Property of Lear Siegler ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY & CLOUDS Property of Lear Siegler

Property of Lear Siegler

ATMOSPHERIC ATMOSPHERIC STABILITYSTABILITY& CLOUDS& CLOUDS

Property of Lear Siegler

T L O

ELO 1ELO 1

Action: The student will identify the Action: The student will identify the different states in which moisture different states in which moisture is found in the atmosphere.is found in the atmosphere.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about moistureinformation about moisture

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 4-2Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 4-2

Moisture StatesMoisture States

• VAPOR / GASVAPOR / GAS

• LIQUID / VISIBLELIQUID / VISIBLE

• SOLIDSOLID

Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 2ELO 2

Action: The student will identify the Action: The student will identify the changes moisture makes from one changes moisture makes from one water state to another.water state to another.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about states of information about states of moisturemoisture

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 4-2Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 4-2

Changes in MoistureChanges in Moisture

EvaporationEvaporation

CondensationCondensation

Fusion (freezing)Fusion (freezing)

SublimationSublimation

MeltingMelting

LATENT HEATLATENT HEAT

• Heat energy taken in through evaporation and meltingHeat energy taken in through evaporation and melting

• Heat energy released through condensation and fusionHeat energy released through condensation and fusion

Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 3ELO 3

Action: The student will identify the Action: The student will identify the amount of water vapor contained in a amount of water vapor contained in a portion of the atmosphere.portion of the atmosphere.

Condition: Given pertinent information Condition: Given pertinent information about the water vapor and the about the water vapor and the atmosphereatmosphere

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 4-3, and 4-Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 4-3, and 4-44

WATER VAPOR CONTENTWATER VAPOR CONTENT

Property of Lear Siegler

SATURATION

DEW POINT

WATER VAPOR CONTENTWATER VAPOR CONTENT

RELATIVE HUMIDITYRELATIVE HUMIDITY

Property of Lear Siegler

SATURATIONSATURATION

DEW POINTDEW POINT

0o C32° F

6o C43° F

10o C50° F

17o C61° F

20o C68° F

30o C86o F

Property of Lear Siegler

Moist air = less air density = Moist air = less air density = less engine performanceless engine performance

ELO 4ELO 4

Action: The student will identify the Action: The student will identify the adiabatic process. adiabatic process.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about the water vapor information about the water vapor and the atmosphereand the atmosphere

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-6Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-6

15°15°40°15°

ADIABATIC PROCESSWhen the temperature of a gas is changed

without the addition or deletion of heat energy

Property of Lear Siegler

OAT20° C

DEW POINT14° C

RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 70.4%

Property of Lear Siegler

OAT14° C

DEW POINT14° C

RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 100%

Property of Lear Siegler

OAT10° C

DEW POINT10° C

RELATIVE HUMIDITY = 100%

Property of Lear Siegler

OAT20° CRELATIVE

HUMIDITY = 54%

DEW POINT10° C

Property of Lear Siegler

Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 5ELO 5

Action: The student will identify the Action: The student will identify the moist and dry adiabatic cooling moist and dry adiabatic cooling rates. rates.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about the adiabatic information about the adiabatic processprocess

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-6Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 3-6

• Dry cooling rate – 3Dry cooling rate – 3oo per 1,000 ft per 1,000 ft

• Moist cooling rate – 1.5Moist cooling rate – 1.5oo per 1,000 ft per 1,000 ft

ELO 6ELO 6

Identify the points where condensation Identify the points where condensation and free convection take placeand free convection take place

OLR=2°DP=14°

18°

16°

14°

12°

10°

OLR=2°DEWPOINT=14°

12°

18°

16°

14°

10°

8°

6°

4°

Property of Lear Siegler

OLR=2°

DEWPOINT=14°

17°

14°DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE 3°/1000’

12°

18°

16°

14°

10°

8°

6°

4°

Property of Lear Siegler

17°

14°

DEWPOINT=14°OLR=2°

12.5°

LEVEL OF CONDENSATION

12°

18°

16°

14°

10°

8°

6°

4°

MOIST LAPSE RATE1.5°/1000’

Property of Lear Siegler

Temperature of the rising air and dew point are the same.

17°

14°

DEWPOINT=14°OLR=2°

12.5°

11°

9.5°

8°

6.5°

5°

LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION

12°

18°

16°

14°

10°

8°

6°

4°

Property of Lear Siegler

Temperature of the rising air is the same as the ambient air

ELO 7ELO 7

Action: The student will identify the Action: The student will identify the factors that determine atmospheric factors that determine atmospheric stability.stability.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about stabilityinformation about stability

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 7-4Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 7-4

UNSTABLE – Air that moves vertically and will continue without any outside force OLR 3.0 or greater

CONDITIONALLY UNSTABLE – Air parcel is neutral. Vertical movement depends on the conditionsOLR between 1.5 and 3.0

STABLE – Resists vertical development OLR 1.5 or less

Air with high moisture content tends Air with high moisture content tends to be more unstable than dry air, if to be more unstable than dry air, if

lifting action occurs.lifting action occurs.

OLR=2°DP=14°

18°

16°

14°

12°

10°

OLR=1.5°DEWPOINT=14°

11°

18.5°

17°

15.5°

14°

12.5°

9.5°

8°

Property of Lear Siegler

OLR=1.5°DEWPOINT=14°

17°

14° DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE 3°/1000’

11°

18.5°

17°

15.5°

14°

12.5°

9.5°

8°

Property of Lear Siegler

DEWPOINT=14°OLR=1.5°

MOIST LAPSE RATE1.5°/1000’

17°

14°

12.5°

11°

9.5°

8°

6.5°

5°

LEVEL OF CONDENSATION

11°

18.5°

17°

15.5°

14°

12.5°

9.5°

8°

Property of Lear Siegler

17°

14°

12.5°

11°

9.5°

8°

6.5°

5°

11°

18.5°

17°

15.5°

14°

12.5°

9.5°

8°

Property of Lear Siegler

OLR=1.5°DEWPOINT=14°

OLR 1.5 or less: STABLE conditions

OLR=2°DP=14°

18°

16°

14°

12°

10°

OLR=3°

DEWPOINT=14°

17°

2°

8°

14°

11°

5°

-1°

-4°

Property of Lear Siegler

OLR=3°DEWPOINT=14°

17°

14° DRY ADIABATIC LAPSE RATE 3°/1000’

17°

2°

8°

14°

11°

5°

-1°

-4°

Property of Lear Siegler

17°

14°

DEWPOINT=14°

OLR=3°

MOIST LAPSE RATE1.5°/1000’

12.5°

11°

9.5°

8°

6.5°

5°

LEVEL OF CONDENSATION

LEVEL OF FREE CONVECTION

17°

2°

8°

14°

11°

5°

-1°

-4°

Property of Lear Siegler

17°

14°

DEWPOINT=14°

OLR=3°

12.5°

11°

9.5°

8°

6.5°

5°

17°

2°

8°

14°

11°

5°

-1°

-4°

Property of Lear Siegler

OLR 3o or greater: UNSTABLE conditionsLCL

LFC

17°

14°

DEWPOINT=14°OLR=2°

12.5°

11°

9.5°

8°

6.5°

5°

12°

18°

16°

14°

10°

8°

6°

4°

Property of Lear Siegler

OLR between 1.5o and 3o: CONDITIONALLY UNSTABLE

LCL

ELO 8ELO 8

Action: The student will identify Action: The student will identify how clouds are formed.how clouds are formed.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about cloudsinformation about clouds

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-1Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-1

• Extremely small condensed water vapor droplets suspended in the atmosphere (less than .002”)

Property of Lear Siegler

• Direct result of saturation and Direct result of saturation and saturation is the result of coolingsaturation is the result of cooling.

CloudsClouds

Cooling ProcessCooling Process

ADIABATICADIABATIC NOCTURNALNOCTURNAL ADVECTIONADVECTION

Property of Lear Siegler

ELO 9ELO 9

Action: The student will identify the Action: The student will identify the basic types of clouds.basic types of clouds.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about cloudsinformation about clouds

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-2Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-2

Cloud Catagories

• Cumulus

• Stratus

Property of Lear Siegler

1. Cumulus

Indicating Unstable Condition

s

Property of Lear Siegler

2. Stratus

Indicating Stable

Conditions

ELO 10ELO 10

Action: The student will identify the Action: The student will identify the classification of clouds in terms of classification of clouds in terms of the cloud’s altitude.the cloud’s altitude.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about cloudsinformation about clouds

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-3,4,5Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-3,4,5

Cloud Descriptors

(a) Nimbus / Nimbo

(b) Fracto

(c) Alto

(a) LOW: LESS THAN 6500’

(b) MIDDLE: 6,500 – 18,000

(c) HIGH: ABOVE, 18,000

Cloud Altitudes

ELO 11ELO 11

Action: The student will identify Action: The student will identify cloud types by assigned cloud types by assigned abbreviations.abbreviations.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about cloudsinformation about clouds

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-3,4,5Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-3,4,5

Cumulonimbus Cb

Stratus St

Nimbostratus Ns

Stratocumulus Sc

Altocumulus Ac

Altostratus As

Cirrus Ci

Cumulus Cu

Cirrostratus Cs

Cirrocumulus Cc

LOW, LESS THAN 6500’

MIDDLE, 6,500 –18,000

HIGH,ABOVE18,000

Property of Lear Siegler

CuCuCumulus

CbCbCumulus

Cumulus

Cumulonimbus

Cumulus

Cumulus

Cumulus – Anvil

Cumulus

Cumulus - Anvil

Sc Sc

scscStratocumulus

scscStratocumulus

stst

StStStratus

NsNsNimbostratus

cccc

Altocumulus

AcAcAltocumulus

ASAS

CiCiCirrus

Cirrus

Cirrostratus

Cirrocumulus

Cirrocumulus

cccc

Ci,CsCi,Cs

ELO 12ELO 12

Action: The student will identify the Action: The student will identify the flight conditions that would be flight conditions that would be encountered in the two basic cloud encountered in the two basic cloud types.types.

Condition: Given pertinent Condition: Given pertinent information about cloudsinformation about clouds

Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-5, 6Standard: IAW FM 1-230 para 8-5, 6

Flight ConditionsFlight Conditions

• Cumulus / CumulonimbusCumulus / Cumulonimbus

• StratusStratus

FM 1-230 ReferencesFM 1-230 Referencesfor today…for today…

•Moisture Chapter 4Moisture Chapter 4

•Stability Chapter 7Stability Chapter 7

•Clouds Chapter 8Clouds Chapter 8

FM 1-230 ReferencesFM 1-230 Referencesfor tomorrow…for tomorrow…

•Frontal Weather Chapter 10Frontal Weather Chapter 10

The endThe end

STOPSTOP

Abandon hope all ye who enter hereAbandon hope all ye who enter here

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