Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans

1. Pythagoras: Background

2. Pythagoras: Signs and Wonders

3. Pythagoreans and Music

4. Pythagoreans and Numbers

5. Pythagoreans and Religion

Russell W. Howell Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans

Pythagoras: Background

I Pythagoras was born around 570 BC on the Greek island of Samos.He was a contemporary of Buddha and Confucius.

I Most of his life was in the Italian town of Croton (now spelledCrotone). He was a very popular teacher, and is credited with coiningthe words philosophy and mathematics.

I Pythagoras was born around 570 BC on the Greek island of Samos.He was a contemporary of Buddha and Confucius.

I Most of his life was in the Italian town of Croton (now spelledCrotone). He was a very popular teacher, and is credited with coiningthe words philosophy and mathematics.

I Pythagoras founded a society known today as the Pythagoreans.

I According to Aristotle (384–322 BC): “The so-called Pythagoreansapplied themselves to mathematics, and were the first to develop thisscience; and though penetrating it, they came to fancy that itsprinciples are the principles of all things.”

I Pythagoras founded a society known today as the Pythagoreans.I According to Aristotle (384–322 BC): “The so-called Pythagoreans

applied themselves to mathematics, and were the first to develop thisscience; and though penetrating it, they came to fancy that itsprinciples are the principles of all things.”

Pythagoras: Signs and Wonders

Various “Christ-like” qualities have been attributed to Pythagoras:

ΠΥΘΑΓΟΡΑΣ Ο ΣΑΜΙΟΣ

(Pythagoras the Samian)580–496

I Articulated a dogma of the soulI Born of a virginI Calmed the stormy seasI Walked on waterI Healed the sickI Raised the dead

I Articulated a dogma of the soul

I Born of a virginI Calmed the stormy seasI Walked on waterI Healed the sickI Raised the dead

I Articulated a dogma of the soulI Born of a virgin

I Calmed the stormy seasI Walked on waterI Healed the sickI Raised the dead

I Articulated a dogma of the soulI Born of a virginI Calmed the stormy seas

I Walked on waterI Healed the sickI Raised the dead

I Articulated a dogma of the soulI Born of a virginI Calmed the stormy seasI Walked on water

I Healed the sickI Raised the dead

I Articulated a dogma of the soulI Born of a virginI Calmed the stormy seasI Walked on waterI Healed the sick

I Raised the dead

I Articulated a dogma of the soulI Born of a virginI Calmed the stormy seasI Walked on waterI Healed the sickI Raised the dead

Pythagoreans and Music

I Unison of pitch occurs when vibrating strings are of equal length.Thus, their respective lengths are in a 1:1 ratio.

I The octave is obtained by a 1:2 ratio.I The fifth is obtained by a 2:3 ratio.I The fourth is obtained by a 3:4 ratio.I Similarly, from the note C . . .

I 6/5 gives the note A.I 4/3 gives the note G.I 3/2 gives the note F.I etc.

I The octave is obtained by a 1:2 ratio.I The fifth is obtained by a 2:3 ratio.I The fourth is obtained by a 3:4 ratio.

I Similarly, from the note C . . .I 6/5 gives the note A.I 4/3 gives the note G.I 3/2 gives the note F.I etc.

I The octave is obtained by a 1:2 ratio.I The fifth is obtained by a 2:3 ratio.I The fourth is obtained by a 3:4 ratio.I Similarly, from the note C . . .

I 6/5 gives the note A.I 4/3 gives the note G.I 3/2 gives the note F.I etc.

Pythagoreans and Numbers

I Odd numbers – qualities of males.

I Light and Goodness.I Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor: “They say there is divinity in

odd numbers, either in nativity, chance or death.”I Even numbers – qualities of females.

I Also associated with darkness and evil.I Note: Darkness and evil were not associated with females.

I Odd numbers – qualities of males.I Light and Goodness.I Shakespeare’s Merry Wives of Windsor: “They say there is divinity in

odd numbers, either in nativity, chance or death.”

I Even numbers – qualities of females.I Also associated with darkness and evil.I Note: Darkness and evil were not associated with females.

Qualities of Numbers

I 1 – The generator of all numbers, but not a number itself.

I 2 – The first female number.I Known as the number of opinion and division.I This trait (opinion and division) is still associated with the number two

in current usage: “two-faced,” “double-tongued,” “double-minded.”I 3 – The first male number.

I The first genuine number, having a beginning, middle, and end.I The basis for construction of military units in the Bible.

I Judges 7 – Gideon chooses 300 men to fight the Midianites.I 1 Samuel 13 – Saul chooses 3000 to fight the Philistines.I 2 Samuel 23 (the “three warriors,” and the “thirty chiefs” who joined

David at Adulam).I 4 – The number of justice and order.

I 1 – The generator of all numbers, but not a number itself.I 2 – The first female number.

I Known as the number of opinion and division.

I This trait (opinion and division) is still associated with the number twoin current usage: “two-faced,” “double-tongued,” “double-minded.”

I 3 – The first male number.I The first genuine number, having a beginning, middle, and end.I The basis for construction of military units in the Bible.

I Known as the number of opinion and division.I This trait (opinion and division) is still associated with the number two

in current usage: “two-faced,” “double-tongued,” “double-minded.”

I 3 – The first male number.I The first genuine number, having a beginning, middle, and end.I The basis for construction of military units in the Bible.

I The first genuine number, having a beginning, middle, and end.

I The basis for construction of military units in the Bible.I Judges 7 – Gideon chooses 300 men to fight the Midianites.I 1 Samuel 13 – Saul chooses 3000 to fight the Philistines.I 2 Samuel 23 (the “three warriors,” and the “thirty chiefs” who joined

David at Adulam).

I 4 – The number of justice and order.

I 5 – Love and marriage(the union of the first male and female numbers).

I 6 – The first perfect number.I The number of creation.I Precisely equals the sum of the smaller numbers that divide it

(6 = 1 + 2 + 3).I Philo thought that God created the world in six days because six was a

perfect number.I Augustine (City of God) “These works [of creation] are recorded to

have been completed in six days (the same day being six timesrepeated), because six is a perfect number, not because God required aprotracted time, as if He could not at once create all things, which thenshould mark the course of time by the movements proper to them, butbecause the perfection of the works was signified by the number six.”

I 6 – The first perfect number.

I The number of creation.I Precisely equals the sum of the smaller numbers that divide it

(6 = 1 + 2 + 3).

I Philo thought that God created the world in six days because six was aperfect number.

I Augustine (City of God) “These works [of creation] are recorded tohave been completed in six days (the same day being six timesrepeated), because six is a perfect number, not because God required aprotracted time, as if He could not at once create all things, which thenshould mark the course of time by the movements proper to them, butbecause the perfection of the works was signified by the number six.”

perfect number.

I Augustine (City of God) “These works [of creation] are recorded tohave been completed in six days (the same day being six timesrepeated), because six is a perfect number, not because God required aprotracted time, as if He could not at once create all things, which thenshould mark the course of time by the movements proper to them, butbecause the perfection of the works was signified by the number six.”

I 7 – Called “worthy of veneration.”The Pythagoreans thought it was the number of religion because theybelieved humans were controlled by seven celestial spirits.

Seven is also prominent in Judeo-Christian thought. See, for example,Isaiah 11:2; Rev. 1:4; 3:1, 4:5; 5:6.

I 8 – Important because it is the number of the first cube, whose formhas eight corners.

I 9 – The first square of an odd number, it is associated with failureand shortcoming because it falls one short of the number 10, whichhas special significance . . .

I 10 – Represents the cosmos as a whole.The fact that 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 makes 1, 2, 3, and 4 special.

I 7 – Called “worthy of veneration.”The Pythagoreans thought it was the number of religion because theybelieved humans were controlled by seven celestial spirits.Seven is also prominent in Judeo-Christian thought. See, for example,Isaiah 11:2; Rev. 1:4; 3:1, 4:5; 5:6.

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