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Recent movements on geothermal
development in Japan
Kasumi Yasukawa
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST)
Contents
Contents
0. General knowledge on geothermal energy
- A quick review
1. Before the nuclear accident in 2011
- Why there was no geothermal development?
2. Renewed opportunities
- Recent movement after 3.11, 2011
3. Technical challenges
2
2
General knowledge on geothermal energy
0. General knowledge on geothermal energy
– Characteristic of geothermal power generation
– World geothermal power production
– Geothermal power production system
– Cost competitiveness and risks
3
Safe, stable and reliable renewable energyEnvironment friendly
- Lowest CO2 Emission! Safe
（CRIEPI, 2011）
Life Cycle CO2 Emission g-(C)/kWh
Coal Thermal
Oil Thermal
LNG Thermal
Solar (heat)
Solar (PV)
OTEC
Marin Current
Wave Farm
Wind
Geothermal
Nuclear
Small Hydro
Characteristics of geothermal power generation
3
Safe, stable and reliable renewable energyNo hazards -Steam turbine with
natural boiler and natural water circulation
生産井
還元井
還元井
ｾﾊﾟﾚｰﾀｰ ﾀｰﾋﾞﾝ
発電機ｺﾝﾃﾞﾝｻｰ
冷却塔
蒸気
熱水
マグマだまり
地表水
大気中の水蒸気
貯留層
（天然のボイラー）
Safe
reservoirmagma
turbine
generatorcooling
tower
condenser
Characteristics of geothermal power generation
Safe, stable and reliable renewable energy
• High Capacity Factor -Not depending on weather:
24 hours a day, 365 days an year operational
• Domestic Resource
-Not depending on
international politics
• …and all survived on 11 March 2011!
6
Power
Source
Capacity
Factor
Solar (PV) approx. １２％
Wind approx. ２０％
Geothermal approx. ７０％
Stable and Reliable
Average in Japan
Characteristics of geothermal power generation
4
All Geothermal Power Plants in Japan
Survived M9.0 Earthquake!
Mori GPP
1982.11-
50,000kW
Onuma GPP
1974.6-
9,500kW
Sumikawa GPP
1995.3-
50,000kW
Matsukawa GPP
1966.10-
23,500kW
Kakkonda GPP
Ⅰ.1978.5-
50,000kW
Ⅱ.1996. 3-
30,000kW
Onikobe GPP
1975.3-
12,500kW
Yanaizu-
Nishiyama GPP
1995.5- 65,000kW
Hachijojima GPP
1995.5-
3,300kW
Uenotai GPP
1994.3-
28,800kW
M9.0Epicenter
Fukushima DaiichiNuclear PP
Sapporo
Sendai
Tokyo
Osaka
Fukuoka
Some of them were automatically cut-off from the grid right after
the event, but continued power generation.
The power line recovered in a few hours or in a few days.
Characteristics of geothermal power generation
cf) 2010: 10,7 GW & 67,2 TWh
(Bertani, 2010)
8
2013 Geothermal Installed Capacity (MW), Bertani (2013)
Australia: 1 MW
Austria: 1 MW
China: 24 MW
Nicaragua: 159 MW
El Salvador: 204 MW
Ethiopia: 7 MW
France: 17 MW
Germany: 12 MW
Guatemala: 52 MW
Iceland: 665 MW
Indonesia: 1,222 MW
Italy: 875 MWJapan: 5１２ MW
Kenya: 204 MW
Mexico: 1,014 MW
New Zealand: 782 MW
Costa Rica: 207 MW
Papua New Guinea: 56
MW
Phlippines: 1,904 MW
Portugal: 29 MW
Russia: 82 MW
Turky: 167 MW
USA: 3,363 MW
<100 MW Installed
100-500 MW Installed
>500 MW Installed in one country
North America:3.4 GW
Europe:1.8 GW
Asia Pacific:4.5 GW
Latin America:1.6 GW
Africa:0.2 GW
2013 Installed Capacity:
11.6 GW in total
World geothermal power production
5
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
35001995
2000
2005
2007
2010
World’s geothermal development trend
Major Geothermal-power Countries Installed capacity(MW)
Data source1995：Huttrer(2000) 2000：Bertani(2007) 2005：Bertani(2005)，Bertani(2010) 2007：Bertani(2007)，IEA(2008) 2010：Bertani(2010)
US
A
Ph
ilip
pin
es
Ind
on
esia
Me
xic
o
Ita
ly
NZ
Ice
lan
d
Ja
pa
n
El S
alv
ad
or
Ke
nya
Costa
Ric
a
Nic
ara
gu
a
World geothermal power production
World geothermal power production
（Bertani, 2010)
10
101010
0
2'000
4'000
6'000
8'000
10'000
12'000
14'000
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Ins
talle
d C
um
ula
tiv
e
Ca
pa
cit
y (
MW
)
2010 Geothermal World: history
Status in 2010
The average geothermal capacity on the
entire
526 units in operation is 20.6 MW
BIG
Only 48 units with capacity >55 MW
with an average of 79.5 MW.
SMALL
There are 259 units with capacity < 10 MW
with an average capacity of 3.2 MW.
6
11
Normally geothermal fluid (two phase fluid) with
temperature of 200 oC or higher is needed.
Steam power generation (single flash)
Production well
Ground
surface
Injection well
Power generation by steam turbine is the same
as thermal or nuclear plants, but no furnace, no
reactor.
Turbinesteam
Pump
Cooling tower
electricity
to grid system
Steam & water
Separator
water
Geothermal power production system (surface)
turbine
•For fluid temperature of around 150 oC, binary cycle system is available.
•Secondary fluid with low boiling point is heated at heat exchanger.
•This system is rapidly increasing in low-medium temperature geothermal regions.
•ORC, using hydrocarbon (ex. iso-pentane) as working fluid, is commonly used.
Binary cycle system
12
Production well
Ground
surface
Injection well
Turbine2ndary fluid
steam
Cooling tower
electricity
to grid system
or domestic use
hotwater
Heat exchange
r
Pump Pump
hotwater
Condenser
Geothermal power production system (surface)
7
13
Kalina cycle, using mixture of water and ammonia as secondary fluid, has
higher efficiency than ORC around 100 degree oC or lower.
Potential is large, but still at least ~85 oC is needed.
For bathing
Low temperature binary system
“Hot spring power generation”- 温泉発電
to grid system
or domestic useTurbine2ndary fluid
steam
Cooling tower
electricity
Heat exchanger
Pump Pump
Condenser
Hot spring well
Ground surface
Geothermal power production system (surface)
14
Basement
Once a reservoir depth is
identified, all drillings will be
successful.
Although a fault may change
a reservoir depth, basic
structure is same everywhere.
→ homogeneous, isotropic
AAAA
Oil/gas reservoir（sandstone）
fault
Sedimentary
rocks
Soil
Geothermal power production system (subsurface)
Oil/gas reservoir : a horizontal layer
8
Geothermal reservoir: fracture networkheterogeneous, non-isotropic
15Heat from a depth
Caprock (clay)
Basement
Sedimentary rocks
SoilHydrothermal convection system along fracture networks
1-3
km
Cracks /fracturesdue to dominant stress directionsHydrothermal
alteration zone
Geothermal power production system (subsurface)
GeothermalReservoir
Geothermal reservoir: fracture networkdrilling success: very difficult
16
Caprock (clay)
Sedimentary rocks
SoilAA
Basement
1-3
km
Geothermal power production system (subsurface)
Fluid flows only in fracture networks.
9
Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS): stimulation by water injection
17
Caprock (clay)
AAAA
1-3
km
Hydro-fracturing and chemical stimulation technology increases well productivity
Geothermal power production system (subsurface)
Range of non renewable
electricity cost
Range of oil and gas
based heating cost
Electricity
Heat
Biomass
Solar
Geothermal
Hydro
Ocean
Wind
Biomass
Solar
thermal
Geothermal
(US cent kWh)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cost competitiveness and risks
• Range in recent levelized cost of energy for selected commercially
available RE technologies (IPCC 2009, Figure SPM.5)
-Geothermal power is cost competitive in long term, but not in initial cost.
10
Risk and cost (investment) in different stages of a geothermal project
- Geothermal power has high initial cost and high initial risk.
Risk
Cost (investment)
Explore Develop Generate power
Cost competitiveness and risks
Multiple risks in a geothermal project
- Geothermal power has high initial risk, especially resource risk.
Market Risk Country Risk Technical Risk
Resource
Risk
Exploration Operation
Understanding of authorities
Laws and incentives
National development plan
Multiple use
Market structure
Demand in the system
Human resources
Cost competitiveness and risks
11
1. Before the nuclear accident in 2011Why there was no geothermal development?
- Geothermal Power Plants in Japan
- Geothermal Potential in Japan
- The reasons why there was no new GPP in Japan
21
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
Japan is the world’s 3rd largest geothermal potential country,
CountryNo. of active
volcanoes
Geothermal
potential (MWe)
Geothermal Power
generation on 2010
(GWeh)
USA 160 30,000 16,603
Indonesia 146 27,790 9,600
Japan 119 23,470 3,064
Philippines 47 6,000 10,311
Mexico 39 6,000 7,047
Iceland 33 5,800 4,597
New Zealand 20 3,650 4,055
Italy 13 3,270 5,520
Number of active volcanoes ＆ geothermal energy potential (Muraoka et al., 2008)
Geothermal potential in Japan
but its power generation is merely No. 8 in the world…… Why?
Geothermal potential in this table is an estimated value from heat energy
stored at a depth of geological basement or shallower.
22
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
12
Ogiri
1996-
30MW
Otake
1967- 12.5MW
Kirishima
Kokusai Htl
1996- 0.1MW
Takigami
1996- 25MW
Suginoi
1981- 3MW
Kuju
1998- 0.9MW
Geothermal Power Plants in Japan
17 geothermal power plants with
19 units (2000-2012)
Hatchobaru
Ⅰ.1977- 55MW
Ⅱ.2000- 55MW
Binary 2MW 23
Yamagawa
1995.3 30MW
Mori GPP
1982- 25MWOnuma GPP
1974- 9.5MW
Sumikawa
1995- 50MW
Matsukawa GPP
1966- 23.5MW
Kakkonda GPP
Ⅰ.1978- 50MW
Ⅱ.1996- 30MW
Onikobe GPP
1975.3-
12.5MW
Yanaizu-Nishiyama
1995- 65MWHachijojima GPP
1999- 3.3MW
Uenotai
1994- 28.8MW
1 MW≦
10MW≦
< 1MW
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
0
2'000
4'000
6'000
8'000
10'000
12'000
14'000
1946
1948
1950
1952
1954
1956
1958
1960
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Year
Ins
tall
ed
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Ca
pa
cit
y (
MW
)
Geothermal power capacity of the world
Bertani (2010)
８００
６００
４００
２００
０
(10M
W)
Geothermal power
in Japan
24
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
The world’s geothermal
power capacity is
increasing constantly.
But no new GPP in Japan
this century.
WHY?
13
All these strong points are common with nuclear power.
Therefore, under the federal policy pushing nuclear power, lows and regulations
which limits geothermal development had not been improved.
Low CO2 emissionHydro (11), Geothermal (13), Nuclear (20), Wind (24), PV (38),
LNG (474, 599), Oil (738), Coal (943) g-CO2/kWh (CRIEPI, 2010)
Stable power & High capacity factor
Not depending on weather
High energy return (generated power/used energy)
Hydro (50), Geothermal（31）, Nuclear (24), Oil(21) , Coal (17)
Strong points of geothermal power
The reasons why there was no new GPP in Japan
25
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
3. CostThermal and nuclear power have been considered more cost effective
so that GPP has not been attractive for electric power suppliers.
1. National Parks (no drillings, no researches)
80% of the geothermal energy in Japan exist inside national parks
where no exploitation has been allowed. Even scientific survey has
been limited.
2. Hot springsSome hot spring owners make strong campaign against geothermal
development in afraid of degradation of the springs (amount, quality).
How these things have been improved after the nuclear
accident in 2011?
26
Before the nuclear accident in 2011
The reasons why there was no new GPP in Japan
14
2. Renewed OpportunitiesRecent movement after 3.11, 2011
- National Parks
- Hot Springs
- Costs
- New Developments
27
Renewed Opportunities
1. National ParksThe cabinet decided to mitigate restrictions on geothermal development in
national parks, as a low CO2 emission energy source (June, 2010).
Ministry of Environment (MOE) changed ordinance on national park in 2012.
Ordinance of the Ministry of the Environment1) Special Protection zone and Class 1 Special zone (SP and S1)
The development is not admitted but the gravity or MT survey will be admitted,
which covers wide area. A deviated well drilling is not admitted.
2) Class 2 and 3 Special zones (S2 and S3)
The development is basically not admitted. Only deviated well drilling from
outside will be admitted if there is no effect on the surface. (November 2011)
The development is basically not admitted but it may be allowed if
environmental consideration is well treated. (March 2012)
28
Renewed Opportunities
15
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500>20 Yen/kWh
15 - 20 Yen/kWh
10 - 15 Yen/kWh
< 10 Yen/kWh
SP
S1 S2
OZ
S3 Out
Geoth
erm
al re
so
urc
e(M
W)
Higher protection
Never enter!(Even survey is prohibited)
Small
scale
develop.
may be
allowed
Special Protection zones
Class 1 Special zones
Class 2 Special zones
Class 3 Special zones
Ordinary Zones
Outside parks
29
Renewed Opportunities
1. National Parks It has been…
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500>20 Yen/kWh
15 - 20 Yen/kWh
10 - 15 Yen/kWh
< 10 Yen/kWh
SP
S1 S2
OZ
S3 Out
Geoth
erm
al re
so
urc
e(M
W)
Special Protection zones
Class 1 Special zones
Class 2 Special zones
Class 3 Special zones
Ordinary Zones
Outside parks
Development not allowed,
but
Surface survey
may be allowed
Small scale development may be allowed
Higher protection
30
Development
allowed
Renewed Opportunities
1. National Parks Since March 2012 if enough environmental
consideration is made,
16
2. Hot springsThe only social problem that cannot be solved by laws and regulation. But...
The Ministry of Environment (MoE) made a new guideline on permission
of geothermal drilling in March 2012, to be referred by local (prefecture)
government, in order to avoid delay in giving permission.
Procedure for permission shown in the guideline
yes no
May geothermal development affect on shallow hot spring aquifer?
No information on
their relation
Model exists on
their relationMonitoring data on
their relation
Judgment by basic
geo-scientific info.
Judgment based
on the ModelJudgment based
on Monitoring data
Existing information on relation between
Geothermal Reservoir and hot spring
31
Renewed Opportunities
3. CostThe Energy Agency of METI supports domestic geothermal businesses by :
●Financial support
1. Drilling
• Government’s support for geothermal drilling was to be abolished
in FY2011. But after the big earthquake, government increased the
budget from ~USD 15 to 90 million in FY2012. It covers up to 50 %
of exploration well drilling costs.
2. Public Acceptance
• New budget for PA covers 100 % of PA activities by private sectors.
3. RD&D (EGS, etc.)
●Feed in Tarif (FIT)
FIT law for geothermal power was enacted and price is fixed in 2012.
1. 15 MW or bigger: 27.3 yen/kWh for 15 years
2. Smaller than 15 MW: 42 yen/kWh for 15 years.
Geothermal projects get double financial incentives from the government (drilling
support and FIT).
32
Renewed Opportunities
17
4. New developments
Private sectors (Industries)
• Japan Geothermal Association (JGA) was established in Dec. 2012.
It consists of 49 companies and 3 organizations (dated May 2013),
including metal developers, oil and gas developers, power supplier,
trading companies, construction companies, turbine makers, plant
makers, geothermal consultants, drillings companies, and banks.
• Kawasaki Heavy Industry, KOBELCO, IHI, etc., began production of
50-100 kW generator for small binary plants. Many local groups
(municipal or hotel owners) show interests in such small GPP.
• Currently 44 or more exploration and/or development projects are
run by geothermal developers and local groups (see next page).
33
Renewed Opportunities
Current projects (Explorations, evaluations
and installations)
34
Map made by JGA
Activity Index
• 19 prospects over 10MW
• 7 prospects 1MW-10MW
• 18 prospects less than 1MW
(as of July 2014)
Higher number indicates
higher subsurface
temperature (expected).
Preceding projects
(began before 2011)
• TOHGEC group began exploration
drilling in 2013 in Hachimantai,
aiming at 10 MW GPP.
• Yuzawa-Chinetsu Co. Ltd. (J-Power,
MMC and Mitsubishi Gas) began
environmental assessment in
Wasabizawa geothermal field,
aiming at 42 MW GPP in 2020.
Renewed Opportunities
4. New developments
18
Higher number indicates
higher subsurface
temperature (expected).
Present geothermal
power stations
35
Activity Index
• 12 areas, 14 units 10MW
or bigger
• 3 + 1 units 1MW-10MW
• 9 units less than 1MW
(6 are installed in 2014 and
Abo Tunnel was in 2013)
as of July 2014
Mori 25MW
Onuma 9.5MW
Sumikawa 50MW
Matsukawa23.5MW
Kakkonda50+30MW
Yanaizu-Nishiyama65MW
Hachijojima3.3MW
Uenotai 28.8MW
Yamagawa30MW
Ogiri 30MW
Otake12.5MW
Kirishima Kokusai Htl 0.1MW
Takigami 25MW
Suginoi 3MW
Kuju 0.9MWHatchobaru55+55+2MW
Shichimi Spring 0.02MW
Abo Tunnel 0.003MW
Yumura Spring 0.03MW
Beppu Spring 0.5MWGoto-en 0.09MW
Hagenoyu 2MWOguni Matsuya 0.06 MW
LEGEND
(map made by JGA)
1 MW≦
10MW≦
< 1MW
Onikobe12.5MW
Ongoing projects
• Some of these small plants
have plans to enlarge capacity.
• Abo Tunnel will have
additional 2MW in 2015.
• Goto-en will have additional
0.05MW by 2015.
Renewed Opportunities
4. New developments
Summary of recent movement in Japan
• Renewable preference after the nuclear power plant accident
in March 2011 pushed Japanese government to support
geothermal development.
• Financial incentives for geothermal developments, drilling
support and FIT system are given by METI.
• New RD&D has begun supported mainly by METI (also by
MOE and Reconstruction Agency).
• MOE released constrains for national parks. MOE made a
new guideline on giving geothermal drilling permission to
speed-up the process.
• Industries have moved forward to accelerate domestic
geothermal developments. Currently 44 or more exploration
and/or development projects are running.
36
Renewed Opportunities
19
Contents
3. Technical challenges
- Geothermal study by AIST
- Drilling success
- Exploration technology
- Well logging
- Sustainable production
- Innovative power plants
Appendix: Introducing a real geothermal power plant,
37
• National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST) opened Fukushima Renewable
Energy Institute (FREA) in April 2014.
• Geothermal studies by AIST, which
used be done by geo-scientific units,
would be mainly conducted in FREA.
38
Shallow Geothermal
and Hydrogeology
Team (SGHT)
Hydrogen
Energy
Carrier Team
Renewable Energy
Research Center (RERC)
Fukushima Renewable Energy Institute AIST (FREA)
Solar Cell
Technology
Team
Wind
Power
Team
Energy
Integration
Team
Administration
officesUniversities
Institutes
Industries
Overseas
Collaboration
Other
organizations
Geothermal
Energy
Team (GET)
Geothermal study by AISTTechnologies for the Effective and Sustainable Use of Geothermal Energy
Technical Challenges
20
Geothermal study by AISTTechnologies for the Effective and Sustainable Use of Geothermal Energy
We will achieve effective development and sustainable management of geothermal
reservoirs in harmony with hot spring resources by using our advanced measurement andexploration techniques for geothermal resources development.
Initial and operation costs of geothermal
power generation will be reduced by
leveraging reservoir monitoring technologies.
Seismic, electric and gravity monitoring and
their integration system will be applied to
identify each fracture in a reservoir, which
may contribute to drilling success, sustainable
reservoir control and reduction of
environmental impacts.
Hot spring monitoring system will also be
developed for harmonious use of geothermal
energy with hot springs.
Measurement, Monitoring and
Verification
Passive seismic monitoring
at a geothermal field
Software for
onsite passive
seismic analysis
by AIST
Technical Challenges
Geothermal study by AISTTechnologies for the Effective and Sustainable Use of Geothermal Energy
We will achieve effective development and sustainable management of geothermal
reservoirs in harmony with hot spring resources by using our advanced measurement andexploration techniques for geothermal resources development.
We will provide data and knowledge to the
public to help formation of a consensus
regarding geothermal development.
Regional subsurface flow modeling will
also be conducted including both magma-
origin water and groundwater.
Such database and modeling contribute
to maximize geothermal development in
harmony with local environment.
Farther more, they will be used as base-
data for social acceptance of geothermal
developments.
Geothermal Resource
Database and Regional
Subsurface Flow Modeling
Concept of Regional subsurface flow modeling
Shallow aquifer
Deep geothermal
reservoir
Hot springs
∫∫∫ C
Interaction?
Technical Challenges
21
41
Geothermal study by AISTTechnologies for the Effective and Sustainable Use of Geothermal Energy
We will achieve effective development and sustainable management of geothermal
reservoirs in harmony with hot spring resources by using our advanced measurement andexploration techniques for geothermal resources development.
Research and Development for
EGS
Concept of super-deep EGS
Technologies for capacity improvement of
geothermal reservoirs and artificial
geothermal reservoir development will be
developed to expand the geothermal power
generation capability area in harmony with
the environment both in Japan and abroad.
We will study possibility of super-deep EGS
using an artificial brittle fracture reservoir
system completely surrounded in the ductile
zone at a depth where temperature exceeds
500 deg-C, for which physical behavior of the
rock is totally unknown, by cooperation with
other organizations.
Technical Challenges
42
Drilling Success Rate is a big issue in geothermal business,
especially in early stage of developments. Risk control systems and
continuous technology improvement is needed.
# of wells drilled
Success=3MW/well or
bigger production in this case
(Definition depends on the project.)
Drilling Success
ave
rag
e d
rilli
ng
su
cce
ss r
ate
(%)
Drilling success rate vs. numbers of wells drilled in Kamojang
geothermal filed, Indonesia (Sanyal, 2012)
Technical Challenges
Exploration technology
to decide drilling target
is the key. Drilling
technology is OK.
22
ex)
3D inversion of electro-magnetic survey data
3D resistivity model of Ogiri geothermal system, Japan (Uchida et al.)
Exploration technology
Exploration from the ground surfacegeological, geochemical, geophysical (electro-magnetic,
electrical, gravity, seismic) surveys
Technical Challenges
http://www.gsct.co.jp/business/wi_sonic.htm
Well Logging: exploration from wells• Wire-line cables inserted into wellbore to measure vertical
distribution of physical parameters.
• Electric, electro-magnetic, temperature, nuclear, sonic logs
• Investigate density, porosity, permeability, resistivity, etc.
-> productive zone (depth) -> reservoir productivity
sourcesignal
receiver
receiver
Sonic log
Technical Challenges
Fancy tools by oil industry are available, but interpretation is hard in geothermal fields and
Temperature resistance is needed.
Basic requirement for geothermal well logging
tool is 200 oC but 300 oC or higher is desirable.
23
Scale problem• Mineral components dissolved in geothermal fluid deposit inside
wells and pipelines when fluid temperature decreases = scale.
• Calcium scale may be solved by acid, but no effective solution
for Silica scale, which reduces well productivity drastically.
45
Si scale at Hatchobaru area
Sustainable production
Technical Challenges
Reservoir management
• To keep production rate, a proper
reservoir management is needed.
• Geometry of production zone,
injection zone and injection rate will
be the key.
• Numerical simulation is essential
for reservoir management.
Production history of a well in Larderello, Italy
(Cappetti, 1998)Injection of river water drastically contributed to recovery
of production rate.
pro
du
ctio
n r
ate
(kg
/s)
Steam production rate
injection rate
year
Innovative power plants
Wyoming, USA: Binary plant recovering
heat from coproduced oilfield water at
Rocky Mountain Oilfield Testing Center
RMOTC. Johnson and Walker (2010).
Rotokawa, NZ: Combined cycle
flash/binary plant Flash turbine inlet
pressure 2550 kPa Steam consumption 5
kg/kWh.
Photo: Mighty River Power
•Binary plants recovering heat from other subsurface resources
Technical Challenges
24
Innovative power plants
Geothermal and Solar Thermal
Hybrids
•Geothermal and Solar Hybrids
Geothermal and Solar PV Hybrid
Ahuachapán, El Salvador (Handal et al.,
2007 )•Effective to cover a shortage of
temperature in geothermal
energy.
•Geothermal and biomass hybrids
may be another option.
Technical Challenges
柳津西山地熱発電所（65,000kW)
Yanaizu-Nishiyama Power Plant, Fukushima
48
Introducing a real geothermal power plant,
生産井 還元井
蒸気生産設備は、奥会津地熱(株)
Steam production by
Okuaizu Geothermal Co., Ltd.
発電所は東北電力(株)
Power plant owned by
Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc.
25
地質断面モデルGeological model
坑井３Dモデル3D well model
地下からの蒸気生産設備Steam production facility including wells
生産井Production well
Introducing a real geothermal power plant,
地上の発電設備Power production facility
50
冷却塔Cooling tower
Central control room
中央制御室
発電機Generator
タービンTurbine
Introducing a real geothermal power plant,
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