PRIVATE PILOT

PRIVATE PILOT

STEEP TURNS

STEEP TURNS

• Objective:

STEEP TURNS

• Objective:

– To develop smoothness, coordination, orientation, division of attention, and control techniques while executing a high-performance turn

STEEP TURNS

• Introduction:

STEEP TURNS

• Introduction:

– Ever wonder what it is like to be in a centrifuge?

STEEP TURNS

• Introduction:

– Ever wonder what it is like to be in a centrifuge?

– Well here is your chance while at the same time testing your piloting abilities!

STEEP TURNS

• Overview:

STEEP TURNS

• Overview:

– Discuss the elements involved with a steep turn

STEEP TURNS

• Overview:

– Discuss the elements involved with a steep turn

– Explain the procedures to execute a steep turn

STEEP TURNS

• Overview:

– Discuss the elements involved with a steep turn

– Explain the procedures to execute a steep turn

– Review the practical test standards for a steep turn

STEEP TURNS

• Elements:

STEEP TURNS

• Elements:– More than 45° bank

STEEP TURNS

• Elements:– More than 45° bank– After 45° of bank the over-banking tendency of

an airplane overcomes stability

STEEP TURNS

• Elements:– More than 45° bank– After 45° of bank the over-banking tendency of

an airplane overcomes stability– Bank tends to increase unless pressure is

applied to aileron controls to prevent it

STEEP TURNS

• Elements:– More than 45° bank– After 45° of bank the over-banking tendency of

an airplane overcomes stability– Bank tends to increase unless pressure is

applied to aileron controls to prevent it– High load factors are imposed

STEEP TURNS

• Elements:– More than 45° bank– After 45° of bank the over-banking tendency of

an airplane overcomes stability– Bank tends to increase unless pressure is

applied to aileron controls to prevent it– High load factors are imposed– Large amount of vertical component of lift is

lost and so back pressure on elevator is needed

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:– Execute two clearing turns

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:– Execute two clearing turns– Establish a specific heading (and outside

reference) and altitude (> 1500’ AGL)

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:– Execute two clearing turns– Establish a specific heading (and outside

reference) and altitude (> 1500’ AGL)– Roll into a 45° bank while maintaining altitude

with necessary back pressure

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:– Execute two clearing turns– Establish a specific heading (and outside

reference) and altitude (> 1500’ AGL)– Roll into a 45° bank while maintaining altitude

with necessary back pressure– Complete a left and right 360° heading change

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:– Execute two clearing turns– Establish a specific heading (and outside

reference) and altitude (> 1500’ AGL)– Roll into a 45° bank while maintaining altitude

with necessary back pressure– Complete a left and right 360° heading change– Power may be required to maintain airspeed

above a stall

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:– Lead rollout to heading by one-half the bank

angle

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:– Lead rollout to heading by one-half the bank

angle– Use horizon and glare shield/cowling to

maintain pitch attitude

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:– Lead rollout to heading by one-half the bank

angle– Use horizon and glare shield/cowling to

maintain pitch attitude– If loss of altitude occurs, decrease bank, add

back pressure to regain altitude, and establish higher pitch attitude

STEEP TURNS

• Procedure:– Lead rollout to heading by one-half the bank

angle– Use horizon and glare shield/cowling to

maintain pitch attitude– If loss of altitude occurs, decrease bank, add

back pressure to regain altitude, and establish higher pitch attitude

– If gain of altitude occurs, increase bank (max 55°), decrease pitch attitude and or power

STEEP TURNS

STEEP TURNS

• Practical Test Standards:

STEEP TURNS

• Practical Test Standards:– Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

steep turns

STEEP TURNS

• Practical Test Standards:– Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

steep turns– Selects an altitude that will allow the task to be

performed no lower than 1500’ AGL

STEEP TURNS

• Practical Test Standards:– Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to

steep turns– Selects an altitude that will allow the task to be

performed no lower than 1500’ AGL– Establishes the manufacturer’s recommended

airspeed or if one is not stated, the examiner may designate a safe airspeed not to exceed VA

STEEP TURNS

• Practical Test Standards:– Rolls into a coordinated 360° turn; maintains a

45° bank +-5°, and rolls out on the entry heading of +-10°

STEEP TURNS

• Practical Test Standards:– Rolls into a coordinated 360° turn; maintains a

45° bank +-5°, and rolls out on the entry heading of +-10°

– Performs the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the examiner

STEEP TURNS

• Practical Test Standards:– Rolls into a coordinated 360° turn; maintains a

45° bank +-5°, and rolls out on the entry heading of +-10°

– Performs the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the examiner

– Maintains the entry altitude, +-100 feet, and airspeed +-10 knots

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Improper Pitch, bank, and power coordination

during entry and rollout

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Improper Pitch, bank, and power coordination

during entry and rollout– Increasing pitch attitude before establishing

bank angle with resulting gain in altitude

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Improper Pitch, bank, and power coordination

during entry and rollout– Increasing pitch attitude before establishing

bank angle with resulting gain in altitude– Not releasing back pressure in recovery with

resulting gain in altitude

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Improper Pitch, bank, and power coordination

during entry and rollout– Increasing pitch attitude before establishing

bank angle with resulting gain in altitude– Not releasing back pressure in recovery with

resulting gain in altitude– Not enough or too much bank

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Improper Pitch, bank, and power coordination

during entry and rollout– Increasing pitch attitude before establishing

bank angle with resulting gain in altitude– Not releasing back pressure in recovery with

resulting gain in altitude– Not enough or too much bank– No use of power to assist in maintaining altitude

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Slipping or skidding through maneuver

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Slipping or skidding through maneuver– Inappropriate control applications

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Slipping or skidding through maneuver– Inappropriate control applications– Not making minor adjustments in altitude and

bank through maneuver resulting in the need for major adjustments

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Slipping or skidding through maneuver– Inappropriate control applications– Not making minor adjustments in altitude and

bank through maneuver resulting in the need for major adjustments

– Loss of orientation – Initial heading forgotten and reference point can no longer be found

STEEP TURNS

• Common Errors:– Slipping or skidding through maneuver– Inappropriate control applications– Not making minor adjustments in altitude and

bank through maneuver resulting in the need for major adjustments

– Loss of orientation – Initial heading forgotten and reference point can no longer be found

– Excessive deviation from desired heading during rollout due to poor planning of rollout

STEEP TURNS

• Conclusion:

STEEP TURNS

• Conclusion:

– The steep turn is a performance based maneuver that tests various piloting ability from coordination, orientation, smoothness, and division of attention. A pilot will learn just how well his/her airplane will perform once the added loads are implied on the wings at a 45° bank.

STEEP TURNS

• Review Questions:– What is VA for our training aircraft?

STEEP TURNS

• Review Questions:– What is VA for our training aircraft?– What is the minimum altitude required before

we begin a steep turn?

STEEP TURNS

• Review Questions:– What is VA for our training aircraft?– What is the minimum altitude required before

we begin a steep turn?– Why is it important to note the initial heading

before we begin a steep turn?

STEEP TURNS

• Review Questions:– What is VA for our training aircraft?– What is the minimum altitude required before

we begin a steep turn?– Why is it important to note the initial heading

before we begin a steep turn?– If we note the heading on our DG then why do

we need to use visual references as well?

STEEP TURNS

• Review Questions:– What is VA for our training aircraft?– What is the minimum altitude required before

we begin a steep turn?– Why is it important to note the initial heading

before we begin a steep turn?– If we note the heading on our DG then why do

we need to use visual references as well?– Why may we need to add back pressure when

we perform a steep turn?

STEEP TURNS

• Review Questions:– If we descend too fast, what is the desired

recovery procedure?

STEEP TURNS

• Review Questions:– If we descend too fast, what is the desired

recovery procedure?– At a 45° bank, what are the load factors implied

on the wings?

STEEP TURNS

• Review Questions:– If we descend too fast, what is the desired

recovery procedure?– At a 45° bank, what are the load factors implied

on the wings?– What is a good rule of thumb for a heading to

begin the rollout?

STEEP TURNS

• Review Questions:– If we descend too fast, what is the desired

recovery procedure?– At a 45° bank, what are the load factors implied

on the wings?– What is a good rule of thumb for a heading to

begin the rollout?– Why may we need to push forward on the

controls after we have rolled out?

PRIVATE PILOT

STEEP TURNS

END OF LESSON