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Extracting Value from Open Licensing Arrangements:
CC 3.0 and beyond
Dr. Prodromos TsiavosEnCoRe
UKOER2010 23 07 10_ _
four elements
Data Licence
Value Flow
Life Cycle
1
| |
| DATA || |
What do we mean by -DATA-?
Copyright vs. Database RightPublic Sector InformationData ProtectionFreedom of InformationTransparencyINSPIRE
<legal>
</legal>
Where should I look for governance
instruments?
LawsEU directives
Organisational procedures
Employment contracts
Policies
International treaties
contributors agreements
Funding agreements
Licence Agreements
2
| |
| VALUE || |
| |
| Uncomfortable Truths || |
Four
Value does not necessarily mean
£££
No. One
Types of value identified per case study
BL ASR BMAGIC VoB BBC CenturyShare
MyExperiment
BECTA NEN Repurpose
OMII NLH LOR
Non Monetary
Educational X X X X X X X X
Reputation building X X
Quality Improvement X X X X
Audience Creation X X
Increasing relevance of material
X X X X X X
Collective Memory X X X X
Research X X X X X X X
Building on existing Knowledge
X X X X
Culture dissemination and preservation
X X X X
Monetary
Revenue Creation X
Sustainability X X X X
Securing future funding X X X X X
Value does not always follow the
No. Two
model
model
the
u
i
give
u
me
give
£
Value may follow the
model
network
model
networkIn the
I don t 'sell
I don t 'sell
I create value from relationships
model
networkIn the
Think of:
and
No. threecost
openness
Free as in Free Beer
(You get it for free)
Free as in Free Speech
(You speak your mind)
Free as in FreeDom of Information
(Free access to public information)
Free as in Free Puppy
(You get it for free......and you have to pay it for the rest of your life)
requires
No. FourValue
clarity
requires
clarity
rules
No. Four
3
| |
| LICENCES || |
[three expressions]
[1]
Human-Readable: Commons Deed
[2]
Lawyer-Readable:
Legal Code
[3]
Machine-Readable:
Meta DataLogo + Link
schematic
31
Is Commercial Use Allowed?
Yes No
CC_BY CC_BY_SA CC_BY_NC
CC_BY_NC_ND
CC_BY_SA_NC
CC_BY_ND
Can the User Make Changes?
Must the Derivative Work Be Distributed Under the Same Terms and Conditions?
YesYes NoNo
YesYes NoNo
CC_BY CC_BY_SA
Open Closed
Prodrom
os Ts iavos © 2010 C
C_B
Y_N
D
Licence Species
Creative Commons Licences CC Sampling Licence
Public Domain Dedication
Developing Nations Licence
Six Basic licences based on the combination of three licence elements
Music Sharing
Founders’ Copyright
Licence Species
Creative Commons Licences CC Sampling Licence
Public Domain Dedication
Developing Nations Licence
Six Basic licences based on the combination of three licence elements
Music Sharing
Founders’ Copyright
XX
XXT
[modules]
Creative Commons licensing operation
Understanding the operation of the licences
Dual Structure
Basic Template
Variable Licence Elements
Licence principles:
The licensor retains her copyright and autonomy
The licensee is the recipient of a number of freedoms the licensor chooses to award
The operation of the basic template I (freedoms)
Basic Freedoms
To reproduce the work
To include the work in a collective work
To distribute copies
Display publicly, perform publicly, to perform publicly by means of digital audio transmission
To modify the work so that the rights may be exercised in all media formats/ platforms
The operation of the basic template II (licensor’s autonomy)
The licensor retains autonomy/ control
Licensor reserves all rights not explicitly granted
No sublicensing is allowed
The licensee is obliged to carry all notices regarding the copyright of the licensor
The licensee is obliged to attribute the original author
The licensee cannot impose any additional legal restriction or obstruct the dissemination of the work (e.g. using Digital Rights Management)
The Licensor may license the work under different terms and conditions
Attribution
Non Commercial
No Derivatives
ShareAlike
Licence elements
39
Combinations
Attribution
Attribution – Share Alike
Attribution – No Derivatives
Attribution – Non Commercial
Attribution – Non Commercial - ShareAlike
Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives
Attribution
Non Commercial
No Derivatives
ShareAlike
Licence elements
41
Combinations
Attribution
Attribution – Share Alike
Attribution – No Derivatives
Attribution – Non Commercial
Attribution – Non Commercial - ShareAlike
Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives
[CCUK 3.0]
Additional Features
+ from CC 2.5
* single licence for all three jurisdictions (EW/ NI/ SC)* Clarifications (collective work/ licensor/ restrictions/ TPM/ Attribution* No Endorsement* Express Moral Rights Acknowledgement* CC Notice * SA features* Differentiation between derivative and original* Sui Generis Database Right
The ShareAlike element
Share Alike
• It refers to the derivative works
• When the licensor creates a derivative work, she has to further license it under the same terms and conditions as the work it was based upon
• Particularly relevant when multiple authors create a work in a virtual environment (e.g. wikis, sampling sites)
The ShareAlike element and the GFDL licence
•As of 03.11.08, the CC_BY_SA and GFDL licences are compatible
•Wikipedia transition
•Huge step in reducing fragmentation of the commons
•URL: http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/10443
Remember:- know your value- clear your rights- standardise- use mixed models
4
| |
| fLOWS || |
Types of Open
Access
Horizontal open
access
1
Examples
Shallow Open Access
•There is a central acces point only• Superdistributions (p2p) is not possible • The licences used are essentially expressions of limitations (exceptions, fair use, fair dealing)
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
Why Shallow Open Access
* Content control* Quality assurance* provenance* de facto control of commercial uses* Limited issues of rights clearance
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV Access Point
Organisation
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV Access Point
Organisation
Flow of content
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV Access Point
Organisation
Flow of Content
Flow of permissions
Key licence elements Ι
Limitations on: (a) Use Private Non Commercial-For Educational purposes only- No Derivative Works(b) User-Teachers / Educators - Academics- Students Staff of other organisations (HE – FE – MLA)(c) Location Membership Country / region campus Members of specific organisation (d) Moral rights Attribution Integrity Non Endorsement
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
Key Licence Elements ΙΙRights/ Freedoms: (a) Use Private(b) Communication to the public-Educational-NonCommercial(c) Reproduction-Private-Non Commercial-Educational
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
Key Licence Elements ΙΙΙOther important elements: (a) the licences are either contracts that require offer, consideration and acceptance (e.g. British Museum) or “naked” “bare” licences(b) there are licencespecific definitions on: noncommercial – private – educational use(c) there are specific provisions with regards to-Personal data (PD)-Registration with the ICO-Policies about PD handling -Protections of minors-Cultural Heritage provisions-Public Sector Information provisions
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
Why is horizontal access also shallow?
Horizontal access is normally shallow as well because: Public and private organisations feel more comfortable with this mode of content disseminations The content is accessible and may be easily used even by users with minimum ICT skills
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
Vertical Open
Access
2
cases
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV Access Point
Organisation
Flow of Content
Flow of permissions
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
Access Points
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
Access Point
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
End-User Access Point
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
User ΙΙ
User V
Licensing forms
-Users normally exchange content with each other using some form of open licensing schemes- The most wide spread CC licences:• CC_BY_SA_NC• CC_BY_SA
The Models
[flow models]
Flows of content
Flows of rights
[A]
The nomad model
© Casas-Rodríguez Collection, 2009 CC_NC_ND
1990 2000 2009
Org 1 Org 2 Org 3
ContentPermissions ContentPermissions ContentPermissions
1990 2000 2009
Org 1 Org 2 Org 3
ContentPermissions ContentPermissions ContentPermissions
Rights Collection point
[B]
Clean Hands
National Centre for eResearch (MyExperiment/ OMII)
National Library for Health eLearning Object Repository (LOR)
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
User 1
User ΙΙ
User IV
Key points
While the content is deposited in a common repository the flows of permissions (or rights) follow a different trajectory- When CC licences are used, the permissions flow directly from the rightsowner to the content
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
User V
User ΙΙΙ
Licensing forms The content ownership varies: it may belong to the distributing organisation or third parties
The distributing organisation may make available only the content for which either it has obtained rights or the rightsholders allow it to be stored on its servers.
[C]
Walled Garden models
© Recursion see recurcion 2006 CC_NC_SA
Model One
Full Rights Transfer
Open Release
Commercial Release
Necessary *for selling difference *between code and data licences GPL type * -licences offer protection
Model Two
No Rights Transfer
No Rights Transfer X
X
...but membership *agreement no actions *agreement
StandardsProtocolsInfo-structures
Open
Meta- Access
3
100
Cases
101
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV Access Point
Organisation
Flow of Content
Flow of permissions
102
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
103
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
DATA SET III
DATA SET II
DATA SET I
104
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
DATA SET II
DATA SET I
Data FlowFlow of Rights
over Data
105
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
DATA SET II
DATA SET I
Data FlowFlow of Rights
over Data
106
User 1
User ΙΙ User ΙΙΙ
User IV
DATA SET II
DATA SET I
Data FlowFlow of Rights
over Data
107
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
Open Meta Access I MetaData and Content follow the same path MetaData are normally accompanied by a set of permissions that follow the same trajectory as the metadata
108
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
User IV
DATA SET II
Open MetaAccess II Metadata flows do not follow the same trajectory as the content A user may download content while uploading metadata
109
User II
DATA SET I
DATA SET II
Open Meta Access III The most important users of metadata collections are organisations, such as aggregators (e.g. Europeana) or collaborative sites (e.g. Wikimedia)
110
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
111
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
DATA SET I
DATA SET III
+
=
DATA SET IV
112
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
DATA SET I
DATA SET III
+
=
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
Open MetaAccess IV The user downloads metadata which are then combined and enriched with metadata she provides-This behavioral patterns relates to the need of the user to identify with the content, to combine it with other content for cultural reasons or in general to contextualise it in order to customise it to her own benefit
113
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
DATA SET I
DATA SET III
+
=
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User 1
DATA SET IV
Open MetaAccess V Other users may have access to the same content but enriched with additional metadata.
114
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
DATA SET I
DATA SET III
+
=
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User 1
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User V
Open Metaaccess VI Provided that the licensing schemes allow it, metadata may flow outside a specific content repository-Most licences used allow such alternative flows under certain conditions (private/ educational/ non commercial use)
115
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
DATA SET I
DATA SET III
+
=
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User 1
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User VDATA SET IV DATA SET V
+ =DATA SET V
Open MetaAccess VII When the flow of metadata occurs outside the repository the enrichment may take place on a peertopeer basis
116
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
DATA SET I
DATA SET III
+
=
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User 1
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User VDATA SET IV DATA SET V
+ =DATA SET V
DATA SET V
Open MetaAccss VIII The most important users of meta data are other organisations or collaborative platforms
BBC/BL OR wikipedia/ myExperiment
117
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
DATA SET I
DATA SET III
+
=
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User 1
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User VDATA SET IV DATA SET V
+ =DATA SET V
DATA SET V
Open Metaaccess IX Such organisations package thirdparty content with metadata created by their userbase
118
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
DATA SET I
DATA SET III
+
=
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User 1
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User VDATA SET IV DATA SET V
+ =DATA SET V
DATA SET V
DATA SET V
Open Metaaccess XProvided the relevant infrastructure (technical, legal, organisational) is in place, different organisations may share metadata either directly or through a common user base.
119
User ΙΙ
DATA SET I
DATA SET I
DATA SET III
+
=
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User 1
DATA SET IV
DATA SET IV
User VDATA SET IV DATA SET V
+ =DATA SET V
DATA SET V
DATA SET V
Open MetaAccess XI The breaking down of streamed content in increasingly smaller units, the enrichment of metadata with content and the use of open licences for the reuse and repurposing of meta data leads to an indirect deepening of horizontal open access.
120
why
Is good 4U
* low transaction costs* simplicity* no liability* more users * more data
*** Q + A
***p.tsiavos@lse.ac.uk
Prodromos TsiavosEnCoRe Research OfficerThe London School of Economics and Political ScienceHoughton StreetLondon WC2A 2AEUK
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