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NUMBER 177 DECEMBER 2017
Newsletter for the Association of Applied Geochemists
www.appliedgeochemists.org
continued on page 5
Quantitative Interpretation of Orientation SurveysChris Benn1, Giancarlo A. Daroch2, Martin Kral2, Paul Lhotka2 1Chris Benn Consulting, 3424 West 1st Ave, Vancouver, V6R 1G7, BC, CANADA, CJBenn@gmail.com; 2Capstone Mining Corp., 510 W Georgia St, #2100, Vancouver, BC, V6B 0M3, CANADA.
Introduction Whenexploringinnewareas,preliminaryfieldandlaboratoryinvestigationsareaccomplishedbycarryingoutorientationsurveys.Thesesurveysdetermine:(a)thenatureandextentofdispersionpatternsrelatedtomineralization,and(b)thedistri-butionandbehaviourofelementsofpotentialinterestinunmineralisedareas.Theparametermostoftensoughtisthelength(inthecaseofstreamsedimentsampling)orarealextent(inthecaseofsoilsampling)ofdispersiontrails,asthesecanberelateddirectlytotherequiredsamplingdensity.Thereare,however,problemswiththesequantitiesduetotheerraticnatureofgeochemicaldata.Themainproblemisindecidingwherethedispersiontrailends,thatis,atwhichpointdotheanomaloussamplesbecomelostwithinthespreadofbackgroundvalues.Oneormorethresholdvaluesarenormallychosentoseparatewhatisconsideredanomalousfromwhatisconsideredbackground. Orientationsurveyshavethepotentialforgeneratingabundantdataeventhoughtheycomprisefewsamples.Afteranalysingseveralsampletypesand/orseveralsizefractionsformanyelements,itiseasytoaccumulatealotofdata.Commoninterpretationaidssuchasdispersionprofilesandsymbolplotswilladequatelydisplaythedatafrommostorientationsurveys.However,itisdifficulttoquantifythedifferencesseenonthesediagrams.Forexample,onemaybeabletoseethataparticu-larsampletypeisperformingbetterthananother,butbyhowmuch?Quantifyingthesedifferenceswillhelpwhenbalancingouttherelevantfactorsanddecidingonthemostcosteffectivemethods. Wheninterpretingorientationsurveysapopularmethodofseparatinganomalousfrombackgroundpopulationsistoanalysethedataonaprobabilityplotandthenseparatethetwo,ormore,populationsbyassumingthattheyfollowanormal(Gaussian)orlognormaldistribution(Sinclair1976).Thechoiceofthethreshold(s)willnotpresentanyproblemsintheun-likelyeventthatanomalousandbackgroundvaluesarecompletelyseparated.Unfortunatelyoverlappingpopulationsarethenorm.Themoretheyoverlap,themoredifficultitistoestablishsensiblethresholdsandhencedeterminedispersiondistances.Stanley(2003)describedamethodofdeterminingtheeffectivenessofanynewexplorationmethodusinghypergeometricprobability.ThestudyreportedheredescribesanadditionalapproachactingonthesuggestionbyStanley(2003)thatanori-entationsurveyallowstheoperatoramethodofdeciding,a priori,whichsamplesareanomalousandwhicharebackground.Withanorientationsurvey,noassumptionabouttheformofthestatisticaldistributionneedbemade.Insteadoneonlyhastobreakthepopulationsintothetwo,ormore,groups,anomalousandbackground.Therecouldbemorethanonebackgroundpopulationiftherearegeochemicallydifferentbedrockunitsinthesurveyarea.Thedifficultyliesindecidinghowfarawayfromadirectprojectionofmineralizationtothesurfaceasamplecanbeconsideredanomalous.Arefinementontheabovebinarymethodistouseathreefoldcategorizationof(1)highlyanomalous,(2)anomalous,or(3)background,whichprovidesanew“proximityindication”. Thesimplestandmostdirectwayofdisplayingandcomparingtheanomalousandbackgroundsamples,determinedusingdispersionprofiles,istoconstructaprobabilityplotsofeachonthesamediagram.Ifaparticularelementandsampletype
combinationisworkingwell,thedifferentprobabilityplotsshouldbewellseparated.Nostatisticaldistributionassumptionismadebyusingtheseplots;theyaremerelyaconve-nientandfamiliarmethodofdisplayingthedatadistributions.Thismethodologyisdemonstratedwithtwoexamples.Thefirstisanorientationsoilsurveythattestedseveralanalyticaltechniquesandsizefractionsoverknownmineraliza-tioninChile,andthesecondastreamsedimentorientationsurveyinAustralia.
Example 1 – Sierra Amarilla area, III Region, ChileCapstoneMiningCorporationisexploringforbasemetaldepositsincentralChilethroughanoptionagreementwithSociedadQuimicayMineraS.A.(SQM).Beforestart-ingsurfacesamplingprograms,anorientationsurveywascarriedoutoverasmallareaofknownoxidemineralizationinordertodeterminethemostappropriatesamplingmethodandanalyticaltechnique.AnorientationareaataprospectcalledSierraAmarillawasselectedthatislocated50kmeastofthecityofTaltalinRegionII,atameanelevationof1,800mabovesealevel,withmostlygentletopography.ThePan-AmericanHighwaycutsthroughthecentreoftheblock(Fig.1).Theregionhasahyper-aridclimateandisalmostdevoidofplantgrowth.
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Notes from the Editor
TABLE OF CONTENTSQuantitativeInterpretationofOrientationSurveys................................ 1NotesfromtheEditor................................................................................. 3President’sMessage ............................................................................... 4TeachingExplorationGeochemistry—AViewfromEurope............... 1528thIAGSandResourcesforFutureGenerations2018........................ 18AAGMemberSurvey................................................................................. 19Obituary:T.KurtisKyser............................................................................ 20AAG-SGSStudentPresentationPrize...................................................... 21ExplorationGeochemistry:ShortCourse................................................. 22Geochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis................................ 23AAGNewMembers................................................................................... 24RecentlyPublishedinElements................................................................ 24CamelsintheCaribooDistrict,Canada................................................... 26CalendarofEvents...................................................................................... 27GeochemistryintheNews.......................................................................... 28
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NewsletterNo.177 December2017
EXPLOREissue177includestwoarticles.ThefirstoneiswrittenbyChrisBenn,GiancarloDaroch,MartinKral,andPaulLhotkaanddescribestheinterpretationofgeochemicaldatafromorientationsurveysinChileandAustralia.ThesecondarticlebyCharlieMoonprovidesinsightsintotheteachingofexplora-tiongeochemistryandfuturedemandsforeducation.EXPLORE thanksallthosewhocontributedtothewritingand/oreditingofthisissue:SteveAmor,DennisArne,AlArsenault,ChrisBenn,DavidCohen,GiancarloDaroch,BobGarrett,MartinKral,ArthurLang,DanLayton-Matthews,RayLett,DavidLeng,MattLeybourne,PaulLhotka,CharlieMoon,PaulMorris,andRyanNoble. Inthislastissueof2017,EXPLOREgratefullyacknowl-edgesourtwocorporatesponsorsfortheyear,ALSMineralsandSciApps,aswellasouradvertizers,fortheircontinuingfinancialsupport.Belowistheteamthathasprovidedreaderswithfourexcellentissuesthisyear.WewishallAAGmembersandotherreadersofEXPLOREasuccessfulupcoming2018. BethMcClenaghan,Editor PimvanGeffen,BusinessManager SteveAmor,CalendarofEvents AlArsenault,NewMemberslistandother AAGbusinessofficenews RyanNoble,President’sLetter DennisArne,Elementscontent DaveSmith,AGMMinutes,CouncilElections,and otherAAGbusiness DaveLeng,editingassistance DennisArne,GeochemicalNuggets RayLett,EXPLOREmailinglist VivianHeggie,Pagelayoutandmailing
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PAGE 4 NUMBER 177 EXPLORE
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theAAGBusinessOfficeisessentialtothedaytodaybusinessoperations.OurCouncillorsmakeasignificantservicecom-mitmentbothinregionalandtermpositions,particularlythosethatchaircommitteesandIsingleoutPaulMorrisandDavidCoheninparticularfortheirefforts.Finally,thankyoutoBethMcClenaghanandPimvanGeffenformanagingournewslet-terEXPLORE andtoDennisArneforoverseeingcontributionstoElements.ThesepeoplehavemadesureourAssociationpublicationsgetoutontime,haverelevantandinterestingcontentandlookgreat.TheAAGoutputscontinuetoimproveandIappreciatetheseeffortsoftherealdoersthatmaketheAAGsuccessful.TherearealwaysothercontributorsthatareleftofflistslikethisandIapologizeinadvance,butthankyouforyourcontributions.Iwelcomeournewandreturningcouncillors,andwishtheverybesttoSteveCookashetakesoverasPresidentoftheAAGfor2018-2019. 2018shouldgetofftoagoodstartfortheAssociation.Ourfinancesandmembershiparesolidandthestructureandstra-tegicdirectionareinplacetosupportfutureeffortsoftheAAG.IamexcitedtoseethenewwebsiteandthankstoGemma,Gwendy,Tom,andothersthatareworkingbehindthescenestoimproveourwebsite.TheRFG2018conferenceandour28thIAGS(http://rfg2018.org/)iswellplannedandbynowhopefullymanyofyouaresubmittingabstractsforourAAGaffiliatedsessions.Ifyouneedareminderofthesespecificsessions,checkmypastfewemailsortheAAGwebsite.AnAAGawardsbanquet,fieldtripsandshortcourseswillbeheldduringtheRFGconference. AfewotherpositivechangesarehappeningbehindthescenesandIhopetobeabletoannouncesomenewwinnersofourAssociationmedalsattheVancouvereventaswellasanewAAGDistinguishedLecturer.Wewillbemakingthisposi-tionmoreaccessibleinthefuturebyrecordingapresentationortwoandpostingthelecturesonourwebsite.ThankstoDanLayton-MatthewsforhispastworkastheAAGDistinguishedLecturer. Finally,wehavelostanumberofimportantgeochemistsinthepasttwoyearsandtheywillbemissed.Forme,ProfessorsKurtKyserandXieXuejingarethemostnotable,butthereareothersthatareequallyimportantthatareperhapslesswellknown.Itisunfortunatethatunlikelife,wedonotcelebratethe“births”ofnewgeochemists,theyjustemergeovertime.Ifyouarereadingthismessageandareatthestartofyourcareer,welcometotheAAG!IhopetoseemanyofyoupresentingresultsattheRFGevent.ThankyoutoallourmembersforcontinuingtobeapartofourAAG.Overtoyou,Steve.
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EXPLORE NUMBER 177 PAGE 5
Quantitative Interpretation of Orientation Surveys… continued from page 1
continued on page 6
Informationfromanumberoftrenches,shallowpits,anddrillholeswasusedtooutlineazoneofmanto-typeoxideCumineralizationhostedinandesitesoftheCretaceousAeropuertoFormation.Manto-typedepositsaretypicallycontrolledbythepermeabilityprovidedbyfaults,hydrother-malbreccias,vesicularflowtops,andflowbreccias(Sillitoe2003).InadditiontoCu,thereareanomalousconcentrationsofAg,Au,ZnandPb(TapiaandVidela2011)attheprospect.Theareaiscoveredby5to10mofTertiarygravels. PreviousworkhasshownthatcertainanalyticaltechniquesandsampletypesrevealgeochemicalanomaliesatthesurfaceoftransportedgravelsintheAtacamaregionofChile(Cameronet al.2010).Onepossiblemechanismfortheformationofsurfacegeochemicalanomaliesintheregionisseismicpumpingofgroundwaterfromdepthtothesurfacethroughthegravels.ThepHofthegroundwaterisslightlyalkalineandelementssuchasMoandAscanbetransportedasoxyanions.Supportfortheseismicpumpingtheorycomesfromsignificantseismicactivityintheregionandevidenceoffaultscarpsandfracturesthat
cutthroughthepostmineralcover(Kelleyet al.2003).RecentfracturingwithsecondaryCuoxidesformingpartoftheinfillmaterialcanbeseeninthesidesofthetrenches(Fig.2a)andthesecouldbepossibleconduitsforthegroundwater.Thesefracturesalsopostdatedacementedlayerofcalichedevelopedinplaceswithinthepedimentgravels(Fig.2b).
Figure 1. Location of the Sierra Amarilla orientation area, Chile.
Figure 2. (a) Fractures cutting through surface material; (b) caliche developed on gravels that postdate mineralisation.
2a
PAGE 6 NUMBER 177 EXPLORE
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Quantitative Interpretation of Orientation Surveys… continued from page 5
Althoughgenerallyweakanomaliesformatthesurface,theanomalytobackgroundcontrastscanbeimprovedbyusingselectiveleachextractions.Theaimoftheorientationstudywastoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofseveralsurfacesamplingandanalyticaltechniquesinareasoftransportedgravel. Threeorientationlineswerecompletedataspacingof150mwithsamplescollectedevery10m.Thesesamplinglineswereparalleltothetrenchesandcarewastakentoavoidcontaminationfromthesesurfacedisturbances.Table1liststhetypesofsamplescollectedateachsite,andthetypeofanalysiscarriedout.
Figure 3. Methods for collecting samples A, B, and C.
Table 1. Types of Samples and Methods of Analysis (see Figure 3)
Sample Collection Method Analysis
A Surface lag: 500 g of Pulverised and four acid “near-total” surface material sieved digestion method code (ALS) ME-MS61 <2 mm, coarse retained
B Surface lag: 100 g split Analysed by portable XRF of <2 mm from above
C 10 - 20 cm depth: thin Ionic Leach. Static sodium cyanide brownish layer scraped leach method code (ALS) ME-MS23. away so reddish colour Preferentially attacks weakly adsorbed visible (due to Fe oxy- metal ions; metals associated with hydroxides), 1.5 kg of carbonate minerals and to some extent <2mm material metals associated with amorphous Mn collected. and Fe oxyhydroxides.
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Quantitative Interpretation of Orientation Surveys… continued from page 6
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Fieldduplicatesweretakenandgoodreproducibilitywasshownforallelements(RSD<15%)exceptforAudeterminedbyIonicLeach,whichhadaRSDof47%.Resultsoftheorientationsamplingwereplottedasdispersionprofilesandtheseareusefulforshowingifthereisaresponsealongtheorientationlines(Fig.4).
Figure 4. Dispersion Profiles for Cu and Ag for different types of samples
TheoutlineofmineralizationisshowninlightredandtheYaxisshowstheresponseratiowhichistheactualvaluedi-videdbythefirstquartile.ApositiveresponsefromtheA(surfacelag)andC(IonicLeach)samplesforCuandAgisappar-entonallthreelines,althoughitisdifficulttodeterminewhichsampletypeisthebest. Thesedispersionprofilestogetherwithaprojectionofmineralizationcanassistindeterminingwhichsamplesareanoma-lousversusbackground.Figure5usestheprofilesforSampleCtodemonstratethatitisreasonablyeasytodistinguishbe-tweencoincidentsamplesoverlyingmineralization(reddots)versusflankingsamples(moredistal)frommineralization(greendots).
Thesimplestandmostdirectwayofdisplayingandcom-paringthisaprioriclassificationofproximalmineralizationandbackgroundsamplesistodrawprobabilityplotsforthisclassifi-cationforeachelementofinterestonthesamediagram. Ifaparticularelementandsampletypeissuitable,thenthethreeprobabilityplotsshouldshowclearseparationbetweendataforsamplesitescoincidenttomineralizationthatarehigherthanthoseflankingtomineralizationandbothhigherthanthebackgroundsamples.Thereisnostatisticaldistributionassumptionmadebytheseplots.Itisonlywhenastraightlineisfittedtoprobabilityplotsthatthereisanunderlyingassumptionofnormalorlognormaldistribution.Theseplotscanbeusedtomeasurethereliabilityofanygiventhresholdforaparticularelementandsampletypecombination.Figure6isanexample
EXPLORE NUMBER 177 PAGE 9
continued on page 10
Quantitative Interpretation of Orientation Surveys… continued from page 8
Figure 5. Profiles showing selection of samples as highly anomalous, anomalous, and background.
ofprobabilityplotsforCucontentinSampleC(ionicleachanalysis).Althoughtheflankingandcoincidentsamplesarewellseparatedfromthebackgroundpopulation,theyaresimilartoeachothersuggestinglittledifferencebetweenthetwo.Aprob-abilityplotforallthesamplesisalsoshownforreference.
Figure 6. Split probability plot for Sample C (ionic leach) showing the difference between coincident, flanking and background samples.
PAGE 10 NUMBER 177 EXPLORE
Anadditionalfeatureofthistypeofplotisthatonecanmeasuretheproportionofsamplesbelowthethreshold(anoma-liesmissed)andproportionofsamplesabovethethreshold(falseanomalies).Theseprobabilityplotsrequireasubjectivevisualinterpretationsuchasdetermininganinflectionpointbetweentwodifferentplotgradientsegments.Hence,anoverallmeasureoftheseparationrevealedbytheseprobabilityplotsisneeded.Thiscanbeachievedbycorrelatingthedatavalueswithaproximityvariablederivedbyrankingthesamplesusingtheapriorimethodjustdescribed.Anumericalrankingsystemisrequired: • 0forbackgroundsamples(offthedispersiontail); • 1forflankingsamples(onthedispersiontrail)butnotdirectlyovermineralisation;and, • 2forcoincidentsamplescloseorovermineralisation ThemostappropriatecorrelationmeasureistheSpearmanrankcorrelationcoefficient.Thisisanon-parametricstatisticthatquantifiestheassociationbetweentwovariables.Thehigherthecorrelation,thebettertheelementandsampletypeisatdefiningthemineralization.UsingtheSpearmanrankcorrelation,itispossibletosimultaneouslycomparealltheelementsandsampletypes.Table2showstheSpearmanrankcorrelationcoefficientsforproximityvariablewithtarget(Cu,Au,Ag)andpathfinderelements(Mo,Mn,Pb,Zn),anddifferentsampletypes.
Table 2. Spearman rank correlation between proximity variable and target/pathfinder elements for different sample types.
Quantitative Interpretation of Orientation Surveys… continued from page 9
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TargetandpathfinderelementsperformthebestinSampleCcloselyfollowedbySampleA.SampleBperformedpoorlyforelementsotherthanCubutthisisprobablyduetothepooranalyticalqualityofthepXRFforsomeelements–anexamplebeingPb. Thismeasureofproximitycanbeusedinotherstatisticalproceduressuchasmultipleregressiontopredicttheproximityvariablefromseveraloftheelementsforagivensampletype.Thiscouldresultinanequationforanewvariablethatwouldhighlightmineralizationbetterthananysingleelementalone.Inthiscase,theproximityvariablewasregressedagainstCu,Ag,Au,Mn,PbforSampleC(IonicLeachsample).TheSpearmanrankcorrelationbetweenthisnewvariableandtheproximityvariablewas0.75,whichwashigherthanthatforCualone(0.71)suggestingthereisasmallimprovementusingthismultiele-mentproximityvariable.
DispersionprofilesforCuandthenewproximityvariablecomposedofCuandAgareshowninFigure7.
Figure 7. Dispersion profiles for Cu content in Sample C and new proximity variable (Cu +Ag). continued on page 11
Sample Type/Analysis Cu Ag Au Mo Mn Pb Zn A Surface,4 acid 0.67 0.66 -0.15 0.16 0.55 -0.16 B Surface pXRF 0.61 0.06 0.02 0.067 0.01 C 20cm depth Ionic Leach 0.71 0.61 0.43 0.43 0.51 0.57 -0.33
EXPLORE NUMBER 177 PAGE 11
Quantitative Interpretation of Orientation Surveys… continued from page 10
CopperandAgmakebyfarthelargestcontributiontotheregressionmodel,anditispossiblethattheregressionestimat-ingthemultivariateproximityvariablecouldshowanimprovementifmoreelementswereincludedinthecorrelation. Thiscasestudyhasshowntheusefulnessofassigningorientationsamplestobackground,flanking,orcoincidentgroupspriortotheanalysisofdata.ProbabilityplotsandSpearmancorrelationcoefficientscanthenbeusedtodeterminethebestelementsandsampletypesfordetectingthetypeofmineralizationoverwhichthesurveywasconducted.
Example 2 – Stream sediment orientation survey, Rhyolite Creek Au-base metal prospect, Victoria, Australia TheRhyoliteCreekAu-basemetalprospectislocatedabout145kmENEofMelbourneincentraleasternVictoria(Fig.8).WeakAumineralizationwasexploredbyBHPinthe1980s.TheprospectlieswithinafaultboundedstructuralwindowthatexposesCambrianrockswithinthePalaeozoicMountUsefulSlateBelt.Mineralizationishostedbyvolcaniclasticunitsinterbeddedwithintermediatetofelsicvolcanicflowsandintrusives.SignificantCu-Ausulphidemineralizationwasdiscov-eredatHill8006kmtothenorth.
continued on page 12
Figure 8. Location of Rhyolite Creek Au base metal prospect Victoria. Australia
PAGE 12 NUMBER 177 EXPLORE
Astreamsedimentorientationsurveyconsistingof36samplesand5fieldduplicateswascarriedoutdownstreamfromknownmineralization.Twotypesofsampleswerecollectedandanalyzed: ~1kgBlegsample(cyanideactive),analysisforAu. ~1kgsamplesievedto<200mesh,<20+40mesh,<40+60mesh,<60+80mesh,<80+200mesh,analysisforAu(fire assay),Pb,As,Zn,Cuby3-acid(HNO3,HCl,HClO4)digestionandAAS.Thesurveywascarriedoutin1984andonlyatomicabsorptionspectrometry(AAS)wasavailableforthesampleanalysisatthattime. Asdescribedbeforeinexample1,probabilityplotswereusedtodisplayandcompareanomalousandbackgroundsamples.Theseplotsstillrequireasubjectivevisualinterpretationtoestablishtheoverallmeasureofpopulationseparation.Figure9showsthedistributionofstreamsedimentsamples.Therewasevidenceindispersionprofilesthatsamplesasfaras7kmdownstreamreflecttheCu-Aumineralisation.
Quantitative Interpretation of Orientation Surveys… continued from page 11
Figure 9. Distribution of orientation samples
Fortheorientationstudy,theproximityvariablewasgivenby:0=offdispersion(background)1=ondispersiontrail3-7kmaway(distal)2=ondispersiontrail0-2kmaway(proximal)AmeasureofhowwellaparticularelementandsampletypeidentifiedtheCu-AumineralizationisrevealedbytheSpearmanrankcorrelationcoefficientbetweentheproximityvariableandanalyticalresults(Table3).
ForAu,the<200meshsamplesperformedthebest,followedbyBleg,andthen<40+60mesh.Cor-relationsofZnareallsignificantandwerehighestforeachsampletype.Leadgavethesecondbestcor-relationsinallsampletypesexcept<200meshand<40+60mesh.The<200meshfractionperformedwellforeveryelementexceptCu. Arsenicgavesignificantcorrelationsinonly<200meshandthispoorresponseisexplainedbyexamining
thebetween-elementcorrelations.ArsenicshowsaPb-Zn-As-AuassociationrelatedtotheCu-AumineralizationwhereastheCu-Asassociationisun-relatedtoCu-Aumineralisation. TheseelementscanbecombinedintoanequationthatbetterhighlightstheCu-Aumineralisation.Thiswasaccomplishedbyregressingtheproximityvariableagainsttheanalyticalresultsforthe<200meshsamples.Resultsforeachelementwerefirstlogtransformedbecausethefrequencydistributionsarehighlypositivelyskewed.StepwisemultipleregressionanalysiswascarriedoutwhichshowedthatonlyAuandZnareneededintheequation.Theresultingequationis:Y=2.5log(Zn)+1.0log(Au) TheSpearmanrankcorrelationbetweenthisnewvariableandtheproximityvariableis0.71,whichishigherthaneitherAuorZnalone(0.55).TheprobabilityplotoftheregressionvariableisshowninFigure10,andthemapofpostedvaluesspatiallyshowshowwellthetechniqueworks. ResultsfortheRhyoliteCreekorientationsurveyshowthatthe<200meshsamplewasthemostsuitablesizefractionforhighlightingtheknownCu-AumineralisationandtheelementsinorderresponseareAu>Zn>Pb>As>Cu.ForAualone,theBlegtechniquealsoindicatedthepresenceoftheCu-Aumineralisation.
Conclusions Thesecasestudieshaveshowntheusefulnessofa prioriassigningorientationsamplestoeitherbackgroundoranomalousgroupsbasedontheirspatialrelationshipstoknownmineralizationbeforefurtherinterpretingthedata.Probabilityplotsand
continued on page 13
Table 3 Spearman rank correlations with proximity variable
Au Pb As Zn CuBLEG 0.47 <200# 0.55 0.38 0.36 0.55 0.04<80>200# 0.04 0.34 0.21 0.49 -0.06<60>80# 0.16 0.23 0.12 0.49 -0.07<40>60# 0.43 0.21 0.12 0.45 -0.2<20>40# 0.02 0.32 0.17 0.37 -0.14
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Quantitative Interpretation of Orientation Surveys… continued from page 12
Spearmanrankcorrelationscanthenbeusedtodeterminethemostsuitableelementsandsampletypesfordetectingthetypeofmineralisationoverwhichthesurveyswereconducted.Themethodcanbeappliedtomosttypesoforientationsurveydataandmineralisationaslongasthespatiallocationofbedrockmineralisationiswellconstrained.
Acknowledgements CapstoneMiningisthankedforallowingtheSierraAmarillacasehistorytobepublished.ColinFarrellyisthankedforthedevelopingtheinitialmethodologyandprovidinginspiration.BobGarrett,RayLett,GraemeBonham-Carter,RaelLipsonandMattEckfeldtarethankedforreviewingthearticleandmakingsignificantimprovements.
ReferencesCAMERON,E,LEYBOURNE,M.REICH,M,PALACIOUS,C.,2010.GeochemicalanomaliesinnorthernChileasasur-
faceexpressionoftheextendedsupergenemetallogenesisofburiedcopperdeposits.Geochemistry: Exploration, Environ-ment, Analysis, 10,157-169
CHERRY,D.P.,Hill800Au-CuMineralization,EasternVictoria,RegolithExpressionofAustralianOreSystems.Acompila-tionofgeochemicalcasehistoriesandconceptualmodels.1998.
KELLEY,D.L.,HALL,G.E.M,CLOSS,L.G,HAMILTON,I,McEWEN,R.M.,2003.Theuseofpartialextractiongeochem-istryforcopperexplorationinnorthernChile.Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 3,85-104.¬
SILLITOE,R.H.,2003.Ironoxide–copper-golddeposits:anAndeanview.Mineralium Deposita, 3,787-812.SINCLAIR,A.J.,1976.Applicationofprobabilitygraphsinmineralexploration.TheAssociationofExplorationGeochem-
ists,SpecialVolumeNo.4STANLEY,C.R.,2003.Statisticalevaluationofanomalyperformance.Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis, 3,
3-12.TAPIA,J.&VIDELA,M.,2011.InformedeAvanceGeologiaBasicaCamapana4Ano2011:AreadeInteresInteriorde
TaltalGEDMMarzo,2011.Internalreport–SQM.
Figure 10. Split probability plot for the regression variable and location of values for the regression variable for the -200 mesh fraction of stream sediment samples.
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Introduction Inhispresident’smessageofJune2017(EXPLORE,175),RyanNoblecommentedonthestateofappliedgeochemistryintertiaryeducation.Asherightlypointedout,majorcentresarelimited,astheyrequireaccesstoexpensiveequipmentandcollaborationwithindustryorgovernmentorganisations.Smallerscalecombinedteachingandresearchcentresaremorewidespread.Inthisarticle,IreviewthecontentofcourseswhichIhavebeeninvolvedinoverthelast35years(mainlyintheUK)andsomeoftheopportunitiesIseeinthefuture.Mostofthesecourseshavefocussedonminingandexploration,withoccasionalforaysintoenvironmentalissues. Thecoursesormoduleshavemainlyinvolvedappliedgeologyatundergraduatelevel(3rdyearinUK),withaone-yearcourseatmaster’slevelineithermineralexplorationormininggeology.However,inaddition,appliedgeochemistrycanbealargecomponentof2-3monthstudentprojectsatmaster’slevel,usuallyincollaborationwithindustry. Thekeydriverforsuchcoursesisemployment;thereisnopointdevisingexpensivecoursesiftherearefewjobs.Europehasseenadistinctdeclineinhome-basemineralexplorationandmining,butthebetterstudentshavefoundemployment,atleastinboomyears,inAfricaandAustralia.IftheychoosetobebasedinEurope,thereisemploymentinconsultingcom-paniesormorerecentlyasfly-infly-outemployeesinAfricaorAsia.Othershavegravitatedtowardsenvironmentalprojects.Somestudentshavegoneontobecomefullyfledgedgeochemists,throughthePh.D.route,orviatraininginindustryorgov-ernment.Todate,thepositiveattitudeofuniversityadministratorsintheUKcombinedwiththeinterestofstudentshaskeptcoursesgoingthroughindustrylow-points,unlikethelesstolerantapproachshowninNorthAmericaandAustralia.
Courses Typically,explorationgeochemistrymoduleshaveinvolvedlecturesandworkshopsintegratedwithfieldsampling,labora-toryanalysisanddatainterpretationexercises.Thesehaveusuallybuiltonstudent’sknowledgeofmineraldepositgeologyandchemistry,buttheextentofthislatterknowledgeseemstohavebecomemorelimitedinrecentyears.Thelecturetopicscoveredincludedistributionofelements,chemicalanalysis,weathering,soil,water,androckgeochemistryaswellassomecasestudiesandspecialcases,particularlygoldanddiamondexploration. WorkshopsessionscommencedwithsomeexercisesfromLevinsonet al.(1987)andplottingsimplesingleelementmapsofelementdistributions.IfoundtheDaisyCreekcopperdatausefulasitiswelldescribedintheliterature(Stanley1988).Oftheremainingsessionsmostaredevotedtodatafromafieldarea,oftenusingpublicdomaindatae.g.TellusSW(TellusSW2017)andgettingstudentsfamiliarwithsoftwarediscussedbelow.IhavesuccessfullyusedtheAAG‘WritingGeochemicalRe-ports’asatemplateforthefinalreport(Bloom2001). Oneoftheproblemsintrainingstudentsisthelackofagoodcurrenttextbookinexplorationgeochemistry.SincethepublicationofRoseet al(1979)andLevinson(1980),therehavebeenfewtextbooksaddressingexplorationgeochemistry,althoughEvans(1995)andMoonet al.(2006)offersomecoverageofthistopic.Thecontentsweretosomeextentdeterminedbytheopinionofacommercialpublisherastofuturesalesandpricingpoint.Thishasprovedcorrect,atleastuntiltheadventoftheinternetandmassscanningoftexts.Recentlytherehavebeenothertextspublishedonmineralexploration(Haldar2013;Gandhi&Sarkar2016;BustilloRevuelta2018)butnoneonappliedgeochemistry.
Fieldwork Oneofthekeyfeaturesofanyprogrammeisfieldwork(Fig.1).Themostrewardingfieldworkforthestudentshasbeenthereconnaissancephaseofstreamsedimentssampling,includingademonstrationofpanning,withafol-low-upsoilsamplingexercise.Foruniversitiesthataredistantfromsuitablefieldareas,theseexercisesarecarriedoutasfieldcamps(i.e.areresidential).Thebestfieldareasinmyexperienceareofsub-economicbasemetaldepos-itsinareasoflittlepastmining. Forresidentialcourses,chemicalanalysisofsamplesonsiteispreferablesothatanomaliescanbefollowedupinthefieldandinvestigatedbyfurthersampling,mappingandgeophysics.However,thiscanbeexpensive.InthedaysofAAS,wesetupaninstrumentinaself-cateringestablishment,butICPanalysisrequiresanalysisinthelaboratory.Field-basedanalysisisnowagainpossiblewiththelowdetectionlimitsforportableXRFinstruments.Theadventoffielddatacollectiononmobilephoneandtabletshasalsoen-abledmuchmoreaccuratepositioningandreducedfielderrors,althoughnotallappsareyetstudentproof.
Teaching Exploration Geochemistry — A View From EuropeCharlie Moon Consulting Geologist and Part-time Lecturer, United Kingdom
Figure 1. Students collecting soil samples over the Coed-Brenin porphyry Cu-Au prospect, Wales.
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Teaching Exploration Geochemistry — A View From Europe… continued from page 15
Anothertypeoffieldworkinvolvesvisitstominingandexplorationoperations.Wehavebeenfortunatetodothisonaworldwidebasis.Studentscanreallyseeawayforwardandtheuseofwhattheyhavelearntintheclassroom.Althoughthesetakeupvaluabletimefortheorganisationsthathaveaccommodatedus,theyaremuchappreciated.
Laboratory Gettingstudentstounderstandhowchemicalanalysisisundertakenisbestdonewithsometimeinthelaboratory(Fig.2).However,increasedconcernforhealthandsafetyassociatedwiththeuseofstrongacidshasresultedinfarfewerstudentshavingexposuretowetchemistry.Sharingofinstrumentswithotherre-searchers,especiallylaser-ablationresearch,hasenabledstudentstocontinuewithsomeaccess,particularlyforprojects.However,schedulingforlargerbatchesofsamplesforteachingisdifficultandexpensive.UseofportableXRFinstrumentsispermittedforstudentsintheUKafterashorttraining,andcanenablestudentstogetagoodunderstandingofhands-ondataacquisition,includ-ingprecisionandaccuracyatlimitedcost.
Statistics and Worksheets Itsoonbecomesobvioustostudentsthatgeochemicaldatasetsarelarge,requiringaknowledgeofcomputerbasedstatis-tics.Theinitialstagesareusuallyinvolvereviewingthedatainaspreadsheet,suchasMicrosoftExcel.Overtheyearswehaveusedavarietyofcomputer-basedstatisticspackagesincludingMinitab,SPSSandrecentlythepublicdomainR,largelydependentonthesitelicenceoftheuniversityandpreferencesofotheruniversitydepartments(Minitab2017;SPSS2017;R2017).MorerecentlywehavemovedtoioGAS,whichismoresuitableforgeologists.
GIS and Simulation GISproficiencyis,atleastintheUK,mandatoryforprofessionalaccreditationingeologycourses,whereasinexplorationorenvironmentalgeochemistryitisoptional(Fig.3).MostoftherecentGISworkhasbeeninArcGIS,asUKuniversitieshaveaccesstoreasonablypricedsitelicences.SomestudentshavealsousedMapinfoandrecentlythepublicdomainsoftware
Figure 2. Student digesting the Coed-y-Brenin soil samples in the university laboratory.
QGIS(ArcGIS2017;Mapinfo2017;Qgis2017).WehaveusedanumberofexamplestoteachGIS,suchastheCabodeGataareainSpainwhereAumineralisationiswelldocumentedandiseasilyaccessibleforfieldworkfromtheUK(e.g.,Carranzaet al.2008).Anothersuit-abledatasetisthewesternpartoftheBushveldIgneousComplexinSouthAfricawhereair-bornegeophysicsandwidelyspacedgovernmentsoilgeochemistryweremadeavailableunderaninitiativeoftheSouthAfricanGeophysicalAssociation(SAGA2017).OthersetsusedbycolleaguesarefromLeinsterinTellusIreland(TellusIreland2017)andnorthernFinland(GTK2017). Anumberoflargemulti-methoddatasets,
Figure 3. Results of typical student soil sampling exercise: Sn (ppm) soil, SW Cornwall plotted in ArcGIS. The base map is a hill-shaded Lidar DTM from Ferraccioli et al. (2014). Samples were anal-ysed by pXRF on disaggregated soil samples: N= 143 samples, ~50, 75, 90, 95 percentiles plotted. Lumpy features on the ground surface associated with Sn anomalies are old tin mine workings.
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includinggeochemistry,arenowbeingmadeavailableforthistypeofwork,conspicuouslyundertheFrankArnottcompetitiveinitiative(FrankArnott2017)andcanbealsousedforteaching.TheresultsofinitialinterpretationofthetopfourentirewerepresentedattheExploration’17decennialconferenceinToronto,CanadainOctober2017.OnedangerofthisGISapproachisthatexplorationgeochemistryisnowoftenseenasonlyanotherlayerintheGIS(notablybyexplorationmanagers)andinsufficientemphasisisputonunderstandinghowanomalieshaveformed,ratherthanlookingattheimmediatehighconcen-trationsthatlinkwithgeophysicsorgeology.Handlingdatafromdrillholesand3Dmodellingismoreproblematicasfewuniversities,particularlygeologydepartments,regardthisasapriorityareaandthesoftwareiscomplexandnoteasilylearnt.WehaveusedMicromine,Datamine,andLeap-frog,butstudentshavebeenmainlytaughtbyprofessionaltrainersfromsoftwareprovidersandthetraininghasbeenorientedtoderivingageologicalmodelandaresourceestimate,usuallyonsimulateddata(Datamine2017;Leapfrog2017;Micromine2017). OnemethodofteachingwhichwefoundparticularlyusefulforanumberofyearswasrunningamodulebasedaroundasophisticatedexplorationmodeloftheCentralAfricanCopperbelt(Bachauet al.1993).Studentswereabletosoilsampleanddrillanywhereinthemodel(20x20km).Thelocationofthedepositsandgradecouldbevariedbeforethesimulationstarted.Unfortunatelythemodelhasnotbeenupdatedwithchangesincomputeroperatingsystemsandisnotnowavailable(18soft-ware2017).
The Future Thedemandforeducationandtrainingingeochemistryofmineralexplorationgeologistswillcontinueastheyarerespon-sibleformostgeochemicalsurveys.AAGcanhelpinthis
(i) byupdatingcasehistoriesofexplorationdiscovery,ifpossible,withdigitalsupplementsoforiginaldatasetsandshort videosbydiscovers(ii) collatingdatasets,withdiscussions,fordifferentmethodse.g.bulkleachgold,heavyminerals,laserablationon minerals(iii) organisinganupdateofRose,HawkesandWebbornewtextbook(iv) continuingwithpublications,symposiaandfieldtrips
Acknowledgements Staff,particularlytechnicalstaff,andstudentsattheuniversitiesofExeter(CamborneSchoolofMines)andLeicesterprovidedhelpandconstructivecriticismofthecoursesdiscussed.PaulMorrisandBethMcClenaghanarethankedforhelpfulreviews.
References18SOFTWARE2017.18softwarewebsite.www.18software.comlastaccessedSeptember2017ARCGIS2017.ESRIwebsite.www.esri.comlastaccessedSeptember2017BAUCHAU,C.,JABOYEDOFF,M.&VANNIER,M.,1993.“Claim”:anewpersonalcomputer-assistedsimulationmodel
forteachingmineralexplorationtechniques.In:KIRKHAM,R.V.,SINCLAIR,W.D.,THORPE,R.I.&DUKE,J.M.,eds.MineralDepositModelling:Geological Association of Canada, Special Paper 40,685-691.
BLOOM,L.(ed.),2001.Writinggeochemicalreports,guidelinesforsurficialgeochemicalsurveys.GeochemicalSurveys,2ndedition.TheAssociationofExplorationGeochemists.
BUSTILLOREVUELTA2018.MineralResources,Springer.CARRANZA,E.J.M.,VANRUITENBEEK,F.J.A.,HECKER,M.,VANDERMEEIIDE,F.D.&VANDERMEER,F.D.
2008.Knowledge-guideddata-drivenevidentialbeliefmodelingofmineralprospectivityinCabodeGata,SESpain.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 10,374-387.
DATAMINE2017.DatamineWebsite.www.dataminesoftware.comlastaccessedSeptember2017EVANS,A.M(ed.)1995.IntroductiontoMineralExploration,Blackwell Science.FERRACCIOLI,F.,GERARD,F.,ROBINSON,C.,JORDAN,T.,BISZCZUK,M.,IRELAND,L..,BEASLEY,M.,VI-
DAMOUR,A.,BARKER,A.,ARNOLD,R.,DINN,M.,FOX,A.,HOWARD,A.2014.LiDARbasedDigitalTerrainModel(DTM)dataforSouthWestEngland.NERCEnvironmentalInformationDataCentre.10.5285/e2a742df-3772-481a-97d6-0de5133f4812.
FRANKARNOTT2017.TheFrankArnottAward.www.frankarnottaward.comlastaccessedSeptember2017.GANDHI,S.M.&SARKAR,B.C.2016.EssentialsofMineralExplorationandEvaluation,Elsevier.GTK2017.GeologicalSurveyofFinland.en.gtk.filastaccessedSeptember2017.HALDAR,S.2013.MineralExplorationPrinciplesandApplications,Elsevier.ioGAS2017.ioGASwebsite.www.reflexnow.com/iogas/lastaccessedSeptember2017.LEAPFROG2017.www.leapfrog3d.comlastaccessedSeptember2017.LEVINSON,A.A.1980.IntroductiontoExplorationGeochemistry,Applied Publishing.
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LEVINSON,A.A.,BRADSHAWP.M.D.&THOMSONI.(eds.)1987.PracticalProblemsinExplorationGeochemistry,Ap-plied Publishing.
MAPINFO2017.Mapinfowebsite.www.pitneybowes.comlastaccessedSeptember2017MICROMINE2017.Microminewebsite.www.micromine.comlastaccessedSeptember2017MINITAB2017.MinitabWebsite.www.minitab.comlastaccessedSeptember2017MOON,C.J.,WHATELEY,M.K.G&EVANS,A.M.(eds.)2006.IntroductiontoMineralExploration,2ndedition,Blackwell
Science.NOBLE,R.2017.President’smessage.EXPLORE, 175(July2017),4.QGIS2017.QGISwebsite.www.qgis.orglastaccessedSeptember2017R2017.Rwebsite.www.r-project.orglastaccessedSeptember2017ROSEA.W.,HAWKESH.E.&WEBBJ.S.1979.GeochemistryinMineralExploration.Academic Press, London.SAGA2017.SouthAfricanGeophysicalAssociation.www.sagaonline.co.zalastaccessedSeptember2017.SPSS2107.SPSSwebsite.www.ibm.com/analytics/us/en/technology/spss/lastaccessedSeptember2017.STANLEY,C.R.,1988.PROBPLOT–Aninteractivecomputerprogramtofitmixturesofnormal(orlog-normal)distribu-
tionsusingmaximumlikelihoodoptimizationprocedures.Association of Exploration Geochemists Special Volume 14.TELLUSIRELAND2017.TellusIrelandwebsite:GeologicalSurveyofIreland.www.tellus.ielastaccessedSeptember2017.TELLUSSW2017.TellusGBwebsite.www.tellusgb.ac.uklastaccessedSeptember2017.
A Strange Cocktail or a Great Conversation? Defining the Resources for Future Generations 2018 Audience
Whathappenswhenyoubringindustry,government,FirstNationsrepresentatives,policy-makers,academics,scien-tists,andmembersofcivilsocietytogether?Itmaysoundlikeastrangemix,butResourcesforFutureGenerations2018(RFG2018)recognizesthatinordertohaveameaningfulconversationabouttheuseofEarth¹sresourcesinthefuture,allthesegroupsmustbeintheroom.Inordertoenrichtheconversation,RFG2018hasunveiledarobust,comprehensivelistofsessionsstructuredaroundsixcentralthemes:TheEarth,Water,Minerals,Energy,Resources&Society,andEducation&Knowledge.YoucanreviewafulllistofThemeSessionsatthefollowinglink:http://ow.ly/teFv30g7HP8
TheCallforAbstractstoRFG2018sessionsisnowopen.AbstractswillbeaccepteduntilJanuary15,2018,andween-courageyoutoaddyourvoicetothisevent.Visitrfg2018.orgfordetails.
EXPLORE NUMBER 177 PAGE 19
AAG Member Survey TheresultsoftheAAGmembersurveyconductedinthefirstquarterof2017havenowbeencompiledandasummaryoftheresultsisfoundbelow.Wereceived110responses(33%ofcurrentmembership)whichwastoppedupwithafurther48responses(10%response)frompastmembers.Thisprovidesuswithareasonablerepresentationoftheviewsofmemberspastandpresent.MostrespondentswerefromAustraliafollowedbyCanadaandUSA,which,collectively,accountfor71%ofthetotalrespondentsandreflectstheactualmembershipmix(71%).Femaleswereslightlyoverrepresented(15%)inthesurveycomparedwithactualmembership(11%). Aninitialassessmentwasdoneonthesurveysseparately,butthedemographicwassimilarinanumberofcategoriesbetweenpresentandpastmembersandsowascombined(Fig.1).AgewasdeemedanimportantvariableastheAAGlookstobuildmembershipand,critically,attractyoungermembers(19%under40forrespondents).
Notsurprisingly,mostoftherespondentsareinvolvedinexploration(71%)withenvironment(19%)andanalytical(7%)followingsecondandthird,respectively.TheAAGshouldgainmembersfromthemoreexpansiveenvironmen-talgeochemistrysector.MemberretentionrecognizesthatitisnotonlyimportanttoattractnewmemberstotheAAGbutalsotokeepthem.Respondentstoldusthataccesstonewsandinformation,publicationssuchasEXPLORE, supportingtheprofessionandnetworkingwerethemostimportantfactorswithdiscountfeesforIAGSratinglowestbenefitacrossthemembership.Worryingly,itwasshownthatmorethan20%oftherespondentsunder30yearsofagehadnointentiontoretaintheirmembership.ThismayberelatedtocommunicationchannelsusedbytheAAGwhichtherespondentstoldus,notsurprisingly,thatyoungermemberswouldliketoseemorecommunicationfromtheAAGviasocialmediasuchasLinkedIn(whichwecurrentlydon’tusemuch)comparedtotheoldermembership;theoldermemberswillberelievedtofindthatTwitterandFace-bookreceivedlowerratingsforfutureAAGcommunicationsacrosstheagedemographic.
TheresponsetoquestionsabouttheIAGSshowedfairlyequalimportancetofactorssuchashearingaboutcurrentadvances,networking,presentationofworkandlessso
aroundtheactualvenue.Fewdifferenceswereseen betweenagegroups,althoughpresentingpaperswasmoreimportanttotheyoungerrespondents.ThetakehomemessageherewasinterpretedasencouraginglessspectacularandexpensiveIAGSbidsandpiggy-backingonotherpopularbutrelatedevents. GEEAcontinuestobeapopularavenuetopublishmembersworkwithAppliedGeochemistry,JGEandEconomicGe-ologyfollowing.Impactfactorsareimportantfortheyoungerrespondentsforcareerprogression;notethatGEEAisnearlypushingthroughIF2. Otherfindingsinclude:
• Educationopportunitieswerecontinuallyemphasized,includingshortcourses,visitinglecturersandwebinars,• Betteruseofwebsiteforinteractionbetweenmembersandarepositoryofcasesstudiesanddatabasesaswellasdis-
seminationofeducationalmaterials,• Studentsupportisneeded–bothfinancialandmentoring,• StrongerlinkswithuniversitiesarealsoneededandmarketingofAAGwithinthem.
TheCouncilandCommitteehaveusedinsightsfromthesurveytocompileadecadalstrategydocumentfortheAAGthatisupforendorsementbyCouncilatthenextmeeting.ItishopedanumberofthepotentialactionitemswillspawnsomenewinitiativeswithintheAAGandreinvigoratethemembership.AlltherespondentsarethankedfortheirinputintothecurrentrunningandfuturedirectionsfortheAAG.ThefullreportandresultsofthesurveycanbefoundontheAAGweb-site(https://www.appliedgeochemists.org)afterloggingintothe“Members”area.
Mel LinternEmail: Mel.Lintern@csiro.auCSIRO Mineral Resources
Figure 1. Comparison of key AAG survey demographics. A) Age, B) Primary location, C) Employment sector.
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T. Kurtis Kyser (1951 - 2017) TheAssociationofAppliedGeochemists(AAG)recentlylostoneofitsmostwell-known,charismaticscientificleadersandeducators,Profes-sorT.KurtKyser.HediedonAugust29whileco-leadingagraduateandundergraduatefieldtriponcarbonatesinBermuda. KurtwastheEditor-in-ChiefoftheAssociation’sjournal,Geochem-istry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis(GEEA)forthepastfewyears,wherehehadledthejournaltoasignificantincreaseinimpactfactorandsetupfuturedirectionsandastructureforGEEAthatshouldseeitwellplacedforthenextdecade.Hiseditorialaccomplishmentswerewelldefinedthroughhisextensivepublicationhistory.Kurtwasanauthoronmorethan400peer-reviewedjournalpapers,morethan200refereedcon-ferenceproceedings,acoupleofbooksandseveralmorebookchapters,alongwithahostoftechnicalreportsandeducationalnotes. Hismostprominentresearchwasintheapplicationofisotopestomin-eralexplorationandenvironmentalgeochemistry,withastrongfocusonuranium.However,whenreviewingKurt’spublicationsitisclearlyevidentthathewashugelyinfluentialonadiversityofsciencedisciplines. Kurtwasattheforefrontofgeochemicalisotopicresearch.Hede-velopedanddirectedtheQueen’sFacilityforIsotopeResearch(QFIR),aleadinggeochemistryandisotopelaboratoryinNorthAmerica,whichexamineselementcyclingatthegeosphere-biosphereinterface.ThroughQFIR,heinitiatedmanyprojectsthattotalledinexcessof$12MCAN. Asaneducator,hewasactiveandenthusiasticinteachingcoursesattheundergraduate,graduateandprofes-sionallevel.Kurthadastrongcommitmenttotrainingthenextgenerationofgeochemists,havingsupervised~50MScand~50PhDstudents,nottomentionthemanymoreheinfluencedasundergradsorco-supervisedpostgradsorcolleagues.Overthelastsixyearshehaddirectlysupervised15undergraduatetheses,26M.Sc.theses,17Ph.D.thesesand10Post-doctoralresearchers.Throughthesegraduateandundergraduatestudentinteractions,Kurthadgrownandraisedalargegeochemistryfamily. Thesheervolume,significanceandinfluenceofKurt’sresearchandteachingensuredhewasworldrenownedandtherecipientofmanyhonours.HisnumerousawardsincludetheDuncanR.DerryMedal,HawleyMedal,WilletG.MillerMedal,PastPresident’sMedaloftheMineralogicalAssociationofCanada,andPastPresident’sMedaloftheGeologicalAssociationofCanada.Inadditiontothesehonours,hewasaFellowoftheRoyalSocietyofCanada,aQueen’sResearchChair,aQueen’sNationalScholar,aNSERCKillamResearchFellow,aFellowoftheMineralogi-calSocietyofAmerica,andrecipientoftheNSERCE.W.R.SteacieMemorialFellowship.FortheAAG(inadditiontohisGEEArole),KurtwasaFellowandtheAAGDistinguishedLecturerin2008-2009. HewasalsoactiveinothergroupsasamemberoftheMineralogicalSocietyofAmerica,AmericanGeophysicalUnion,GeochemicalSocietyofAmericaandtheMineralogicalAssociationofCanada.HewasaPastPresidentoftheMineralogicalAssociationofCanada. Kurt’searlyyearswereinCalifornia,althoughhewasborninMontana,U.S.A.Whenhewassixyearsoldgrow-ingupinSanDiego,CA,hewasfascinatedwithinsects.Hethoughtthatentomologywassurelyinhisfuture,catch-ingMonarchandYellowtailbutterfliesinmasonjars.Hewoulduseanailandhammertoperforatethelids,butlittledidherealizethenthatthehammerwashisfuture,notwhatwasinthejar.Withtime,isotopesbecamehisfocusandtheirapplicationtounderstandingprocessesinthegeospherehasallowedhisresearchgroupnotonlytoexamineoredeposits,butalsothegeosphere-biosphereinterface.Infact,herecentlyreturnedtoentomologyapplyingisotopestobutterfliesandtheirchallengingmigrationhabits.Inarecentacceptancespeech,hesaid“Realizeyourpassions—realonesdon’tdiminishwithtime,theyonlyhibernateandthenreturnagainfullcircle”. HecompletedhisB.Sc.attheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiegoin1974,beforecompletinghisM.A.andPh.D.inGeologyfromtheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkleyin1976and1980,respectively.Followingpost-doctoralposi-tionsattheU.S.GeologicalSurveyinDenverandaNATOpost-doctoralfellowshipattheUniversityofParisin1980,KurtjoinedtheUniversityofSaskatchewanasanAssistantprofessor,progressingthroughtofullProfessorin1989.In1995hejoinedtheDepartmentofGeologicalSciencesandGeologicalEngineeringatQueen’sUniversityinKingstonwhereheremained. Kurtalwaysstoodoutatanyevent,partlythroughhisknowledge,charismaandlaugh,butalsobecauseofthebrightlycolouredHawaiianshirtsandsandalsthatwerehisuniformmoreoftenthannot.Itwashisuniformandgenuinepersonalitythatmadeeveryonewhotalkedwithhim,beitaNobellaureateorapersononthestreet,feelwelcomedandappreciated.Despitehisstatureinthefieldandincredibleknowledge,Kurthadanincredibleabilityto
Obituary
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makeyoufeelthatyourideaswereinteresting,andevenattimes,important.Thefondestmemories,otherthanallthetimesdebatingscienceandlifeoverwine,wasspendingtimewithKurtinthefield.SomeofuswereluckyenoughtospendeightdayswithKurtfloatingdowntheColoradoRiverthroughtheGrandCanyon,priortotheIAGSmeetinginTucson,in2015.Itwasamagicaltripofgeology,comradery,sippingscotchonthesmallbeachesatthesideoftheriver,andsleepingunderthestars.ThiswasatripthatKurthadalwayswantedtodosincehewasagraduatestudentsamplingvolcanic-hostedmantlexenolithsatthenorthcanyonrim.ItwasoneofmanytrulyextraordinaryexperiencesthatKurtmanagedinhiscareer. Kurtwas65andissurvivedbyhiswifeandpartnerinscienceandlife,AprilVuletich.Heisalsosurvivedbyatrulyincred-iblenumberofformerstudents,post-doctoralfellowsandresearchcollaboratorsinallcornersoftheglobethatwillensurehislegacyofresearch,educationandloveforliving-life-largewillcontinue.AsKurtwouldhaveliked,manyhaveraisedaglassofredorwhiteinhishonour.Cheerstoanexceptionallife,livedwell.
Ryan Noble, Dan Layton-Matthews and Matt Leybourne
The AAG-SGS Student Presentation PrizeTheAssociationofAppliedGeochemists,throughthesupportofSGSMineralServices,awardsaprizeforthe
Best oral presentation by a student at the biannual International Applied Geochemistry Symposium (IAGS)
NextIAGSwillbepartoftheRFG2018Conference,Vancouver,June16-21,2018(rfg2018.org)
TheintentofthisprizeistoencouragethepresentationofhighqualityresearchbystudentsatanInternationalAppliedGeochemistrySymposium(IAGS)andprovidefurtherincentivetopublishtheresultsoftheresearchintheAssocia-tion’sjournal,Geochemistry:Exploration,Environment,Analysis(GEEA).Thewinnerisdeterminedbasedonfeed-backfromagroupofjudgesthatincludesFellowsandMembersoftheAssociation.Criteriaforjudgingthepresenta-tionsincludeexcellenceandoriginalityinresearchdesign,researchexecution,interpretation,andtheoralpresentationitself.Honours,Masters,andDoctoralstudentsarealleligible.TheformatofthepresentationmayvarybetweenIAGS.
The Rules1. ThepapermustbepresentedbythestudentatanIAGSasanoralpaper,intheformatspecifiedbytheIAGS
organizingcommittee.2. Theconferencepresentationandpapermustbelargelybasedonresearchperformedasastudent.Thestu-
dent’ssupervisororHeadofDepartmentmaybeaskedtoverifythiscondition.3. ThedecisionoftheAAGSymposiumCo-ordinator(inconsultationwitharepresentativefromSGS)isfinal
andnocorrespondencewillbeenteredinto.4. Entryinthecompetitionisautomaticforstudents(butstudentsmayelectto“optout”).5. ThedetailedcriteriaandprocessforassessingthebestpaperwillbedeterminedbytheAAGSymposiumCo-
ordinatorinconsultationwiththeAAGCouncilandtheLOC.6. ApapersubstantiallyderivedfromthematerialpresentedattheIAGSandsubmittedforpublicationintheAs-
sociation’sjournalGeochemistry: Exploration, Environment, AnalysiswithinthetimeframespecifiedbytheAAG(normally12months)willbeeligiblefortheincreasedvalueoftheprize.
The Prize1. $700CADfromSGSMineralsServices(normallypresentedtothewinnerattheendoftherelevantIAGS)
withafurther$300CADfromAAGifapaperrelatedtotheoralpresentationissubmittedtoGEEAwithinthenominatedtimeframeaftertheIAGS;
2. A2-yearmembershipoftheAssociation,includingsubscriptiontoGEEAandEXPLORE;and3. Acertificateofrecognition.
David CohenChair of Student Prize Committee
University of New South WalesEmail: d.cohen@unsw.edu.au
PAGE 22 NUMBER 177 EXPLORE
PDAC short course, March 2-3, 2018 Exploration Geochemistry: Fundamentals and Case Histories
Thisshortcoursewillreviewprinciples,methods,anddevelopmentsintheapplicationoflowtemperatureexplorationgeochemistryforsurficialmediabyprovidingpresentationsbysomeofthemostexperiencedpractitionersinthefield.Thiscoursewillbeofinteresttoyounggeoscientistsandstudentsjuststartingtheircareersaswellasexperiencedgeologiststhatwouldliketoupdatetheirexplorationgeochemistryknowledge.MuchofthecoursecontentisnottaughtatCanadianuniversi-ties.Day1willreviewthefundamentalsofexplorationgeochemistry.Day2willpresentcasestudiesfordifferentdeposittypesandexplorationmethodsinvariouspartsoftheworld.
Conveners:BethMcClenaghan(GeologicalSurveyofCanada)LyndaBloom(AnalyticalSolutions)
March 2 Exploration Geochemistry Basics
IntroductiontoexplorationgeochemistryLynda Bloom, Analytical Solutions Ltd.
DesignofasuccessfulgeochemicalsurveyLynda Bloom, Analytical Solutions Ltd.
Streamsediments,lakesediments,aqueousgeochemicalmethodsMatt Leybourne, Queen’s University
IndicatormineralmethodsBeth McClenaghan, Geological Survey of Canada
GeochemistrydatavalidationPim van Geffen, Vancouver Geochemistry ExploratorydataanalysisPim van Geffen, Vancouver Geochemistry
March 3 Case Histories
ExplorationtargetingusingstreamsedimentsinBritishColumbiaandYukon,CanadaDennis Arne, CSA Global PTY Ltd
CroteauEstandTi-pa-haa-kaa-ningmineralproperties:discoverythroughtwodifferentapproachestoexplorationTom Morris, Northern Superior Resources
Integrating4-acidICP-MSandbenchtopXRFforalterationmodeling:AmachinelearningapproachJuan Carlos Ordóñez Calderón, Kinross Gold Corporation
ExtentofglacialdispersalofgoldmineralizationfromtheNaartokgolddeposit,HopeBayGreenstoneBelt,Nunavut,CanadaasdeterminedfromsamplingtillinfrostboilsStu Averill, Overburden Drilling Management Ltd.
TheSakattiNi-Cu-PGEsulfidediscovery(Finland)–Theroleofgeochemistryfromearly-stageexplorationthroughtore-sourcedefinitionChristian Ihlenfeld, Anglo American
RoleofGeochemistryintheDiscoveryoftheSalaresNorteGoldDeposit,ChileChris Benn, Chris Benn Consulting
Useofartificialintelligenceininterpretingpartialextractionsforpeatandsoilssurvey:ExamplesfromtheAbitibiClayBeltRéjean Girard, IOS Services Géoscientifiques Inc.
FromtreetopstomassivesulphidemineralizationusingaspectrumofgeochemicalandprospectingtechniquestheTLstoryColin Dunn, Colin Dunn Consulting Inc.
EXPLORE NUMBER 177 PAGE 23
Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis
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Recently Published in Elements Volume13,no.5
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AAGcongratulatesitscurrentmemberslistedbelowthathavebeenmem-bersformorethan40years,somesincetheAssociation’sinceptionin1971.
A.Archer,J.Barakso,L.Borsch,P.Bradshaw,K.Burlinson,A.Burton,Butt,Charles,R.Carver,B.Castle,M.Chaffee,R.Clark,G.Closs,I.El-liott,R.Fidler,K.Fletcher,D.Garnett,R.Garrett,G.Govett,J.Han-suld,L.James,G.Kelly,T.Klein,O.Lavin,R.Lett,R.Mazzucchelli,D.McBride,N.McLaurin,T.Molyneux,R.Morley,I.Nichol,T.Robbins,A.Rose,F.Schwarz,B.Smee,F.Tavora,I.Thomson,andJ.vanMoort.
TheOctoberissueofElementsdealswithis-suesofsustainabilityinthemineralresourcesindustry.TheAAGnewsinthisissuecontainsaMessagefromthePresidentandasum-maryofsessionsandshortcoursesforIAGS2018thathavebeenacceptedaspartoftheRFG2018mega-geoscienceconferenceinVancouvernextJune.
Dennis Arne
EXPLORE NUMBER 177 PAGE 25
Mineral Resources and SustainabilityGuest Editor: Georges Calas
301
307
313
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325
331
Mineral Resources and Sustainable DevelopmentGeorges Calas
How to Sustain Mineral Resources: Beneficiation and Mineral Engineering OpportunitiesJohan P.R. De VilliersResponsible Sourcing of Critical MetalsFrances Wall, Alain Rollat, and Robert S. Pell
Global Trends in Metal Consumption and Supply: The Raw Material–Energy NexusOlivier Vidal, Fatma Rostom, Cyril François and Gael Giraud
Improving Mitigation of the Long-Term Legacy of Mining Activities: Nano- and Molecular-Level Concepts and MethodsGordon E. Brown Jr., Michael F. Hochella Jr., and Georges Calas
D E P A R T M E N T S
Editorial – Mineral Resources and The Limits to Growth . . . . . 291From the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292Meet the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Perspective – What is Sustainability in the Context of Mineral Deposits? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297Society News
Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338Clay Minerals Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie . . . .340International Association of GeoChemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . .341Association of Applied Geochemists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342Meteoritical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345Mineralogical Association of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346Mineralogical Society of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348European Mineralogical Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland . . . . . . . .351Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . .352Geochemical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .353European Association of Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354
Meeting Report – Goldschmidt 2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356CosmoElements – Search (and Discovery) of Impact Craters on Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Parting Shots – New Caledonia: Land of Nickel . . . . . . . . . . 360Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363People in the News – Dingwell, Demouchy, IMA Mineral of the Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Job Posting – Simon Fraser University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368Advertisers in this Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Cover Image: The nickel mine of Tiebaghi is developed
on an ultrabasic massif in Northern New Caledonia. A former chromium mine, it is now mined for nickel
silicate ores. Its mountaintop location overlooks the New
Caledonian lagoon listed by UNESCO on the World
Heritage List. This illustrates the development of a mining activity in an environmentally
vulnerable situation. In the background, the Barrier
Reef makes a clear boundary between the lagoon and the
open Pacific Ocean. Photo CredIt: SoCIété Le NICkeL,
Nouméa (New CaLedoNIa)
Educating the Resource Geologist of the Future: Between Observation and ImaginationMichel Jébrak and Jean-Marc Montel
289
Elements is published jointly by the Mineralogical Society of America, the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, the Mineralogical Association of Canada, the Geochemical Society, the Clay Minerals Society, the European Association of Geochemistry, the Inter national Association of GeoChemistry, the Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, the Association of Applied Geochemists, the Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft, the Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, the International Association of Geoanalysts, the Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne (Mineralogical Society of Poland), the Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, the Swiss Society of Mineralogy and Petrology, the Meteoritical Society, and the Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences. It is provided as a benefit to members of these societies.
Elements is published six times a year. Individuals are encouraged to join any one of the participating societies to receive Elements. Institutional subscribers to any of the following journals— American Mineralogist, Clay Minerals, Clays and Clay Minerals, Mineralogical Magazine, and The Canadian Miner alogist—also receive one copy of Elements as part of their 2017 subscription. Institu tional subscriptions are available for US$165 (US$180 nonUS addresses) a year in 2017. Contact the executive editor (jrosso.elements@gmail.com) for information.
Copyright 2017 by the Mineralogical Society of America
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Volume 13, Number 5 • October 2017
PAGE 26 NUMBER 177 EXPLORE
From the Archives...
Camels in the Cariboo Gold District, Canada ThisstorywasrecentlyfoundinthearchivedfilesofArthurLangintheGeologicalSurveyofCanadaArchiveCol-lection. CamelswereusedaspackanimalsforoneyearintheearlydaysoftheprovinceofBritishColumbia,Canadaandformanyyearsthereafterafewsurvivorslingeredintheinterioroftheprovince,tothewondermentofthosewhoencoun-teredthem.ThewriterfirstbecameinterestedinthiscurioussidelightontheearlydevelopmentoftheCanadianWestwhenhewastoldaboutitbytheearlypioneers.Heoncesawaphotographofoneofthecamels,butcouldnotpersuadetheownertopartwithit.HehassincefoundmoreinformationonthesubjectinanentertainingarticlebyW.T.HayhurstinthereportoftheOkanaganHistoricalSocietyfor1935.Otherreferencescorroboratethestoryandaddtothedetails.Asnoneoftheaccountsarewidelyavailableitmaybeofinteresttogivethefactsbriefly,astheyhavebeenpiecedto-gether. Whenrichgold-bearinggravelswerefoundintheCaribooregionofwhatisnowBritishColumbiain1860,thousandsofminersandadventuresflockedtothescenefrommanypartsoftheworld,causingthecelebratedCariboorushwhichwastheturningpointintheopeningupofthefarwest.Mostofthesegoldseekersarrivedatthecoastbyboat,andpro-ceededinsmallerboatsupthelowerreachesoftheFraserRiverandupHarrisonLake.Then,sincetherewerenoroadsorrailwaysatthetime,theymadethelongandarduoustriptothegoldfieldsonfootorhorseback,bywayofthehastilyconstructedCaribooTrail. UntilaroadwascompletedtotheCaribooin1885supplieswerefreightedonthebacksofhorsesandmules.Amer-chantnamedFrankLaumeisterconceivedtheideaofusingcamelsforthispurposebecausepartoftheroutelaythroughwhatiscalledthe‘DryBelt’,wherewaterandforageisscarce,andbecausehethoughtthatcamelscouldgofartherinadayandcarrylargerloadsthanhorsesormuleswerecapableofdoing.Accordingly,hearrangedforthepurchaseoftwenty-two‘shipsofthedesert’inCaliforniaandhadthemsentfromSanFranciscotoVictoria,wheretheyarrivedinApril,1862,muchtothesurpriseoftheinhabitants. In1886theUnitedStatesGovernmentbroughtashiploadofcamelsfromNorthAfricatoTexasasanexperimentforarmytransport.SomeoftheseanimalsweretakenoverlandtoCalifornia,whereaboomwasinprogressasaresultofthegolddiscoveriesof’49.ThisgavetheideaofusingcamelsforpackinginCaliforniatoalocalbusinessmanwhoimportedthreeshipmentsfortwo-humpedBactriancamelsfromChina.ThecamelsbroughttoCanadawereselectedfromthese. Mr.LaumeisterhadhisanimalstakenbyboatfromVictoriatoNewWestminster,thenbyscowtothebeginningoftheCaribooTrail.Atfirsttheyseemedtofulfillallexpectations,fortheyweredocileandcarriedtwicetheloadofamule;butthemeninchargesoonfoundthattwoimportantconsiderationshadbeenoverlooked.Theanimalswereaccustomedtotravellingonsand,andtheirfeetwerebadlycutbythesharprocksofthetrail,thereforebootsofcanvasandleatherhadtobeimprovisedforthem.Thedecidingfactorwas,however,themarkedresentmentshownbythehorsesandmules,whostampededwiththeirpacksassoonastheysmelledorsawthecamelsonthetrail.Theownersofthemoreortho-doxpackstrainsweregreatlyinthemajorityandtheymadesuchstrongproteststothegovernmentthatthecamelswerebannedfromthetrailwithinayear.SomeweresentbacktoCaliforniaandotherswereturnedlooseorkeptascuriositiesonranches,wheretheylivedouttheirdaysfarfromtheirnativeland.Mr.Hayhurststatesthatthelastsurvivorwasshotforreasonsofoldage,probablyin1896.
A.H. Lang (1905-1990)Geological Survey of Canada
EXPLORE NUMBER 177 PAGE 27
CALENDAR OF EVENTSInternational,national,andregionalmeetingsofinteresttocolleaguesworkinginexploration,environmentalandotherareasofappliedgeochemistry.TheseeventsalsoappearontheAAGwebpageat:www.appliedgeochemists.org.
Pleaseletusknowofyoureventsbysendingdetailsto:Steve Amor
GeologicalSurveyofNewfoundlandandLabradorP.O.Box8700,St.John’s,NL,Canada,A1B4J6
Email:StephenAmor@gov.nl.caTel:+1-709-729-1161Or TomMeuzelaar,AAGWebmaster,Email:Tom_Meuzelaar@golder.com
continued on page 28
20188-13JANUARY 2018WinterConferenceonPlasmaSpectrochemistry.AmeliaIslandFLUSA.Website:tinyurl.com/mrvbqwa20-21JANUARY GordonResearchSeminar–Geobiology.GalvestonTXUSA.Website:tinyurl.com/ybnd3xch22-25JANUARY MineralExplorationRoundup2014.VancouverBCCanada.Website:roundup.amebc.ca2-3FEBRUARY AtlanticGeoscienceSocietyAnnualColloquium.TruroNSCanada.Website:tinyurl.com/ydy5yfmm3-4FEBRUARY ShortCourseonOrogenicGoldinAfricaandWorldwide.RondeboschSouthAfrica. Website:tinyurl.com/y9929kge8-10FEBRUARY 9thInternationalCongressofEnvironmentalResearch.GwaliorIndia.Website:www.icer18.jerad.org/11-16FEBRUARY OceanSciencesMeeting.PortlandORUSA.Website:osm.agu.org/201818-21FEBRUARYAustralianExplorationGeoscienceConference.SydneyNSWAustralia.Website:www.aegc2018.com.au4-7MARCH ProspectorsandDevelopersAssociationofCanadaAnnualConvention.TorontoONCanada. Website:www.pdac.ca/convention11-15MARCH TheMineralsMetals&MaterialsSociety145thAnnualMeeting&Exhibition.PhoenixAZUSA. Website:www.tms.org/tms20188-13APRIL EuropeanGeosciencesUnionGeneralAssembly2018.ViennaAustria.Website:www.egu2018.eu2-4MAY InternationalConferenceonGeology&EarthScience.RomeItaly.Website:http://geoscience.madridge.com16-21JUNE ResourcesforFutureGenerations(Energy,Minerals,WaterandtheEarth).VancouverBCCanada. Website:rfg2018.org.See announcement in current issue of Explore.16-21JUNE GAC/MACAnnualMeeting.VancouverBCCanada.Website:rfg2018.org30JUNE–6JULY13thInternationalPlatinumSymposium.PolokwaneSouthAfrica.Website:13ips.com1-6JULY 7thInternationalCongressonArsenicintheEnvironment.Beijing,China.Website:www.as2018.org7-8JULY GordonResearchSeminar—OceanBiogeochemistry.HongKongChina.Website:tinyurl.com/y98s7dwe8-13JULY Geoanalysis2018.SydneyNSWAustralia.Website:2018.geoanalysis.info5-10AUGUST GordonResearchConference-GordonResearchConference-GeochemistryofMineralDeposits. WatervilleValleyNHUS.Website:tinyurl.com/ybnhv8mv5-9AUGUST Microscopy&Microanalysis2018Meeting.BaltimoreMDUSA.Website:tinyurl.com/yc9alqdk12-17AUGUST Goldschmidt2018.BostonMAUSA.Website:goldschmidt.info/201812-17AUGUST 21stWorldCongressofSoilScience.Website:www.21wcss.org13-17AUGUST 22ndGeneralMeetingoftheInternationalMineralogicalAssociation.MelbourneVICAustralia. Website:www.ima2018.com28-31AUGUST 15thQuadrennialIAGODSymposium.SaltaArgentina.Website:www.iagod.org/node/762-8SEPTEMBER 19thAnnualConferenceofInternationalAssociationforMathematicalGeosciences.OlomoucCzech Republic.Website:www.iamg2018.org/10-13SEPTEMBERXXICongressofCarpathianBalkanGeologicalAssociation.ViennaAustria.Website:cbga.sbg.ac.at13-15SEPTEMBERSIAMConferenceonMathematicsofPlanetEarth(MPE18).PhiladelphiaPAUSA. Website:www.siam.org/meetings/mpe1816-21SEPTEMBERIWAWorldWaterCongress&Exhibition2018.TokyoJapan.Website:tinyurl.com/ybpmakrc22-25SEPTEMBERSEG2018.KeystoneCOUSA.Website:www.seg2018.org14-18OCTOBER AustralianGeoscienceCouncilConvention.AdelaideSAAustralia.Website:tinyurl.com/zqxc6n225-26OCTOBER Sampling2018.LimaPeru.Website:www.encuentrometalurgia.com/Sampling-2018
PAGE 28 NUMBER 177 EXPLORE
CALENDAR OFEVENTS... continued from page 27
4-7NOVEMBER GSA2018AnnualMeeting.IndianapolisINUSA.Website:tinyurl.com/yb859e9n12-15NOVEMBERXIIILatinAmericanSymposiumonEnvironmentalAnalyticalChemistry.LaSerenaChile. Website:tinyurl.com/yc92c5jk10-14DECEMBERAGUFallMeeting.WashingtonDCUSA.Website:tinyurl.com/yclg7sut
Gwendy E.M. Hall, Treasurer 110 Aaron Merrick Drive Merrickville, ON K0G 1N0 Canada TEL: +1-613-269-7980 email: gwendyhall@gmail.com
David B. Smith, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Box 25046, MS 973 Denver, CO 80225, USA TEL: (303) 236-1849 email: dbsmith13@gmail.com
Al ArseneaultP.O. Box 26099, 72 Robertson Road, Ottawa, ON K2H 9R0 CANADA,
TEL: (613) 828-0199 FAX: (613) 828-9288, e-mail: office@appliedgeochemists.org
THE ASSOCIATION OF APPLIED GEOCHEMISTSP.O. Box 26099, 72 Robertson Road, Ottawa, Ontario K2H 9R0 CANADA • Telephone (613) 828-0199
www.appliedgeochemists.org
AAG COMMITTEES
COUNCILLORS
Brazil João Larizzatti joao.larizzatti@cprm.gov.brChile Brian Townley btownley@ing.uchile.clChina Xueqiu Wang wangxueqiu@igge.cnNorthern Europe Pertti Sarala pertti.sarala@gtk.fi
Southern Europe Benedetto De Vivo bdevivo@unina.itSoutheast Asia Iftikar Malik malik.iftikhar@gmail.comSouthern Africa Theo Davies theo.clavellpr3@gmail.comUK and Republic of Ireland Kate Knights kknights@hotmail.com
Ryan Noble, President CSIRO P.O. Box 1130 Bentley, Australia 6102 TEL: +61 8 6436 8684 email: ryan.noble@csiro.au
Steve Cook, Vice-President Teck Resources Limited Suite 3300, 550 Burrard Street Vancouver, BC Canada V6C 0B3 TEL: +1 604 699 4329 email: stephen.cook@teck.com
New MembershipNigel Radford, nradford@iinet.net.au Awards and MedalsMatt Leybourne mleybourne@laurentian.caChris BennPertti Sarala Romy Matthies
AdmissionsNigel Radford, nradford@iinet.net.au EducationPaul Morris, paul.morris@dmirs.wa.gov.au
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2016-2017 Dennis Arne Mel Lintern Romy Matthies Paul Morris Erick Weiland Matthew Leybourne (exofficio)
AAG COORDINATORS
AAG Student Paper PrizeDavid Cohen, d.cohen@unsw.edu.au
AAG WebsiteGemma Bonham-Carter, webmaster@appliedgeochemists.org Coordinator: Tom Meuzelaar, tom_meuzelaar@golder.com
Geoscience CouncilsDavid Cohen, d.cohen@unsw.edu.au
GEEAKurt Kyser, kyserk@queensu.ca
EXPLOREBeth McClenaghan, beth.mcclenaghan@canada.ca
ELEMENTSDennis Arne, dennis.arne@csaglobal.com
AAG Regional CouncillorsStephenCook,stephen.cook@teck.com
2017-2018 Dave Cohen Ray Lett Tom Meuzelaar Juan Carlos Ordóñez Calderón Renguang Zuo
OFFICERSJanuary - December 2017
AAG BUSINESS MANAGER
Geochemistry in the NewsOctober16,2017.Forthefirsttime,scientistshavecaughttwoneutronstarsintheactofcolliding,revealingthatthesecollisionsarethesourceofheavyelementssuchasgoldandplatinum.Toreadmoreaboutthisexcitingtopic,usethelinkbelow.
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/10/16/557557544/astronomers-strike-gravitational-gold-in-colliding-neutron-stars
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