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7/27/2019 Quan trc mi trng (Environmental monitoring Chapter 4)
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Chng 4Xy dngchng trnh
quan trc
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Thitkchng trnh quan trc1. Xc nh r mc tiu quan trc2. Xc nh r kiu, loi quan trc3. Xc nh cc thnhphn mi trngcn quan trc4. Xc nh cc thng s mi trngcn quan trc
5. Lp danh mc cc thng s quan trc theo thnh phn mi trng: ccthng sotihintrng, cc thng s phn tch trong phng th nghim6. Lachnphng n quan trc, xc nh cc ngun tc ng, dngcht
gy nhimchyuivi khu vc quan trc; xc nhvn, itngri ro timnng trong khu vc quan trc; xc nh ranh gii khu vc quan
trc v d bo cc tc nghocnhngbini c thxy ra trong khuvc quan trc
7. Thitkphng n lymu: xc nh tuyn, im lymu v nhdutrnbnhocs;m tv tr, a l, toim quan trc (kinh ,v) v k hiu cc im quan trc
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Thitkchng trnh quan trc8. Xc nhtnsut, thi gian,phng php lymu,phng php quan trc
v phn tch9. Xc dnh quy trnh lymu, th tch mucnly, loidngcchamu,
loi ho chtboqun, thi gian lumu, loimu v slngmukimsot chtlngmu (mu QC)
10. Lp danh mc v khochbo tr,bodng, hiuchun cc thitbhintrng v thitb phng th nghim, bao gmcphngtinbom anton lao ng
11. Lpkhoch nhn lcthchin quan trc, trong nhimvcthca
tng cnbphic phn cng r rng12. Lpd ton kinh ph thchinchng trnh quan trc, bao gmc kinhph thchinbomchtlng v kim sot chtlng trong quan trcv phn tch mi trng
13. Xc nh cc tchc, c nhn tham gia thchinchng trnh.
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1 Xc nhmc tiu quan trc
2 Xc nh thng s quan trc
3 Xc nhphng n quan trc
4 Xc nhphng php lymu
5 Xc nhphng php phn tch
6 Xc nhphng php x l sliu
7 Xc nhphng php trnh by v cngbktqu
Cc bcthitkchng trnh quan trc
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1. Xc nhmc tiu
Mc tiu ca quan trc trc ht l p ng nhu cuthng tin, trong QTMT c cc thng tin y vtrng thi ha hccamtcht, phn tch ha hc nn
cthchin. Mc tiu cnc vo v tr/vai tr cangithchinquan trc
Mc tiu ca quan trc l xc nhvn mi trng,
xc nhmc tiu quan trc nnbtut: Xc nh p lc mi trng Xc nhhintrng mi trng Xc nh nhu cu quan trc
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1. Xc nhmc tiu
p lcmi
trng
Hintrngmi trng
Nhu cuquantrc
Quan trckhi no?
Quan trcci g?
Quan trc u?
Quan trcnhth
no?
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1. Xc nhmc tiu
Mc tiu Thit k ni dung quan trc ng dng
Trngthi, xu
hng
Nghin cu theo khng gian v thigian vi h thng cc thng s nhtnh thng k mc cc yu tmi trng v xu hngdinbinchtlng mi trng
Bo co khi qut trng thi mitrng; d bo trng thi mi trngti mt thi im nht nh trongtng lai hoc mt gi nh trongtng lai
Binng
Thitk m hnh BACI (before, after,control, impact) vis lngmu lyln c ly trc v sau ngun tcng xc nh cc yutnhhngKtlunvsbini theo thi gian
Kt lun v sbin i theo khnggian
Xc nh bin i mi trng donhnghotng c vn l nguynnhn gy ra xo trn(Nu khng th ly c mu trckhi c xo trn, c thlymuthly
mu thay th thng ngun hoc mththngtngt)
D bo
nh lng mi quan h gia ccthng s pht trin m hnh d bomi quan hgia cc thng s ny
Pht trin m hnh d bo cho mthoc nhiu thng s t gi tr ccthng s khc. S dng so snhhintrng mi trngkim tra cc
bini.
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2. Xc nh thng s
Thng strng thi: l cc yut mi trngphn nhtnh chtvn c ca mi trng. Ni cch khc, thngs trng thi phn nh tnh chtvn c ca mi trngtrc khi chu tc ng.
Thng sngoi sinh: l cc yut mi trng khng ctrong hthngnhng tc ngn tnh chtcamtsyut mi trng khc trong h
Thng siukhin: l cc yu t bn ngoi a vo
hthngiukhin cc yut trong hthng. Trong nhng nghin cu c th ngi ta c th gp
chung thng s iu khin v thng s ngoi sinh lthng skim sot (control parameters)
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V d: Dinbinchtlngnc sngdinhhngcamtngunthi giu huc
Vng ncsch
Vng suy gimmnh
Vng suy thoi Vng phchi
Vng nc sch
adng ccloi c, u trng
cnh cng vchunchun
C sng y, utrng rui en,
cc loi giunnhiu t
Cbinmt, utrng mui, cc
loi giun, vikhun pht trin
Cc loi csngy, u
trng ruien,cc loi giun
Cc loi c sngy, u trng cn
trng (b ph du,chunchun)
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2. Xc nh thng s
Thng sclachn trong quan trcphipng cc yu cu: Tnh tng tc (tnh idin): thng sphiphn nh chnh xc
vn mi trngcn quan trc. Gi trchunon: ktqu thng sphiphn nh cnhng
tnh cht mi trng v nhngbini mi trng trong sut qutrnh quan trc
Tnh php l: thng s lachnphi c tnh php l chcchntc l l khnnggii thch ccbini mi trngmt cch
c cnc khoa hc v c cng nhnrng ri.Nhvy,viclachn cc thng s c thda trn h thng qun l mi trnghin hnh.
Tnh thch ng: iukinvtcht,kthut,khnng ti chnh
phi cho php thchin phn tch cc thng slachn.
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Quy chunkthutquc giavchtlngncngm
1 pH 14 Cadimi
2 cng 15 Ch
3 Chtrntngs 16 Crom
4 COD 17 ng
5 Amoni 18 Km
6 Clorua 19 Mangan
7 Florua 20 Thy ngn
8 Nitrit 21 St (tng)
9 Nitrat 22 Selen
10 Sunphat 23 Tnghot phng x
11 Xianua 24 Tnghot phng x
12 Phenol 25 E-coli
13 Asen 26 Coliform
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Stt Ch th/(nhm) thng s Phntrm Stt Chth/(nhm) thng s Phn trm1 Nhit 78% 21 Sdngca con ngi 19%2 DO 68% 22 Sinh vtt nhin 19%3 pH 68% 23 BOD 18%4 ngvt KXS 52% 24 COD 18%5 Photpho 49% 25 Quan trctrm tch 18%6 Nit 49% 26 mn 17%7 Vntc dng chy 44% 27 Chim 17%8 c 42% 28 Thcvt trn cn 16%9 cim sinh thi 38% 29 Hnh thi hc dng chy 15%10 su secchi 37% 30 cng 14%11 Vi khun 32% 31 Chlorophyll 14%12 Sngdt 27% 32 Clo 11%13 Lngma 26% 33 Kim loi 10%14 dnin 25% 34 Thnhphn kh 10%15 TSS/TDS 24% 35 Kim tra v tr xy dng 9%16 Thcvtngpnc 24% 36 Thcvtni 7%17 C 22% 37 ngvt hai mnh 6%18 kim 21% 38 Thuc BVTV 5%19 Photographic survey 20% 39 Hydro cacbon 4%20 Loi ym kh 20% 40 c tnh 3%
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3. Xc nhphng n
Phng n quan trccahthng quan trc mi trngquc giacnc cc cp c thmquyn ph duyt.
ivimtchng trnh quan trc quy m nh yu cu xc nhphng n quan trcgm c cc ni dung sau:
i tng quan trc
Loi hnh quan trc
H thng nh gi
Cch thc t chc thc hin
nh gi ri ro
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itng quan trc
Ngun tcng cim mitrngchu tcng
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Phm vi tc ng
Qu trnh Phm vi khng gian Phm vi thi gianThyvn(chy trn bmt)th Vng Vi phtvi gi
Nng thn Vng NgyVnchuyn/chuynkhiLng cc thnhphnhtrn Luvc m/hKhuch tn phn t oxy vo nc Ncmt m/ngyKhuch tn phn t oxy vo bn Nctngy cm/ngyHa hcOxy ha st
Nc v bn
Vi pht
Oxy ha mangan Nc v bn Vi ngySinh hcPht trinca vi sinh vt Nc v bn Vi giPht trincato Nc v mt bn Vi ngyPht trincangvtcln Nc v bn Vi thng
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Phm vi i tng Kch thc
Global Tri t > 10.000 kmMeso Vng lnh th, t nc > 100 km
Intermediate Lu vc, sng, h > 1 kmField Rung, vn, bi thi > 1 m
Macro
ng vt, thc vt, cc
t > 1 mmMicro Ht t, nm, vi khun > 1 mUltra-micro Virus, phn t > 1 nm
Atomic Nguyn t, di nguyn t < 1 nm
Geologic Thi gian a cht > 10.000 nm
Lifetime i 20 100 nmAnnual Nm > 1 nmSeasonal Ma > 3 thng
Daily Ngy > 24 giHourly Gi > 60 pht
Instantaneous Tc thi < 1 giy
Phm vi tc ng
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iukin khoahc,kthut, nhnlc, chi ph, tnh
php lCncc tnh cangunthicimvnchuyn cc
cht trong mi trnglachngia haiphng n:
Nhiuaimvitnsutthp
hay
taimvitnsutcao?
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Hthngnh gi
Xc nh cc yut: Cng cthng k Cng ckimchun
Cng cnh gi chtlng mi trng Phthuchthngqun l mi trnghin hnh Phthuc nhu cusdng thng tin Tiu chun/quy chun
Chth/chs mi trng Ph thuc mc ch s dng, nhu cu s dng trong
tng lai
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Nhn lc Kthut/thitb Kinh ph Trch nhim php l
v..vnh gi ri ro
Tchcthchin
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4. Xc nhphng n lymu
Ly u?Khi no?
Ly bao nhiu?Nhth no?
Mc tiu quan trc
- Tuyn quan trc
- Xu hngim nng
- Sai s cho php
Khnngbinng
- Khng gian
- Thi gian
Hiuqu/Li ch- Chi ph cho php
- Chi ph lymu
- Chi ph phn tch
Tnh php l
- Tin ch
- Khnngnh gi
- Khnngchpnhn
Chng trnh lymu
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Phng n lymu
Phng php lymu V tr lymu Slngmucnly
Tuynlymu (mnglilymu) Tnsutlymu
Kthutlymu
Kthutlymu Kim sot chtlngmutihintrng Kthutboqunmu
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5. Xc nhphng n phn tch
Thitb phn tch Phng php phn tch theo tng thng s Phng php hiuchun v mbochtlngktqu
oMc tiu quan trc
Thng s quan trc
Tnh php l
iukinthct
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Xl sliu: Hiuchnhsliu X l thng k Phn tch sliu
Lutr
Yu cusliu: Tnh ng Tnh chnh xc
Tnh ngnht idin theo khng gian Lin tcvthi gian Tnh hon chnh
6. Xc nhphng n xl sliu
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7. Xc nhphng n trnh by v cngbktqu
png nhu cu thng tin: Lutr b mtquc gia
Cng khai trong cc bo co hintrng mi trng Cngb trn thng tin i chng Phcv nghin cu khoa hc Cc nhimv khc
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