for Method, procedure, or perspective for deciding how to act and for analyzing complex problems and issuesanalyzing complex problems and issues

Highly debatableHighly debatable

National Institute of Environmental Health ScienceNational Institute of Environmental Health Science

Ethics Ethics (continued…)(continued…)

Some Ethical PrinciplesSome Ethical Principles HonestyHonesty ObjectivityObjectivity Integrity Integrity ConfidentialityConfidentiality RespectRespect CompetenceCompetence Non-DiscriminationNon-Discrimination Animal CareAnimal Care Human Subject ProtectionHuman Subject Protection

Ethics Ethics (continued…)(continued…)

Institutional Review Board (IRB)Institutional Review Board (IRB) Ethics CommitteeEthics Committee Approve, require modifications, disapprove researchApprove, require modifications, disapprove research Perform critical oversight functions for research conducted on Perform critical oversight functions for research conducted on

Human subjects that are scientific, ethical, and regulatoryHuman subjects that are scientific, ethical, and regulatory Require informed consentRequire informed consent

Committee of Animal Research and Ethics (C.A.R.E.)Committee of Animal Research and Ethics (C.A.R.E.) Ethics Committee for Animal rightsEthics Committee for Animal rights

What Would You Do?What Would You Do?

EUTHANASIAEUTHANASIAOROR

Physician Assistant SuicidePhysician Assistant Suicide

Parts of Research Article:Parts of Research Article:

AbstractAbstract Introduction/BackgroundIntroduction/Background Research ProblemResearch Problem MethodsMethods Results/FindingsResults/Findings DiscussionDiscussion ConclusionConclusion

AbstractAbstract concise single paragraphconcise single paragraph

summary of worksummary of work

Provides the rationale Provides the rationale behind the studybehind the study

Gives the general Gives the general approach to the problem, approach to the problem, pertinent results, and pertinent results, and important conclusions or important conclusions or new questionsnew questions

Research PartsResearch Parts

Introduction/ BackgroundIntroduction/ Background Rationale behind workRationale behind work HistoryHistory

Research ProblemResearch Problem fundamental question fundamental question HypothesisHypothesis Theories Theories

MethodsMethods

aka: Methodologyaka: Methodology discusses how the research was discusses how the research was

conductedconductedmaterials used materials used general proceduresgeneral procedures Inclusion/exclusion criteriaInclusion/exclusion criteria

Statistical dataStatistical data

Findings / ResultsFindings / Results

present and illustrate your findingspresent and illustrate your findings presented in a table or chart formatpresented in a table or chart format can either prove or disprove the theory of the can either prove or disprove the theory of the

studystudy

Discussion & ConclusionDiscussion & Conclusion

DiscussionDiscussion

author’s interpretation of author’s interpretation of the results the results

subjective information subjective information and author biasand author bias

May provide limitationsMay provide limitations

ConclusionConclusion• Results are Results are

complied,calulated andcomplied,calulated and

explainedexplained• objectiveobjective

What Research Part is this? In this 2-year trial, we randomly assigned 322 moderately In this 2-year trial, we randomly assigned 322 moderately

obese subjects to one of three diets: low-fat, restricted-obese subjects to one of three diets: low-fat, restricted-calorie; Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or low-calorie; Mediterranean, restricted-calorie; or low-carbohydrate, non–restricted-calorie (mean age-52 years; carbohydrate, non–restricted-calorie (mean age-52 years; mean body-mass index -31; males-86%; females-14%)mean body-mass index -31; males-86%; females-14%)

A. ResultsA. ResultsB. MethodsB. MethodsC. Research ProblemC. Research Problem

What Research Part is this?

Overall, 44.9% of high school students reported drinking Overall, 44.9% of high school students reported drinking alcohol during the past 30 days (28.8% binge drank and alcohol during the past 30 days (28.8% binge drank and 16.1% drank alcohol but did not binge drink). Although girls 16.1% drank alcohol but did not binge drink). Although girls reported more current drinking with no binge drinking, binge-reported more current drinking with no binge drinking, binge-drinking rates were similar among boys and girls. Binge-drinking rates were similar among boys and girls. Binge-drinking rates increased with age and school grade. drinking rates increased with age and school grade.

A. BackgroundA. BackgroundB. MethodsB. MethodsC. ResultsC. ResultsD. AbstractD. Abstract

When Pharmacist Tell The When Pharmacist Tell The TruthTruth

ScenarioScenario

Ms Phyllis is at her neighborhood pharmacy to Ms Phyllis is at her neighborhood pharmacy to pick up her monthly meds and asks to speak to pick up her monthly meds and asks to speak to the pharmacist. She tells you that she recently the pharmacist. She tells you that she recently heard of this new drug from one of her heard of this new drug from one of her girlfriends and she wanted some information girlfriends and she wanted some information about it. The drug is not in your Drug about it. The drug is not in your Drug Information Handbook and you can’t seem to Information Handbook and you can’t seem to locate it in any of you usual sources. What do locate it in any of you usual sources. What do you do?you do?

ResourcesResources

TextbooksTextbooks Tertiary sourcesTertiary sources Outdated once publishedOutdated once published

JournalsJournals Primary LiteraturePrimary Literature Credible SourceCredible Source Origin of ResearchOrigin of Research

Research and Research and PharmacistsPharmacists

Research in PharmacyResearch in Pharmacy

Important for knowledge baseImportant for knowledge base Research articles over textbook knowledgeResearch articles over textbook knowledge

Creates indications for drugsCreates indications for drugs FDA Drug ApprovalFDA Drug Approval

NAPLEX ExamNAPLEX Exam

I Wish I Would Have Known

Journal ClubJournal Club

Not to memorizeNot to memorize

DO NOT rely on Old tests!DO NOT rely on Old tests!

Work as a unitWork as a unit

Reference

Graziano, Anthony M., Raulin, Michael L. “Research Methods A Process of Inquiry” Pearson Education; 2007

National Institute of Environmental Health Science

http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/tools/report/reportform.html#discussion

http://www.nutritionj.com/content/pdf/1475-2891-6-35.pdf

http://www.experiment-resources.com/ Copyright 2008

http://uk.geocities.com/balihar_sanghera/ipsrmehrigiulqualitativequantitativeresearch.html

http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/grizzly/432/rra2.htm

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