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Psychology II
Introduction to Abnormal Psychology
Explain what is ‘abnormal’
Defining Abnormality What does it mean to be sane or insane? Seemingly simple, but complex concept
Defining Abnormality
Statistical Definition◦Is something atypical considered
abnormal? Societal and cultural norms definition
Defining Abnormality Distress Definition - however, there are times when abnormal behavior is not distressing◦Manic phase of bipolar depression◦Antisocial personality disorder
Defining Abnormality Impairment in functioning
◦Cognitive◦Emotional◦Behavioral
Sometimes, this is not “abnormal”◦Depression over a death
Difficult to define… 3 Criteria…
◦Deviance◦Distress◦Disability/Maladaptive Behavior
Symptom/Behavior Continuum:--- normal range
+++Abnormal
Abnormal
Defining Abnormality
DSM-IV-TR Definition Behavioral, emotional or cognitive dysfunctions that are; ◦unexpected in their cultural context◦associated with personal distress, or◦substantial impairment in functioning
Defining Abnormality
Abnormal behavior must be a consistent pattern of behavior◦ “Thousand light years running through my brain
reminding me that no one’s sane, not all the time” - 311
What is considered abnormal depends on various factors◦ "And those who were seen dancing were thought to
be insane by those who could not hear the music." - Friedrich Nietzsche
Defining Abnormality
Characteristics of abnormal behavior.◦Statistical deviance◦Cultural deviance◦Emotional Distress◦Dysfunction
Problems with labeling mentally ill: Rosenhan study – “On being sane in insane places”
Just being labeled insane can tremendously affect how people react to you
Defining Abnormality
Labeling Issues
Reasons to Label/Diagnose:◦Needed for communication◦Guide treatment◦Insurance reimbursement
Arguments against Labeling:◦Creates a stigma◦Creates a self-fulfilling prophecy◦Fail to see the person behind the disorder
Ancient PerspectivePerceived Causes
◦movements of sun or moon lunacy- full moon
◦evil spiritsAncient Treatments
◦exorcism, caged like animals, beaten, burned, mutilated, blood replaced with animal’s blood
Bio-Psycho-Social <BPS> Model
assumes that biological, sociocultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders
Biological(chemistry,
brain)
Psychological(learned helplessness, negative perceptions
and memories)
Sociocultural(Societal expectations, definition of normality
and disorder)
Medical Model Diagnosis
◦Label for a set of symptoms Prognosis
◦Prediction or forecast for the course of a D/O
Etiology◦Suspected cause of a disorder
Classifying Disorders DSM-IV-TR
◦Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, Text Revision
◦ Published by the American Psychiatric Association
◦ 2000…(most recent update 2004) ◦ Next major revision (DSM-V) anticipated for 2011.
Provides for reliable classification and description of all mental illnesses
Allows for better communication
DSM IV- Purpose:◦Provide a well-defined classification system
based on objective and measurable criteria, reliable diagnoses of psychological disorders
Classifying Disorders
DSM’s Multi-axial Diagnosis
Axis I Major Clinical Disorders Axis II Mental Retardation & Personality Disorders
Axis III General Medical Conditions Axis IV Psychosocial/Environmental Stressors
Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning◦ # between 1 and 100◦ Current and Highest in past year
Major Classes of Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenia Substance Use Disorders Other Axis I Disorders Personality Disorders (Axis II)
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