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PROGRESSIVE
MOVEMENT
Do Now
If You Were There…
You live in a big-city neighborhood in the 1890s. You and your brother are looking for jobs. You know that the man down the street is the “ward boss.” He can always get city jobs for his friends and neighbors. But in return you’ll have to promise to vote the way he tells you to in the upcoming election.
Would you ask the ward boss for a job?
Why or Why Not?
THE GILDED AGE • gild·ed
• ˈgildid/
• adjective
• 1.
• covered thinly with gold leaf or gold paint.
• "an elegant gilded birdcage“
• The “Gilded Age” was a novel written by Mark Twain and
Charles Dudley Warner.
• Meant to satirize the inequality of the time period.
• Despite economic growth, we have a declining care for
humanity. (working conditions, immigrants, tenements)
THE GILDED AGE • The phrase, The Gilded Age, highlights the
inequality between wealthy business owners
and workers who labored under terrible
conditions
• Politics during this age were corrupt (guilty of
dishonest practices)
• City and county politics were influenced by
political machines (powerful organizations
that used both legal and illegal methods to get
their candidates elected to public office)
The Progressive Movement
• Many Americans cried
for reform.
• The people claimed
government and big
business were taking
advantage of them,
rather than serving them.
Progressives • Progressivism is a combination of many New ideas
• Government should regulate (control) big business
• Progressives felt that society had an obligation to
protect all the people, and help the poor
• Progressives wanted to help those who lacked wealth
and influence
• Goal: to eliminate the causes of problems such as
crime, disease, and poverty.
• Fought for things such as education reform and better
working conditions.
Origins of Progressives
Activists determined to solve society’s
problems through political action.
Middle-Class
Urban
College Educated
Majority White & Many Women
Represented smaller
movements but all working for
the single goal of bettering society.
Political & Religious Roots
Inspired by religious movement called, Social Gospel.
Believed that society must take responsibility for those who are less fortunate.
Inspired by political movement called, Populism.
Supports the interests of the general population against the social elite – social equality for all.
Believed in creating a more democratic society.
Challenge Social Darwinism
Social Darwinism
Believed the wealthiest would survive, while others would
fall behind.
Natural Order
Progressive Challenge
Government should protect average Americans’ rights against monopolies and
political corruption.
Help those in need
Problems in Politics
Political Machines • Political Machines were powerful organizations
linked to political parties. These groups controlled local government in many cities.
• These groups were controlled by a Political Boss. They gained votes for their parties by doing favors for people.
• They would offer turkey dinners and summer boat rides, and offer jobs to immigrants in return for votes.
• Much of their support came from immigrants and the poor because of the services they provided such as jobs and social services.
• Many political bosses were dishonest
TAMMANY HALL • New York City’s corrupt political machine
• After winning city elections in 1888, Tammany Hall rewarded its supporters
with over 12,000 jobs
• William Marcy Tweed (“Boss Tweed”) stole up $200 million from NYC
• Spoils system = practice of giving jobs to your political supporters
• The spoils system helped many untrained and unqualified workers get
government jobs
Mob Mentality • Corrupt politicians found numerous ways to make money. • They received Kickbacks. • Sometimes contractors would overcharge for a project and
give the extra money to the political boss • A carpenter was paid $360,751 (roughly $4.9 million today)
for one month's labor in a building with very little woodwork. A furniture contractor received $179,729 ($2.5 million) for three tables and 40 chairs. And the plasterer, a Tammany functionary, Andrew J. Garvey, got $133,187 ($1.82 million) for two days' work; his business acumen earned him the sobriquet "The Prince of Plasterers." Tweed personally profited from a financial interest in a Massachusetts quarry that provided the courthouse's marble. When a committee investigated why it took so long to build the courthouse, it spent $7,718 ($105,000) to print its report. The printing company was owned by Tweed.
Boss Tweed • Boss Tweed headed New York City’s political
machine in the 1860’s and 1870’s.
• Tweed was so powerful he controlled the police, courts, and some newspapers.
• He collected millions of dollars in illegal payments.
• Political Cartoonist Thomas Nast exposed Tweed’s operations in his newspaper, Harpers Weekly -- created a national outcry, and soon Tweed and many of his cronies were facing criminal charges
• Tweed was sentenced to prison and died in jail in 1878.
Spoils System • The Spoils System (Patronage)– rewarding
political supporters with jobs and favors. Was common since Andrew Jackson.
• President Rutherford B. Hayes and James Garfield tried to change the spoils system, and supported Civil Service- the body of no elected government workers.
• Garfield believed people should be appointed to jobs based on qualifications, not on who supported who.
Spoils System ctd • Garfield was assassinated by an
unsuccessful office seeker named Charles Guiteau in 1881 before he could launch his reforms.
• Chester A. Arthur succeeded Garfield.
• He set up the Civil Service Commission.
• This commission set up exams for people who wanted government jobs called the Pendleton Civil Service Act. Government job applicants were required to pass a test before being hired (originally included only 10% of govt. job, later 90% would be required to test).
Muckrakers • Journalists helped reformers by exposing
corruption
• Muckrakers wrote about problems that were
hidden and exposed them
• They “Raked the Muck” or cleaned up the dirt
and corruption in the world.
• They wrote about issues, such as, child labor,
racial discrimination, slum housing, and
corruption in business and politics.
Famous Muckrakers • Lincoln Steffens – Exposed corrupt machine
politics in NYC, Chicago, and other cities in
articles published by McClure’s Magazine,
called “The Shame of the Cities.”
• Ida Tarbell – Described the unfair practices
of the oil trust
Upton Sinclair
• Sinclair was a
muckraker who wrote a
book about the
meatpacking industry
• Sinclair wanted to show
the public how the
workers were mistreated
Sinclair • Instead, he uncovered disgusting
truths including, meat falling on the ground, rats and other rodents being grounded into the meat, and mislabeling the products.
• Congress responded by passing the Meat Inspection Act in 1906, along with the Pure Food and Drug Act, banning the sale of harmful food and the foreign and interstate traffic of contaminated or mislabeled food and drug products
Reform Successes • Goal: help the urban poor
• Settlement Houses: community centers where volunteer middle-class
"settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture
with, and alleviate the poverty of their low-income neighbors. The
"settlement houses" provided services such as daycare, education, and
healthcare to improve the lives of the poor.
• City Planners: design safer building codes and new public parks.
• Civil Engineers: improved transportation by paving streets and building
bridges.
• Sanitation Engineers: began to solve problem of waste disposal and impure
water supply.
• Education: laws stating all children must attend school – new schooling –
philosopher, John Dewey – problem solving, not memorization.
VOTING REFORMS • Seventeenth Amendment – Americans can vote directly
for U.S. senators instead of having state legislatures vote
for them
• Referendum – some states allowed voters to overrule a
law that the government had proposed or passed
• Recall –allowed voters to sign a petition in order to
remove a corrupt politician before his term ended
• Initiative – allowed voters to propose a new law by
collection signatures on a petition
17th Amendment • Progressive changed the way U.S. Senators were
elected.
• The constitution allowed state legislatures to vote for senators directly.
• Previously, political bosses corrupted this process.
• In 1912, Congress passed the 17th Amendment to the constitution to allow direct election of Senators.
Government Reforms
• Robert La Follette “Fighting Bob” won support in
Wisconsin by attacking big business and railroads
• Prior to him, the candidates were chosen by the political
machine boss.
• Now state voters could choose their candidates in a
Primary
HOMEWORK
• In notebooks/Google Drawing: Design a poster using a
slogan that could be used in an advertising campaign that
would raise awareness about one of the following
problems of the Gilded Age: child labor, slum housing,
corruption in politics, big business, racial/ethnic
discrimination.
DO NOW • Imagine you are standing in
the alley with these 3 boys.
• What social problem or
problems does this photograph
show?
• In your notebook, describe
each problem you see in two
sentences or more. Use vivid
and descriptive language that
might stir someone into action.
• When asked, share your
response with the class.
Read Page 205
• How did the muckrakers get their name. Why were they
important?
Section 2: Origins of
Progressives
• In the late 1800’s women had less responsibilities:
• More children spent time in school
• Men worked away from home
• Technology helped with housework
Do Now: Notebooks
• Read song lyrics and answer questions on the worksheet.
Child Labor Reform
• By 1900, more than 1.75 million children living in America worked
in factories, mines, and mills earning very low wages.
• Children made as little as 40 cents a day.
• As muckrakers began to publish account of the work & living
conditions of child workers, progressives began to lobby for
reforms.
• However, laws alone could not end child labor as children were
instructed to lie to government inspectors about their age.
Workplace Safety
• Working conditions were dangerous and unsanitary.
• Triangle Shirtwaist Fire – Triangle Shirtwaist Factory was
a clothing factory in NYC that employed mostly Jewish
and Italian immigrant women. On March 25, 1911, a fire
had started on the 8th floor of the factory – occupied 8, 9,
& 10 floors of Asch building.
• Unextinguished cigarette butt thrown in a waste basket
with piles of cloth scraps ignited the fire, which spread
quickly amongst all the flammable clothing. 146 women
died in this tragedy. This is the deadliest industrial
accident that was ever occurred in NYC.
Workers’ Laws
• Labor leaders and reformers passed workers
compensation laws in many states. This law guaranteed a
portion of lost wages to workers injured on the job.
• 1908 Supreme Court Case Muller v. Oregon: upheld the
limit of the 10 hour workday to women and children
stating it was hazardous to the health of these individuals.
• Despite this, work conditions remained poor for most
people.
Labor Organizations
• Led by Samuel Gompers
• Allowed only skilled workers
• Limited membership to mostly native-born Americans
• Favored capitalism – an economic system in which private businesses run most industries and competition determines the price of goods
AFL
American Federation of Labor
• Led by William “Big Bill” Haywood
• Allowed immigrants, women, African Americans to join.
• Favored Socialism – a system in which the government owns and operates a country’s means of production.
• Goal: to overthrow capitalism and form one big union of workers, staged violent strikes.
• Support faded due to aggressive tactics.
IWW
Industrial Workers of the World
(Wobblies)
Education
• Progressive movement fought for educational
opportunities for women. By 1910, about 40% of college
students were women.
• Most women found jobs as social workers and teachers.
Jobs such as doctors and lawyers were dominated by men
and much more difficult to find.
• Many women also used their education to become active
in reform, hence the Temperance Movement.
Temperance Movement
• Social problems such as family violence and criminal
behavior blamed on factors, such as, immigration,
urbanization, and alcohol.
• The Temperance Movement was the movement against
the sale of alcohol.
• They supported Prohibition, which was a law to prohibit
the making and the sale of alcohol.
• The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union led the way.
• 18th Amendment – banned sale of alcohol in U.S.
• Costly for U.S. come the time of the Great Depression
Suffrage
• Suffrage is the right of women to vote.
• A person who fought for the right to vote was a Suffragist
• Famous ones were Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony
formed the NAWSA (National American Women’s Suffrage
Association) to promote women’s right to vote in 1890.
• Success in 1890: women won the right to vote in Wyoming, Colorado,
Idaho, and Utah.
• Alice Paul organized NWP (National Women’s Party) – used parades,
picketing, hunger strikes, etc. Picketed outside White House – were
jailed, started a hunger strike in prison, and were force fed.
• By 1920, U.S. Congress passed 19th Amendment granting women the
right to vote.
Opposition
• Many men, and some
women, were against
suffrage
• Many thought it would
upset society’s “Natural
Balance,” and lead to
divorce and neglected
children.
African Americans Challenge
Discrimination • Booker T.Washington – born into slavery. His strategy was not to fight
discrimination directly.
• He encouraged African Americans to improve their educational and
economic well-being.
• Ida B. Wells – addressed discrimination directly in her Memphis
newspaper called “Free Speech”, in which she drew attention to the
lynchings of African Americans.
• W.E.B. Du Bois – college graduate who earned a doctorate from
Harvard University. Studied and publicized cases of racial prejudice.
Believed African Americans should protest unjust treatment and
demand equal rights.
•
NAACP
• National Associate for the Advancement of Colored People – Du Bois
and other reformers founded this organization that called for economic
and educational equality for African Americans.
• Won the case of Guinn v. United States which made grandfather
clauses illegal.
• These laws were used in the South to keep African Americans from
voting.
Failures to Reform
• Native Americans – kept cultural traditions
• Chinese immigrants – discrimination and little support from
reformers
• Mexican immigrants – increased population and poor living
conditions
Section 3: Progressive Presidents
Theodore Roosevelt
• Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt was elected to the office of Vice President
• A powerful republican leader named Mark Hanna warned America there was now only one life between “That Cowboy” and the Whitehouse.
• Roosevelt believed in conservation- the protection and preservation of natural resources. He was a famous outdoorsman.
• Less than a year later, President McKinley was assassinated
Trustbuster
• Roosevelt was extremely progressive
• He ordered the justice system to use the Sherman Anti-Trust act, which wasn’t used to this point in history, to break up trusts
• Roosevelt went after the Northern Securities Company, a railroad monopoly in the northwest, and broke it apart.
• Roosevelt was a trustbuster is someone that wanted to break up big corporations.
Labor Crisis
• 1902 – 100,000 United Mine Workers, a union went on strike.
• The public opinion was against the owners
• Roosevelt invited owners and union leaders to talk at the White House.
• Owners refused to show up, and Roosevelt was furious
• He threatened to send the army in to run the mines and take them over himself.
Labor Crisis
• Owners caved, and workers received better pay and
reasonable hours per week
• Other Presidents sent troops in against the strikers. This
was the first time in history troops were sent in to battle
the owners
Square Deal
• When Roosevelt ran for president in 1904, he promised a Square Deal – equal treatment for all.
• He also promised government would regulate business
• Before this, the country practiced Laissez-faire. This French term generally means, “let people do as they choose.”
• He supported the pure food and drug act, which gave government permission to visit businesses and inspect products
President Taft
• No president had run for more than two terms. So Roosevelt did not run again
• Taft easily defeated democrat William Jennings Bryan
• He was not as exciting as Roosevelt, but won more anti-trust cases in 4 years than Roosevelt did in 7 years.
Problems for Taft
• Taft supported the 16th Amendment – which gave congress the power to tax people’s incomes. (Money they make)
• Progressives believed Taft would use the money to lower tariffs, but tariffs stayed the same and progressives were angry.
• Roosevelt was watching and was disappointed and enraged.
Roosevelt Challenges Taft
• In 1912 Roosevelt decided to run against Taft.
• Taft won the republican nomination over Roosevelt, but Roosevelt was still very popular
• Roosevelt and his supporters formed the Progressive Party. They nominated Roosevelt.
Election of 1912
• The republican vote was split between Roosevelt and Taft
• Woodrow Wilson, the democrat snuck in and stole the election. He gained 42% of the popular vote, Roosevelt got 27% and Taft got 22%.
• Wilson almost swept the election, receiving 435 of 531 electoral votes.
Wilson continues
Progressivism
• Wilson’s New Freedom program included many
progressive era ideas, and was able to pass laws
to lower taxes on sugar, wool, steel, and farm
equipment that were imported.
• The progressive movement changed life in
America, however while change was taking place
many people were forgotten along the way.
Section 4 Excluded from Reform
Prejudice
• Non-White, Non-protestant, -Non Native residents faced Discrimination – unequal treatment because of one’s race, religion, ethnic background, or place of birth.
• Around this time there was:
• Anti-Catholicism – Anti Catholics
• Anti-Semitism – Anti Jewish
• Anti-Asian – Prejudice against all countries in Asia
Discrimination Against
African Americans • 4/5 African Americans lived
in the South
• The Supreme Court passed Plessy vs. Ferguson, a court case that legalized segregation which was separating a group based on race. The court case recognized “separate, but equal”.
• Nothing was separate but equal in reality
Discrimination ctd
• The Ku Klux Klan, which was around during reconstruction, was reborn during 1915 in Georgia.
• The Klan lashed out against minorities, especially African Americans, as well as Catholics, Jews, and immigrants.
• They called for 100% Americans
• The Klan was big in the north as well during this time, including upstate NY. They had over 2 million members.
Racial Hatred
• People who lost their jobs between 1893 and 1907 blamed minorities.
• More than 2,000 African Americans were lynched. Lynching were used against Chinese in the West.
Lynching Map
Failures of
Progressivism
• Progressive leaders were usually from upper and middle
classes
• Unions often would not allow women, African
Americans, or immigrants from joining.
• Temperance movement was designed to stop the drinking
of Irish Catholics.
Struggle for Equal Opportunity
• Booker T. Washington was born into slavery, learned to read, and founded the Tuskegee Institute
• He believed of African Americans had more economic power (money), they would be in a better position to demand equality
• He set up schools to give African American education, which led to better jobs.
Washington Ctd…
• He founded the National Negro Business League to
promote business development
• He stressed to work patiently, many who were victims
took offense.
• Some African Americans tried Back-to-Africa
programs, however they weren’t popular
Other Successes/Failures
• Ida B. Wells was the editor of an African American newspaper in Memphis, Tennessee.
• She was forced out of town when she released the names of white members involved in a lynching.
• She revealed in her book that the ones that were lynched were the ones who were successful
Do Now: Note Cards
• Imagine you are walking through a grocery store (today). What
kind of products do you see? Where are they made? Where do
they come from? Are there a lot of choices? Or not many?
Meat Packing Industry
• What do you know???
How is your food produced
today?
Video Clip - Corn
Video Clip - Monsanto
Chapter 17, Section 3 – 6
Jigsaw
Do Now Use the Instagram Template to draw a picture of one of the
problems Progressives tried to solve during the turn of the
20th century:
1. Living Conditions in Cities (Tenements, Garbage, etc.)
2. Child Labor
3. Working Conditions
4. Corrupt Political Machines / Government
5. Women’s Suffrage (Right to vote)
6. African-American Inequality (Segregation & Right to
Vote)
Group Activity
• Using your number from the Do Now, research the assigned
problem. Use the graphic organizer to fully complete the
exercise. Research the reform using the textbook (Chapter
17, Section 3- 5) and the chromebooks. Be sure to grade the
Progressive solution. Was it successful? Why or why not?
• Students will explain their findings to other groups. One rep
per group.
• Groups will take notes during presentations
Homework – W.E.B. Du Bois
Introduction – T.R., Taft,
Wilson
Field Site Review – T.R.
Reflection – Twitter Wall What did Roosevelt do to earn immortalization at Mount
Rushmore? Most people can easily answer why the others figures
were chosen. So……………..after studying about the life and work
of Theodore Roosevelt, YOU decide why YOU THINK he was
placed among such prestigious company (George Washington - the
father of our country, Thomas Jefferson - author of the Declaration
of Independence, and Abraham Lincoln - the “Great Emancipator”
who united the country).
Reflection – Mount Rushmore
• Write 3 to 4 sentence
response in notebooks across
from T.R. graphic organizer.
4 Corners
Taft Video
Wilson Video
Do Now
• Progressive Review 1
Do Now
• Do Now: Using graphic organizer from the previous
day, students will draw a sensory figure of either
Roosevelt, Taft, or Wilson. Provide 5 senses:
1. what I hear
2. what I see
3. what I say.
4. what I feel
5. what I think
Graffiti Vocabulary Wall
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