View
308
Download
3
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
Proximal Tibial Fractures
Kai-Cheng Lin高雄榮總骨科部 林楷城
103/08/16台中榮總
台灣骨科創傷醫學會 103年度住院醫師研習課程
Outlines
• Anatomy• Mechanism of Injury• Examination/Evaluation• Classifications• Surgical Indications• Case Examples• Complications
Anatomy of the Tibial Plateau
• Proximal Tibia– Made up of medial and lateral plateau
or condyles– Bony prominences (attachments)
• Intercondylar eminence (ACL)• Tibial tubercle (Patellar Tendon)• Gerdy’s tubercle (ITB)
– Joints• Knee joint (Distal Femur/Patella)• Proximal tib/fib joint
Anatomy of the Tibial Plateau
• Medial Plateau – Concave– Larger– Cartilage thick ~ 3 mm– Posterior slope of 10°
• Lateral Plateau– Convex– Higher on lateral view– Larger meniscus – Cartilage thick ~ 4 mm– Posterior slope of 7°
MCL, ACL, LCL, Popliteal artery, peroneal nerve are all potentially at risk for injury
Meniscus
• Lateral meniscus– More circular than
medial– Covers more of articular
surface than medial– Attached to PCL via
ligaments• Humphry (anterior)• Wrisberg (posterior)
– No attachment to LCL– Bears more joint
reactive force
• Medial meniscus– “C” shaped– intimately attached to
MCL– bears equal joint
reactive force as boneLateral meniscuc is vulnerable to injury after trauma
Mechanisms of InjuryThe first consideration: a low- or high-energy mechanism– Low-energy: a fall from a standing height– High-energy: Motorcycle or motor vehicle collisions
Fracture-dislocations, involvement of the medial tibial plateau, and metaphyseal comminution
Evaluation
• Prior to evaluating the injured limb, a thorough trauma evaluation should be performed• Many tibial plateau fractures occur in multiply injured patients, and ATLS protocols must be initiated in this setting• Visual inspection: soft-tissue swelling, open lacerations, and limb deformity• Complete neurologic examination- Common peroneal nerve: at particular risk for injury due to close to the fibular neck
Evaluation
• Can be associated with a knee dislocation, especially with medial tibial plateau frx→ vascular examination is critical– distal pulse palpation, assessment of the color and temperature of the foot, and obtaining ankle-brachial indices (ABI)– An (ABI) <0.9 warrants more invasive vascular studies
Soft-tissue status
significant and clinically, relevant information
-- fracture blisters-- non-wrinkling skin-- open lacerations-- tense compartments-- ecchymosis is present
Bony injury is static and the soft-tissue injury is dynamic and can evolve
水泡 Vs 血泡
Compartment syndrome -> fasciotomy
Clinical Diagnosis No Hesitate if Doubt
Radiographic Evaluation
• AP, Lateral (Including two joints)• Obliques (optional)
– Internal rotation view– Shows postero-lateral fragment
• Traction Films (better joint interpretation)– Defines fragments– Bridging Ex-fix can provide traction
• CT scan with reconstruction– Obtain after ex fix if using– Axial– Coronal– Sagittal
• Arteriography when necessary (or check ABI > 0.9)• MRI – unsuspected fxs or soft tissue injury
小心
Tibial segmental fracture要注意上下關節
Traction view
Soft Tissue Injury on MRI
Cruciates ACL 57%PCL 28%
Collateral LCL 29%MCL 32%
Posterolateral corner 68%
Menisci Lateral 91%Medial 44%
Gardner MJ et al. The incidence of soft tissue injury in operative tibial plateau fractures: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis of 103 patients. J Orthop Trauma 2005;19:79-84
103 acute TPFs
The lateral collateral ligament (fibular collateral
ligament)
Urgent and Provisional Treatments
Cross knee Ex-Fix: 2 Schanz half pins in femur & 2 pins in tibia
Connected with multiple clamps and bars in the region of the knee
Avoid placing the clamp directly over the knee to allow radiographic visualization
Tibial pins should be distal enough to avoid interference with the definitive incisions and implantsJoint over-distraction may be detrimental to neurovascular structures
Temporary External Fixation
Femur
Anterior or Antero-Lateral
Tibia
Medial or Antero-Medial
Draw Operative Incisions
Place Outside Area of Injury
Operative tactics—spanning external fixation
• Restores and maintains length
• Restores axial alignment of leg
• Improves position of bone fragments by ligamentotaxis
• Reduces further soft-tissue embarrassment
• Allows outpatient treatment
Fracture classification OTA
Type AExtraarticular
Type BPartial articular
Type CComplete articular
x(Schatzker I−IV)
(Schatzker V−VI)
41-A1 41-A2 41-A3
41-B1 41-B2 41-B3
41-C1 41-C2 41-C3
Fracture classification—Schatzker
partial articular fractures complete articular fractures
Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Type VI
Low energy trauma High energy trauma
3-Column concept
3D CT
3-Column classification
• Column fracture—breakage of corresponding cortex (compression/tension fracture)
• Localize the articular surface
depression—approach to reduce
• Pure depression of articular surface (Schatzker type III)—“zero column fracture”
Indications of Non OpStable to varus and valgus stressNot affect the coronal plane limb alignmentMinimal articular displacementNonambulatory or medically unstable
patients should be considered for nonsurgical treatment
The importance of early joint motion to minimize stiffness and improve the nutrition and health of he injured cartilage has been stressed
Key points of TPFs
Meniscal preservation is critical for long-term joint maintenance
A recent large series of bicondylar tibial plateau fractures: more accurate articular reconstruction improved functional outcomes
-Laboratory data: 1.5 mm of incongruity of the lateral tibial
plateau, the contact stresses on the adjacent cartilage are
approximately doubled-A threshold of 2 mm of articular step-off is used for surgical indications and for intraoperative reductions
Surgical Goals of TPF• Obtain/Secure Articular
Reduction• Reduce Condylar Width• Restore Axial Alignment• Neutralize Meta-
Diaphysis• Early ROM• Appropriate Soft Tissue
Handling
Direct VisualizationArthroscopic aid
Radiographically
Medial/Lateral PlatesLateral Plate/Medial ExFixLateral Fixed-Angle Plate
External FixationHybrid
Reduce Joint DepressionReserve MeniscusRestore AlignmentRepair Ligamentous Stability
A new way of thinking
Morphology + injury mechanism
Varus + extension
Valgus + extension
Flexion
Principles for approach selection
• Biomechanical fixation
• Touch of depressed articular fragment
• Soft tissue tolerance
Principle for plate fixation
• Buttress fixation is preferred for column fractures
• Main buttress plate is chosen according to the injury mechanism
• Bridging is used for comminuted metaphyseal fractures
Surgical Approaches
• Straight Midline• Lateral Parapatellar• Medial Parapatellar• Posteromedial• Posterior• Dual approaches for bicondylar fractures
• AVOID Mercedes incision or midline with stripping of soft tissues, especially for bicondylar fractures
Approaches
Anterolateral Posteromedial
Anterolateral approach
Check Meniscus
Partial articular fractures
Schatzkertype I
Schatzkertype II
Schatzkertype III
Schatzkertype IV
Schatzker type I
• Split fracture
• Open vs percutaneous treatment
• Lag screws+/- buttress plate
Schatzker type II
• Split depression fracture
• Submeniscal arthrotomy
• Elevation/bone graft
• Lag screws/buttress plate
Schatzker III
• Pure depression fracture
• Amenable to percutaneous techniques with fluoroscopy +/- arthroscopy
• Metaphyseal window for elevation and grafting
• Screws beneath subchondral bone
Schatzker III
Elevate the depressed central fragment from below
Type III Depression—preoperative
31-year-old
CT—articular depression
Arthroscopic Reduction IF
medial depression fragment elevation
Fixation Lateral Plateau Fractures
• Traditional– large fragment “L” or “T ” buttress plate– 6.5mm subchondral lag screws– 4.5mm diaphyseal screw
• Current Recommendation– small fragment fixation– pre-contoured peri-articular plates– clustered sudchondral k-wires– “rafting”
Raft Screws
BiomechanicsSubchondral Fixation
• 3.5 mm raft construct allowed significantly less displacement than 6.5 mm screw with axial load
(2954 vs. 968 newtons/mm) Twaddle et al AAOS, 1997
• No difference in pull out strength between 6.5mm screws and 3.5mm screws in subchondral bone Westmoreland et al J Ortho Trauma 2002
• Subchondral clustered K-wires significantly enhance load tolerance to depression of articular surface Beris et al Bull Hosp Joint Dis 1996
Schatzker type IV
• Medial tibial plateau fracture
• Frequently realigned knee dislocations
• Associated with:
-Peroneal nerve injury 5 − 50%
-Popliteal artery injury 13 − 50%
Reduction
Schatzker type IV—Medial columnExtension varus mechanism
Schatzker type IV—Medial column
Extension varus mechanism
Submuscular Plating
Schatzker type IV— Medial column + PM
Flexion varus mechanism Fracture dislocation
• The result of ORIF for this type of injury is not satisfactory
Supine Approach:
midline + posteriomedial
Midline approach
Posteriomedial approach
Fracture window
Prone Approach: posteromedial + MIPO
medial Inverted L incision
Post Op
Supine PM approach
1. Concomitantly manage displaced articular fractures of the lateral tibial plateau
2. Simplification of patient positioning for those patients with associated injuries of the head, chest, abdomen, spine, and pelvis
3. But, extensive dissection for reduction and fixation of posteromedial fragment
Prone (Lobenhoffer)/Combined approach
1. Direct reduction of depressed posterior compartment joint line
2. Biomechanical advantages of stabilization of PM fracture
3. Simplified insertion of screws for Fixation (P-> A)
Complete articular
Schatzker type V Schatzker type VI
Operative tactic—complex tibial plateau fractures
• Require lateral and medial stabilization of fractures
• Stabilization:
– Double plating
– Locked plating
– External fixators
Construct 1: Double Plating4.5mm proximal tibial plate (lateral)5-hole 1/3 tubular plate (medial)
Construct 2: Locking Plating4.5mm tibial LCP
J Orthop Trauma. 2007
Result • Subsidence
– Lateral side: Double plate = One lateral locking
– Medial side: Double plate < one lateral locking • (p = 0.045)
Dual-plate fixation allows less subsidence when compared to isolated locked lateral plates.
Fixation of complete articular fractures
• Fragmented lateral plateau
• Simple medial plateau
• Reduce joint
• Stabilize both sides
• Medial first to give landmark for lateral reduction
Traction (ligamentotaxis) +Stabilization of medial fragment
Intraoperative
Double plating complete articular fractures
• Two incisions:
– Anterolateral and posteromedial
• Wound complications: May increase
• Indications:1.Displaced posteromedial fragment needs to
be buttressed with posterior plate
2.Medial articular involvement
3.Displacement of medial column
Displaced posteromedial fractures
Medial Articular and Metaphyseal Comminution
Medial Articular and Metaphyseal Comminution
Lateral Locked Implants for Medial Articular Fractures?
Incidence and Morphology of the Posteromedial Fragment in Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fractures
Author Higgins TF et al. Barei DP et al.
JournalJ Orthop Trauma. 2009
J Orthop Trauma. 2008
Incidence59% (65/111 patients)
28.8% (42/146 patients)
total articular surface
25% 23%
sagittal fracture angle
73 degree 81 degree
posteromedial fragment height
42mm
5 mm of articular displacement
55%
Vertical Shearing PatternSaggital angle average 73 0
Displacement >5mm25% joint surface
Saggital fragment angle 81 0
Post coronal height 42mm
23% joint surface
Case
The rationale to use unilateral locking plate
1. Prevent second incision wound and reduce stripping medial periosteum
2. Provide enough stability for some fracture patterns
3. Save time
The Biomechanical study
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003
Conclusion:Double Plating (non-locked) = Lateral Locking Plate
No significanct difference of complications
Op time increased
Lateral Locking Plates: Pro
Can decrease the need for a secondary incision in certain fracture patterns
Can maintain the reduction of large and minimal displaced medial plateau separations
Can span medial comminution
Can’t decrease condylar wideningCan’t reduce fractures with medial plateau
separationCan’t reduce medial articular fracturesCan’t stabilize displaced posteromedial
fragments
Lateral Locking Plates: Con
Bone Grafting
• Cancellous bone graft
• Tricortical bone graft
• Bone substitue• Ballon tibioplasty
Metaphyseal defectbone graft or biologic
• A recent prospective, randomized, multicenter trial: compared the use of calcium phosphate cement with autologous cancellous bone graft for subarticular defects– A significantly higher rate of articular fragment subsidence occurred in the bone graft group• A meta-analysis of various fractures (including tibial plateau fractures):– Calcium phosphate cement to fill a defect leads to less fracture site pain compared with results in patients managed without defect grafting– results in improved articular support compared with cancellous•bone graftBone substitute is better than Bone
graft in pain and subsidendce
Not All Bicondylars Are Created Equal!
Simple Articular Complex Lateral Complex Both
Meta-Diaphyseal Dissociation
Outcomes
• Gaston et al, JBJS 87B(9) 2005
– 21% residual flexion contracture at 1 yr– 14% with NL Quadriceps Strength at 1 yr– 30% with NL Hamstring strength at 1 yr
• Barei et al, JBJS 88A(8) 2006
– Bicondylar with Dual Incisions– Satisfactory articular reduction associated with
better MFA– Significant Residual Dysfunction
Poor Results - Conclusions
• Osteoporosis• Infection• Increased Age• Varus Tilt• Menisectomy• Valgus Instability > 10˚
Post – Operative Care
• Active Suction Drainage • IV antibiotics x 48 hours • Hinged knee brace PRN
– ROM depends on intraop
• Early passive motion (CPM) to 45˚ - 60˚• Toe Touch WB x 8 - 12 weeks • Active Strengthening of Quadriceps• Flexion to 90˚ ASAP
Complications
• Loss of fixation– Osteoporosis– Diabetics
• Depression of articular surface• Non-union• Malunion• Post-traumatic OA• Infection
– Ill-timed Surgery– Soft Tissues– Incisions
Take Home Messages
• Analysis of soft tissue damage- Skin, ligaments, menisci
• Analysis of fracture pattern- Displacement, comminution- Joint subluxation or luxation
• Analysis of mechanical needs- Plate position and function
• Analysis of adequate stability after internal fixation
• - Bone and ligament
高雄榮民總醫院
Recommended