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7/7/13
1
PSYC 125 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
7/2/2013 LECTURE 5: Early Childhood:
(~2 – ~6 )
Socioemotional Development
Dr. Bart Moore bamoore@napavalley.edu
Early Childhood Socioemotional development • Emotional and personality development
– Emergence of the ‘Self’ – Emotional development – Moral development – Gender awareness
• Family Life – Aspects of parenting – Child maltreatment – Sibling relationships – Differences between families
• Everything else – Peer relationships – Play – Influence of media
Questions? Material? Course business?
Early Childhood Socioemotional development • Emotional and personality development
– Emergence of the ‘Self’ – Emotional development – Moral development – Gender awareness
• Family Life – Aspects of parenting – Child maltreatment – Sibling relationships – Differences between families
• Everything else – Peer relationships – Play – Influence of media
7/7/13
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Emotional Development
• Young children begin to express (and feel) more emotions
– Pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt are examples of self-conscious emotions
– Influenced by parents’ responses to children’s behavior
Emotional Development • Understanding emotions
– Children’s increased understanding of emotion is linked to an increase in prosocial behavior
– Children begin to understand that the same event can elicit different feelings in different people
• Related to theory of mind (mental privacy)
Emotional Development
• Regulating emotions
– Parents typically take an emotion-coaching or an emotion-dismissing approach
– Ability to modulate emotions benefits children in their relationships with peers
– By age 5 most children can manage emotions according to social standards
Moral Development
• Moral reasoning
– Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to moral development
– Heteronomous morality: The first stage of moral development in Piaget’s theory, occurring from approximately 4 to 7 years of age
• Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people
– Autonomous morality: children (10 and older) become aware that rules and laws are created by people
• we should consider the intentions as well as the consequences
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Moral Development
• Moral behavior develops because of:
• reinforcement,
• punishment,
• Imitation
• Various factors are important in the child’s development of self-control
• Cognitive, physical, & emotional
Gender
• Gender identity: The sense of being male or female, which most children acquire by the time they are 3 years old
• Gender role: A set of expectations about how females or males should think, act, and feel
• Gender typing: Acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
• Gender identity is important for peer relationships
• Gender composition of children’s groups
• Group size
• Interaction in same-sex groups
Gender: biological influences
• Biological influences
– Chromosomes
– Hormones
• Androgens (testosterone)
• Estrogens (estrogen, estradol)
– Evolution
• Different genders have different roles for ensuring species survival
Gender: social influences
• Social influences on gender
• Social role theory: Gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men
• Psychoanalytic theory: Preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent
• Social cognitive theory: Children’s gender development occurs through observation and imitation of what other people say and do
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Early Childhood Socioemotional development • Emotional and personality development
– Emergence of the ‘Self’ – Emotional development – Moral development – Gender awareness
• Family Life – Aspects of parenting – Child maltreatment – Sibling relationships – Differences between families
• Everything else – Peer relationships – Play – Influence of media
Parenting
• Diana Baumrind’s 4 styles of parenting:
– AUTHORITARIAN parenting
• Restrictive (my way or else, “because I said so”)
– Authoritative parenting
• encourages children to be independent but still respect boundaries (‘do you know what you did wrong?’)
– Neglectful parenting
• Uninvolved parents
– Indulgent parenting
• No rules or penalties—freeform
Parenting styles Parenting: punishment
• Punishment
– Corporal punishment is linked problems with moral development and mental health
– Best method is to handle misbehavior by reasoning with the child, especially explaining the consequences of the child’s actions for others
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Child Maltreatment
• Types of child maltreatment
– Child neglect
• Failure to provide for basic needs
– Physical abuse
– Emotional abuse
• Verbal or psychological abuse
– Sexual abuse
• Combination of physical and verbal abuse
Child Maltreatment
• Developmental consequences of abuse
– Adolescents who experienced abuse or neglect as children are more likely to engage in violent behavior and substance abuse
– About 1/3 of parents who were abused themselves when they were young go on to abuse their own children
Sibling Relationships and Birth Order
• Sibling relationships
– Important characteristics
• Emotional quality of the relationship
• Familiarity and intimacy of the relationship
• Birth order matters!
– firstborn children:
• adult-oriented
• conforming
• self-controlled
Changing Family in a Changing Society
• Working parents
– Children of working mothers:
• engage in less gender stereotyping
• have more egalitarian views of gender than do children of nonworking mothers
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Changing Family in a Changing Society
• Children in divorced families
– Children from divorced families show poorer adjustment
– Children with a difficult temperament often have problems in coping with their parents’ divorce
– Income loss for divorced mothers is accompanied by increased workloads, job instability, and frequent moves
– Frequent visits by the noncustodial parent usually benefit the child
Changing Family in a Changing Society
• Gay male and lesbian parents
– Most children from gay or lesbian families have a heterosexual orientation
Family: socioeconomic status
– Lower-SES parents ($$$$) :
• More concerned that their children conform to society’s expectations
• More likely to be Authoritarian parents
– Higher-SES parents ($$$$):
• More concerned with developing children’s initiative and delay of gratification
• Less likely to use physical punishment
Early Childhood Socioemotional development • Emotional and personality development
– Emergence of the ‘Self’ – Emotional development – Moral development – Gender awareness
• Family Life – Aspects of parenting – Child maltreatment – Sibling relationships – Differences between families
• Everything else – Peer relationships – Play – Influence of media
7/7/13
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Peer Relations
• Peer relations
– Provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family
– Good peer relations are usually necessary for normal socioemotional development
Play!
• Play
– Important context for the development of language and communication skills
– Types of Play
• Sensorimotor play
• Practice play
• Symbolic play
• Constructive
• Social play
• Games: Activities that are engaged in for pleasure and have rules
Media consumption by young children
• Television
– Many children spend more time in front of the television set than they do with their parents
– Extent to which children are exposed to violence and aggression on television and video games raises special concerns
– Television can also teach children that it is better to behave in a positive, prosocial way
Early Childhood Socioemotional development • Emotional and personality development
– Emergence of the ‘Self’ – Emotional development – Moral development – Gender awareness
• Family Life – Aspects of parenting – Child maltreatment – Sibling relationships – Differences between families
• Everything else – Peer relationships – Play – Influence of media
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