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--/ GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION
Proposed NSPS for GHG Emissions
Bruce Rising, Vice Chair Environmental Affairs Committee
August 1, 2013
1
/ GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION
• Alstom Power
" GE Energy
• Florida Turbine Technologies
• Meggitt Sensing Systems
• Pratt & Whitney Power Systems
• Rolls-Royce
• Siemens Energy, Inc.
• Solar Turbines Incorporated
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 2
GAS TIJRBlNE ASSOCIATION
GTA Recommendations
• Maintain exclusion of simple cycle gas turbines
" Raise the C02 level to at least 1,1 00 lb/MWh
.. Prohibit the NSPS C02 limit from being adopted as the presumptive C02 BACT level for simple cycle turbines
.. Include exemption for startup/shutdown and part load operation
.. Allow an alternate method to GEMs for compliance measurement
• Modify method for computing the 12-month rolling average
.. Exempt combined heat and power units
• Allow 500 hours of operation on backup fuel without inclusion in the emission average
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 3
Simple Cycle Exclusion GASTURBINEASSOCIATlON ----------------
• GTA supports exclusion of simple cycle systems
• Simple cycle gas turbines are highly flexible and react rapidly
- Enable renewable integration through enhanced grid stability
- Rapid starts/stops and load/unload rates
- Grid frequency & voltage regulation
- Peak shaving, backup power, rapid installation for new demands
• NGCC while flexible, cannot substitute for simple eye_!§ 1 fs .~r-~ .. Many simple cycle units run more than(2,900 hOurs per yea0 '1~
- Particularly in support of renewable generation snes
• Proposed range of 950 - 1,1 00 lb/MWh does not reflect BSER* for SC
.. Exclusion provides no incentive for simple cycle over NGCC
*Best System Emission Rate
013 Washington, DC Page 4
Vv~~~s.~' "'~ &fVJ'o..'?~ t, .r ~~iMS"""\ ~ vu,l ~fN'- 't3 * "\'W-i--t~
Increase C02 limit to 1,100 lb/MWh limit GASTURBtNEASSOCIATtON ---------~-----------
• Only gas fired combined cycle turbines have the efficiencies to reach this threshold.
• But even they cannot all achieve this
- Requires pipeline natural gas (not fuel oil)
- Site conditions, part-load operation, design features, and operating hours all tend to raise the emissions expressed on an output basis
.. Simple cycle turbines cannot reach this threshold
" While new cycle design features continue to be introduced, pre2006 turbine designs are still manufactured and sold to support customer needs.
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 5
Operating Conditions GASTURBINEASSOOATION ------~----------
" Part load operation results in reduced cycle efficiency, increasing the emissions output
- Part load is a necessity in cases where fast starting and ramping are required (e.g. support renewable energy generation, such as wind or solar)
• Site conditions substantially impact output based emissions
- High ambient temperatures erode efficiency
- Cooling system designs (open loop cooled vs. air cooled systems) have a major impact
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 6
Compliance Monitoring GAS TURBINE ASSOOATION =·
• Monitoring can be more effectively and accurately accomplished by fuel flow monitoring
- All gas turbine systems include high accuracy flow monitors
- Fuel carbon content is relatively constant (75% by mass for
natural gas). Pipeline tariffs maintain a relatively consistent
composition
- Performance (Megawatt-hours generated) is well measured
and recorded (data filed to FERC)
- This will produce greater accuracy in determining output
based emissions compared to CEMS data.
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 7
CHP/Cogen Exemption GASTURB!NEASSOCIATION ---------------
" Recommend exemption for gas turbines in the CHP category
- They represent a category of very efficient system systems for power and thermal energy production
- Thermal energy is recovered from a simple cycle turbine exhaust, but not necessarily to produce electricity
• But some Combined Heat and Power also produce electricity
" It is difficult to quantify the thermal energy in terms of equivalent kWh to determine compliance of combined heat and power with the proposed NSPS would be immense and impractical
• Some CHP units also make use of a unique fuel that may be produced in-house
- May be substantially different from pipeline natural gas or No. 2 Fuel Oil.
• Additional support for an alternative fuel exemption, in addition to a category exemption
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 8
GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION
Fuel Choice
• The proposed standard is only likely to be achieved using pipeline natural gas fuel
- While most gas turbines in the US are gas-fired, there is still
a segment of the fleet that still uses fuel oil.
- Fuel oil backup provides operating flexibility, especially on
peaking units not committed to long-term gas contracts.
- Operating with a few hundred hours of on fuel oil would push
a combined cycle above the threshold, even using
annualized averaging methods
" Exempt from reporting C02 emissions when operating fuel oil,
alternative fuels (e.g. landfill gas, blast furnace gas)
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 9
Impact of load on C02 GASTURBINEASSOCIATION -------------------
Impact of Condenser on Efficiency and C02 Output t 2D ~~~·.~-····.~···········
lQQ
I#I $0 ·'~····· ············•··· ·--· '- ....
j ...·"., j ~11
-0~( ~{~OF
! ~
--.'l;tr Ccolt;Q 16-tl :~ N
"' "' .5
~ .liD -'! "'
;!!;(1 ~ ,-..
o '"'' .... 4'$ ,. .liS $$ -~;, ~;; "tl~;." !A>«<("l
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 10
Impact of Ambient Temperature GAS TURBINE ASSOCIAT!ON
large Combined Cyde(Variable Ambient, Air Cooled Condenser} 40
37
35
32
~ 30
5 j~ 25 1---------------------------------------------------.~ .li ~
I ~ 20
iiif Air Co-oled
N 0 u 15 .5
~ ~
10
5
0
60 65 70 75 so 85 90 95 100
Ambient Temperature
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 11
Impact of Fuel GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION
2,000 ~--------------~---------------~---------------~---------------7---------------r--------------,I I I I l I I I I
' '
' :1
1,800 I I
' ' ' ' ' 1,600 ' ' ' ' '
' ' 1,400
I "' ' '
N' 0 <.1 1,200
' ' '
' ' 1,000 -- _--~
'
800 --------------L-------------: ~ : I I :
i 30-% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60%
Cycle Efficiency (%)
, , -Nat~1ral Gas --------------~---------------•-------------- ~---------------r--------------~I I I
I I ~No.Q:
' '
' ' ~---------------L-------------- --------------~---------------~--------------~
'
' ' ' '
--------------~------------- --------------1---------------~--------------~ ' '
' '----;---------------r------------- ----------~---------------r--------------,
' ' ' '
------------- _:_------------- _i_------' ~ I
' ' ' ______________ j _______________ [ _______________ : _____________ ~
' ' ' '
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 12
600
Cumulative Impact of Operating Conditions, Design, Site Conditions, and Fuel
GASTURB!NEASSOCIATION -----~---------------
USNGCC Fleet (Gas Fired Units,> 25 MVV) 3,500 .---'---'--'"T-__;_~--.--'-----.'-'--"-,-------r------,---'---"--.------.
~ Pre 1995 CODD "n_ Post 1995 COD .3,000
2,500 ~
c: ID
C)
z- 2,000 ~
D (l DO ~ (l
?i 1,500 -
N 0 .0
1~00~·
500
~
D
(l
04,000 " D6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,000
Heat Rate (Btu/kWh)1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 13
Cumulative Impact of Operating Conditions, Decadal Data Summary
GASTURi!INEASSOCIATION -------------------
US NGCC Fleet Data (2002-2011 Data)- Gas Only Operation C02, lb/MVVh=324.363+0.076*Heat Rate
2,200 ,----.----'-----'---,-----------,--------,---------'..---'---.-------. 'Cogen ~, Combined Cycle2,000
t. t. t. <><>
1,800 <> <>--$'0
<> t.t.6. <> <> <> (• t. <>+<> t.t. <><> t. . t. t§:<> <>t. r !:,_-01,600 t,.l!. .t;, t.<> <> <> t. "¥ <> 4J;: tli_"_ g <><> <>t. t. tP /£<>,(>t. t. ... 6. :& t.
"(>(> v '&l:f;t:J¢. 6.¢
<>
<> <> <}-::_.';.V£:1. ¢- <> <>-v
:{-:: (.,> h. <> ¢'Gt.e <>
<> t. A
<> ~ t.
<> <_,',t. t. t.
<><><> Values not included: < 400 l#MVVh and >2,000 l#MVVh
8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000
Heat Rate (Btu/kVVh)
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 14
::;:-'V'aJFI!a GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION
Cumulative Impact of Operating Conditions, Decadal Data Summary
'"'"
US NGCC Fleet Data (2002-2011 Data)- Gas Only Combined Cycle C02, lb/MWh=98.1428+0.1 039*Heat Rate
2,200 r----'---.---'--'-'-----.-'-----'---.-------,---..;..._~___,.--, ~"-- Capacity added before 2006 ~ Capacity added200G .. or later2,000
<> <><>
1,800
<>
!:, {> <.:> !:,
-:) <>'
··
<>
!:,
<> <><>
<>
<>
v
'ij
<)
<>
<>
0 !:,
<> (>
?j
!:, <> /' <> " <> "' <>1,600 <>
00 e 1400 I (!) '
~ 12ooJ 6 '~ 2 ' -. ""' 8 1,000 0
800
GOO
400 Values not included: < 400 #/MWh and >2,000 #/MWh
200 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000
Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) 1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 15
Reported Monthly C02 Emissions, Multiple Sites (Simple Cycle Gas Turbines)
GASTURBtNEASSOCIATfON ------------------
Average Calculated Monthly Simple Cycle C02 Emissions, Jb/MWh Five Sites, Five Models, Four OEM's, 32 Seperate Gas Turbines
1,800 r
0 New Jersey !Ill California1,700 ~ D Nevada 6 Minnesota /I~"'!"
1.600 r A· Kansas r'""
1,500 r A
~
·~ 1,400 -... -"'
8 1,300 u
1,200 Operating 1-3 Hours/Month
1,100
. 1,000
900 L-----~------~------~~--~~----~------~----~ 8,000 9,000 10,000 11 ,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 15,000
Heat Rate, Btu/kWh
1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC Page 16
Reported Annual C02 Emissions, Multiple Sites imple le Gas Turbines)
GASTURB1NEASSOCIAT!ON ______;__ _;;___ _;;_________;;______
Average Annual C02 Emission Simple Cycle .Gas Turbines 1,400 ,-.---r--.-----.--....-----;----.---.-----.--....-----;---r--.-----.--....-----.---.--,
• Annual C02 lb/MWh
1,350 Gas turbines with commercial operation since 2009 All data are from 2012 reported emissions and performance
1,300
1,250
~ ~ ::;:; 1 ,200
-8 (.)
1,150
1,100
1,050
1 DOD I h II II ' II II ' II II 'II II, II II ' II II ' II II ' II II ' II II ' II II ' II II dl II II II "I II I II II II I II I
' 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
Page 17 1 Aug 2013 Washington, DC
I
GTA Recommendations GAS TURBINE ASSOCIATION
• Maintain exclusion of simple cycle gas turbines
• Raise the C02 level to at least 1,1 00 lb/MWh (for a combined cycle)
• Prohibit the NSPS C02 limit from being adopted as the presumptive C02 BACT level for simple cycle turbines
• Include exemption for startup/shutdown and part load operation
• Allow an alternate method to GEMs for compliance measurement
• Modify method for computing the 12-month rolling average
• Exempt combined heat and power units
• Allow 500 hours of operation on backup fuel without inclusion in the emission average
Page 181 Aug 2013 Washington, DC
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