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Kai Sun
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
1D example
1D crystal3 atoms/periodicity
Bravais lattice:1. Choose one point in each unit cell.2. Make sure that we pick the same point in
every unit cell.3. These points form a lattice, which is
known as the Bravais lattice.
All sites are equivalent The vector connecting any two lattice sites
is a translation vector
Not all lattices are Bravais lattices: examples the honeycomb lattice (graphene)
Primitive cell in 2D
The Parallelegram defined by the two primitive lattice vectors are called a primitive cell.
the Area of a primitive cell: A = |�⃗�𝑎1 × �⃗�𝑎2| Each primitive cell contains 1 site.
Wigner–Seitz cell
the volume of a Wigner-Seitz cell is the same as a primitive cell each Wigner-Seitz cell contains 1 site (same as a primitive cell).
2D Bravais lattices
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravais_lattice
Green regions: conventional cells
3D Bravais lattices
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravais_lattice
Cubic system
Conventional cells
For a simple cubic lattice, a conventional cell = a primitive cell NOT true for body-centered or face-centered cubic lattices
How can we see it? sc: one conventional cell has one site (same as a primitive cell) bcc: one conventional cell has two sites (twice as large as a primitive cell) fcc: one conventional cell has four cites (1 conventional cell=4 primitive cells)
Simple cubicLattice sites: 𝑎𝑎(𝑙𝑙 �𝑥𝑥 + 𝑚𝑚 �𝑦𝑦+ n �̂�𝑧)Lattice point per conventional cell: 1 = 8 × 1
8Volume (conventional cell): 𝑎𝑎3Volume (primitive cell) : 𝑎𝑎3Number of nearest neighbors: 6Nearest neighbor distance: 𝑎𝑎Number of second neighbors: 12Second neighbor distance: 2𝑎𝑎
Packing fraction: 𝜋𝜋6≈ 0.524
Coordinates of the sites: (𝑙𝑙, 𝑛𝑛,𝑚𝑚)For the site 0,0,0 ,6 nearest neighbors: ±1,0,0 , 0, ±1,0 and 0,0, ±112 nest nearest neighbors: ±1, ±1,0 , 0, ±1, ±1 and (±1,0, ±1)
Packing fractionPacking fraction:We try to pack N spheres (hard, cannot deform).
The total volume of the spheres is 𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅3
3
The volume these spheres occupy V > 𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅3
3(there are spacing)
Packing fraction=total volume of the spheres/total volume these spheres occupy
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 =𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝜋𝜋𝑅𝑅
3
3𝑉𝑉 =
4 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅3
3𝑉𝑉/𝑁𝑁 =
4 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅3
3𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉 𝑝𝑝𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉
=4 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅
3
3𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
High packing fraction means the space is used more efficiently
Simple cubicLattice sites: 𝑎𝑎(𝑙𝑙 �𝑥𝑥 + 𝑚𝑚 �𝑦𝑦+ n �̂�𝑧)Lattice point per conventional cell: 1 = 8 × 1
8Volume (conventional cell): 𝑎𝑎3Volume (primitive cell) : 𝑎𝑎3Number of nearest neighbors: 6Nearest neighbor distance: 𝑎𝑎Number of second neighbors: 12Second neighbor distance: 2𝑎𝑎
Packing fraction: 𝜋𝜋6≈ 0.524
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 =4 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅
3
3𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
=4 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅
3
3𝑎𝑎3 =
4 𝜋𝜋3 (
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎)3=
4 𝜋𝜋3 (
𝑎𝑎/2𝑎𝑎 )3=
𝜋𝜋6 ≈ 0.524
About half (0.524=52.4%) of the space is really used by the sphere. The other half (0.476=47.6%) is empty.
Nearest distance= 2 RR= Nearest distance/2=𝑎𝑎/2
bcc
Lattice sites 𝑎𝑎(𝑙𝑙 �𝑥𝑥 + 𝑚𝑚 �𝑦𝑦+ n �̂�𝑧) and 𝑎𝑎[ 𝑙𝑙 + 1
2�𝑥𝑥 + 𝑚𝑚 + 1
2�𝑦𝑦 + 𝑛𝑛 + 1
2�̂�𝑧]
Lattice point per conventional cell: 2 = 8 × 18
+ 1Volume (conventional cell): 𝑎𝑎3Volume (primitive cell) : 𝑎𝑎3/2Number of nearest neighbors: 8
Nearest neighbor distance: (𝑎𝑎2
)2+(𝑎𝑎2
)2+(𝑎𝑎2
)2= 32𝑎𝑎 ≈ 0.866𝑎𝑎
Number of second neighbors: 6Second neighbor distance: 𝑎𝑎
Packing fraction: 38𝜋𝜋 ≈ 0.680
Coordinates of the sites: (𝑙𝑙, 𝑛𝑛,𝑚𝑚)For the site 0,0,0 ,8 nearest neighbors: ± 1
2, ± 1
2, ± 1
26 nest nearest neighbors: ±1,0,0 , 0, ±1,0 and (0,0, ±1)
bcc packing fraction
Volume (primitive cell) : 𝑎𝑎3/2
Nearest neighbor distance: (𝑎𝑎2
)2+(𝑎𝑎2
)2+(𝑎𝑎2
)2= 32𝑎𝑎 ≈ 0.866𝑎𝑎
Packing fraction: 38𝜋𝜋 ≈ 0.680
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 =4 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅
3
3𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
=4 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅
3
3𝑎𝑎3/2 =
8𝜋𝜋3 (
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎)3=
8𝜋𝜋3 (
34 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )3=
3𝜋𝜋8 ≈ 0.680
About 68.0% of the space is really used by the sphere. About 32.0% of the space is empty.
Nearest distance= 2 R
R= Nearest distance/2= 34𝑎𝑎
fcc
Lattice sites 𝑎𝑎(𝑙𝑙 �𝑥𝑥 + 𝑚𝑚 �𝑦𝑦+ n �̂�𝑧) 𝑎𝑎[ 𝑙𝑙 + 1
2�𝑥𝑥 + 𝑚𝑚 + 1
2�𝑦𝑦 + 𝑛𝑛 �̂�𝑧]
𝑎𝑎[ 𝑙𝑙 + 12�𝑥𝑥 + 𝑚𝑚 �𝑦𝑦 + 𝑛𝑛 + 1
2�̂�𝑧]
𝑎𝑎[𝑙𝑙 �𝑥𝑥 + 𝑚𝑚 + 12�𝑦𝑦 + 𝑛𝑛 + 1
2�̂�𝑧]
Lattice point per conventional cell: 4 = 8 × 18
+ 6 × 12
= 1 + 3Volume (conventional cell): 𝑎𝑎3Volume (primitive cell) : 𝑎𝑎3/4Number of nearest neighbors: 12
Nearest neighbor distance: (𝑎𝑎2
)2+(𝑎𝑎2
)2+(0)2= 22𝑎𝑎 ≈ 0.707𝑎𝑎
Number of second neighbors: 6Second neighbor distance: 𝑎𝑎
For the site 0,0,0 ,12 nearest neighbors: ± 1
2, ± 1
2, 0 , ± 1
2, 0, ± 1
2and 0, ± 1
2, ± 1
26 nest nearest neighbors: ±1,0,0 , 0, ±1,0 and (0,0, ±1)
fcc packing fraction
Volume (primitive cell) : 𝑎𝑎3/4
Nearest neighbor distance: (𝑎𝑎2
)2+(𝑎𝑎2
)2+(0)2= 22𝑎𝑎 ≈ 0.707𝑎𝑎
𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑛𝑛𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑎𝑎𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑛𝑛 =4 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅
3
3𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑎𝑎 𝑝𝑝𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑚𝑚𝑃𝑃𝑓𝑓𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑉𝑉 𝑃𝑃𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
=4 𝜋𝜋 𝑅𝑅
3
3𝑎𝑎3/4 =
16𝜋𝜋3 (
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎)3=
16𝜋𝜋3 (
24 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 )3=
2𝜋𝜋6 ≈ 0.740
About 74.0% of the space is really used by the sphere. About 26.0% of the space is empty.
Nearest distance= 2 R
R= Nearest distance/2= 24𝑎𝑎
0.740 is the highest packing fraction one can ever reach.This structure is called “close packing”There are other close packing structures (same packing fraction)
Cubic system
hexagonal
Primitive cell: a right prism based on a rhombus with an included angle of 120 degree.
Volume (primitive cell):𝑉𝑉𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑙 = 𝐴𝐴𝑓𝑓𝑉𝑉𝑎𝑎 × ℎ𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃ℎ𝑓𝑓
= 212 ×
32 𝑎𝑎12 𝑎𝑎3 =
32 𝑎𝑎2𝑃𝑃
2D planes formed by equilateral trianglesStack these planes on top of each other
Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (hcp)
Let’s start from 2D (packing disks, instead of spheres).Q: What is the close-pack structure in 2D?A: The hexagonal lattice (these disks form equilateral triangles)
Now 3D:Q: How to get 3D close packing?A: Stack 2D close packing structures on top of each other.
Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure (hcp)
hcp: ABABAB… fcc: ABCABCABC…
Atoms inside a unit cell
We choose three lattice vectors Three lattice vectors form a primitive or a conventional unit cell Length of these vectors are called: the lattice constants
We can mark any unit cell by three integers: 𝑙𝑙𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑓𝑓 = 𝑙𝑙�⃗�𝑎1 + 𝑚𝑚 �⃗�𝑎2 + 𝑛𝑛 �⃗�𝑎3
Coordinates of an atom:We can mark any atom in a unit cell by three real numbers: 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑧𝑧.The location of this atom: 𝑥𝑥 �⃗�𝑎1 + 𝑦𝑦 �⃗�𝑎2 + 𝑧𝑧 �⃗�𝑎3Notice that 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 < 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 < 1 and 0 ≤ 𝑧𝑧 < 1
Q: Why x cannot be 1?A: Due to the periodic structure. 1 is just 0 in the next unit cell
Sodium Chloride structure
Sodium Chloride structureFace-centered cubic latticeNa+ ions form a face-centered cubic latticeCl- ions are located between each two neighboring Na+ ions
Equivalently, we can say thatCl- ions form a face-centered cubic latticeNa+ ions are located between each two neighboring Na+ ions
Sodium Chloride structure
Primitive cells
Cesium Chloride structure
Cesium chloride structure
Simple cubic latticeCs+ ions form a cubic latticeCl- ions are located at the center of each cube
Equivalently, we can say thatCl- ions form a cubic latticeCs+ ions are located at the center of each cube
Coordinates:Cs: 000Cl: 1
21212
Notice that this is a simple cubic latticeNOT a body centered cubic lattice For a bcc lattice, the center site is the
same as the corner sites Here, center sites and corner sites are
different
Diamond structure
Carbon atoms can form 3 different crystalsGraphene (Nobel Prize carbon)
Diamond (money carbon/love carbon)
Graphite (Pencil carbon)
Not all lattices are Bravais lattices: examples the honeycomb lattice (graphene)
Diamond lattice is NOT a Bravais Lattice either
Same story as in graphene:We can distinguish two different type of carbon sites (marked by different color)We need to combine two carbon sites (one black and one white) together as a (primitive) unit cellIf we only look at the black (or white) sites, we found the Bravais lattice: fcc
Cubic Zinc Sulfide Structure
Very similar to Diamond latticeNow, black and white sites are two different atomsfcc with two atoms in each primitive cell
Good choices for junctions
Diode
Matter
Matters
gas/liquid:Atoms/molecules can move around
solids:Atoms/molecules
cannot move
Crystals:Atoms/molecules form a periodic
structure
Random solids:Atoms/molecules
form a random structure
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