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Qualitative Data Analysis
Types of Input
Analysing data from; Interviews Questionnaire (open-ended questions)
Also ; Laddering Card sorting Repertory grids
Action Research & Participatory Action Research
Action Research versus Participatory Action Research
Focuses on the effects of the researcher's direct actions within a participatory community with the goal of improving the performance quality of the community or an area of concern.
Difference Or Extension? Context – Developing world issues
versus Developed world issues?
Mind Map
Ethnography
Ethnography - background
What is Anthropology? It is the comparative study of the
physical and social characteristics of humanity through the examination of historical and present geographical distribution, cultural history, acculturation, and cultural relationships.
Ethnography - background
What is Cultural Anthropology? It is one of four fields of anthropology
which has developed and promoted "culture" as a meaningful scientific concept; it is also the branch of anthropology that studies cultural variation among humans.
Ethnography
It is two things The fundamental research method of
cultural anthropology. It is the genre of writing that presents
descriptions of human social phenomena, based on fieldwork; or, the written text produced to report ethnographic research results.
Ethnography
Whilst living among the people, ethnographers engage in participant observation.
This means that they participate, as much as possible, in local daily life (everything from important ceremonies and rituals to ordinary things like meal preparation and consumption) while also carefully observing everything they can about it.
Ethnography
Through this, ethnographers seek to gain what is called an emic perspective, or the native's point(s) of view without imposing their own conceptual frameworks.
The emic perspective is quite different from the etic perspective which is the outsider's view on local life.
Ethnography
Through the participant observation method, ethnographers record detailed fieldnotes, conduct interviews based on open-ended questions, and gather whatever site documents might be available in the setting as data.
This data is then recorded in the database.
Ethnomethodology
Ethnomethodology
“The study of how people use commonsense understandings to get through everyday life ”
These understandings shape our assumptions about social Interactions
In a conversation between two people there are many things that are understood than are actually mentioned.
Ethnomethodology
What are social problems? Damaging conditions resulting in harm
to people or society.
Things are seen, judged, and defined to be problems, i.e. What people THINK they are.
Ethnomethodology
Tacit interpretation – culture, teaching, understanding, experiences.
Explicit Truth – misinterpretations, misunderstanding.
Ethnomethodology
Example: Girl called Anna, unplanned pregnancy, 21 years old, still in school.
Good or Bad?
Ethnomethodology
What if …….?
Anna is an outstanding student, is the sole heiress to a multi-billion dollar business, has the full support of her parents, and will be finished school early into the pregnancy?
Ethnomethodology
Anna Anisimova Daughter of
Russian metals magnate Vassily Anisimov
Worth $1.3 billion
Ethnomethodology
We make assumptions based on our tacit interpretation of the world around us.
We can apply methods to research in order to apply a “neutral” analysis to the subject.
This has been done in HCI to study descriptions of how the users interact with systems, rather than what the system needed to do?
1. The organization of practical actions and practical reasoning. Including
2. The organization of conversation analysis. 3. Talk-in-interaction within institutional or organizational
settings. Identify interactional structures that are specific to particular settings.
4. The study of social activity. The analytic interest is in how that work is accomplished within the setting in which it is performed.
5. The haecceity of work. Just what makes an activity what it is? E.g. what makes a test a test, a competition a competition, or a definition a definition?
Ethnomethodology – (Varieties)
Phenomenography
Da Fan Club
Phainomenon Graphei
n
Appearance Description+ = Phenomenography
Edmund Husserl
Plato or Bust
JA, ich liebe Logical
Investigations1900
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Jean-Paul SartreMartin
Heidegger
Ulrich Sonnemann
Das ist
Phenomenography
1954
In other words…
Phenomenography, a descriptive recording of immediate subjective experience as reported, for example, by a person under psychiatric examination, without questioning the share in such a communication of the ego. (Sonnemann, 1954 )
What's it all About?
Empirical research Based on observation and experience
Applied factors – Intelligence, Motivation, Effort, past and present surroundings, experiences, experiences and individual character traits
Grounded Theory
What is Grounded theory?
"Grounded theory methods are a set of flexible analytic guidelines that enable researchers to focus their data collection and to build inductive middle-range theories through successive levels of data analysis and conceptual development" Charmaz, K. (2005)
What is Grounded theory?
The phrase "grounded theory" refers to theory that is developed inductively from a corpus of data. If done well, this means that the resulting theory at least fits one dataset perfectly. This contrasts with theory derived deductively from grand theory, without the help of data, and which could therefore turn out to fit no data at all - Steve Borgatti
Grounded Theory
Emphasis on empirical material as basis for conceptualization.
Gathering reach empirical material from a variety of sources.
Open data collection Recording data systematically the emphasis is on exploring the nuances of the
data by constantly asking, 'of what is this an example?'
Develop dense and grouded concepts and categories
Example - Data Analysis Identify ‘critical instances’ -highlight key passages
of transcripts. ‘Open coding’ - assign passages to categories (i.e.
abstract conceptual labels). Work through all transcripts and collect numerous illustrative quotes to ‘saturate’ categories.
‘Axial coding’ - refine initial list of categories. Delete and amalgamate some. Make connections between the categories and define their properties e.g. context, pre-conditions. These are sub-categories.
‘Selective coding’ - identify a core category and themes from which theory will derive.
Research Design
Five components of research design:
1. A study's questions
2. Its propositions, if any
3. Its unit(s) of analysis
4. The logic linking the data to the propositions
5. The criteria for interpreting the findings
Strengths and Weaknesses Suitable for diagrammatic representation? Complex terminology. Time-consuming, requires concentration but can
adapt a ‘quick-and-dirty’ version. Reductionist - complexity of raw data overcome by
reducing it to the status of variables. Does not lead to any surprising findings. Theory is
inductively built up from data collected so cannot contain anything new. Uncovers a pre-existing reality similar to positivism / realism.
Idea that there is a ‘core’ category which explains all. Issues of generalisation
Nothing taken for granted?
What does it mean, that some people are better at learning than others?
Why are some people better at learning than others?
Q Methodology
Q Methodology The name "Q" comes from the form of factor
analysis that is used to analyze the data. Normal factor analysis, called "R method," involves finding correlations between variables (say, height and age) across a sample of subjects. Q, on the other hand, looks for correlations between subjects across a sample of variables. Q factor analysis reduces the many individual viewpoints of the subjects down to a few "factors," which represent shared ways of thinking.
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