Red Hat RHCSA 8 Cert Guide: EX200

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Contents1. Cover Page

2. About This eBook

3. Title Page

4. Copyright Page

5. Contents at a Glance

6. Table of Contents

7. About the Author

8. Dedication

9. Acknowledgments

10. About the Technical Reviewer

11. We Want to Hear from You!

12. Reader Services

13. Introduction

1. Goals and Methods

2. Who Should Read This Book?

3. How This Book Is Organized

4. How to Use This Book

5. Other Features

6. Exam Objective to Chapter Mapping

7. Where Are the Companion Content Files?

14. Figure Credits

15. Part I: Performing Basic System Management Tasks

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1. Chapter 1. Installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux

1. “Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

2. Foundation Topics

3. Preparing to Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux

4. Performing a Manual Installation

5. Summary

6. Exam Preparation Tasks

7. Review All Key Topics

8. Define Key Terms

9. Review Questions

10. End-of-Chapter ...

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About This eBookePUB is an open, industry-standard format for

eBooks. However, support of ePUB and its manyfeatures varies across reading devices and applications.Use your device or app settings to customize thepresentation to your liking. Settings that you cancustomize often include font, font size, single or doublecolumn, landscape or portrait mode, and figures thatyou can click or tap to enlarge. For additionalinformation about the settings and features on yourreading device or app, visit the device manufacturer’sWeb site.

Many titles include programming code orconfiguration examples. To optimize the presentation ofthese elements, view the eBook in single-column,landscape mode and adjust the font size to the smallestsetting. ...

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Red Hat RHCSA 8 CertGuide

Sander van Vugt

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Red Hat RHCSA 8 Cert Guide: EX200

All rights reserved. No part of this book shall bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmittedby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without written permissionfrom the publisher. No patent liability is assumed withrespect to the use of the information contained herein.Although every precaution has been taken in thepreparation of this book, the publisher and authorassume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor isany liability assumed for damages resulting from theuse of the information contained herein.

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-593813-3

ISBN-10: 0-13-593813-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019948460

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Contents at a Glance

Introduction

Part I: Performing Basic System ManagementTasks

CHAPTER 1 Installing Red Hat EnterpriseLinux

CHAPTER 2 Using Essential Tools

CHAPTER 3 Essential File ManagementTools

CHAPTER 4 Working with Text Files

CHAPTER 5 Connecting to Red HatEnterprise Linux 8

CHAPTER 6 User and Group Management

CHAPTER 7 Permissions Management

CHAPTER 8 Configuring Networking

Part II: Operating Running Systems

CHAPTER 9 Managing Software

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CHAPTER 10 Managing Processes

CHAPTER 11 Working with Systemd

CHAPTER 12 Scheduling Tasks

CHAPTER 13 Configuring Logging

CHAPTER 14 Managing Storage

CHAPTER 15 Managing Advanced Storage

Part III: Performing Advanced SystemAdministration Tasks

CHAPTER 16 Basic Kernel Management

CHAPTER 17 Managing ...

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Table of ContentsIntroduction

Part I: Performing Basic System ManagementTasks

Chapter 1 Installing Red Hat EnterpriseLinux

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Preparing to Install Red Hat EnterpriseLinux

What Is Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8Server?

Getting the Software

Using Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Using CentOS

Other Distributions

Understanding Access to Repositories

Setup Requirements

Cert Guide Environment Description

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Performing a Manual Installation

Summary

Exam Preparation Tasks

Review Questions

End-of-Chapter Lab

Chapter 2 Using Essential Tools

“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz

Foundation Topics

Basic Shell Skills

Understanding Commands

Executing Commands

I/O Redirection

Using Pipes

History

Bash Completion

Editing Files with ...

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About the AuthorSander van Vugt is an independent Linux trainer,author, and consultant living in the Netherlands. Sanderis the author of the best-selling Red Hat CertifiedSystem Administrator (RHCSA) Complete Video Courseand the Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE) CompleteVideo Course. He has also written numerous booksabout different Linux-related topics and many articlesfor Linux publications around the world. Sander hasbeen teaching Red Hat, Linux+, and LFCS classes since1994. As a consultant, he specializes in Linux high-availability solutions and performance optimization.You can find more information about Sander on hiswebsite at http://www.sandervanvugt.com.

For more information about RHCSA certification andadditional resources, ...

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DedicationThis book is dedicated to my family: Florence, Franck,and Alex. Together we’ve made great accomplishmentsover the past year.

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AcknowledgmentsThis book could not have been written without the helpof all the people who contributed to it. I want to thankthe people at Pearson, Denise Lincoln and Ellie Bru inparticular. We’ve worked a lot together over the years,and this book is another milestone on our road tosuccess!

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About the TechnicalReviewerWilliam “Bo” Rothwell, at the impressionable age of14, crossed paths with a TRS-80 Micro ComputerSystem (affectionately known as a Trash 80). Soon after,the adults responsible for Bo made the mistake ofleaving him alone with the TRS-80. He immediatelydismantled it and held his first computer class, showinghis friends what made this “computer thing” work.

Since this experience, Bo’s passion for understandinghow computers work and sharing this knowledge withothers has resulted in a rewarding career in IT training.His experience includes Linux, Unix, IT security,DevOps, and programming languages such as Perl,Python, Tcl, and Bash. Bo is the founder and leadinstructor of One Course Source, an IT training ...

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We Want to Hear from You!As the reader of this book, you are our most importantcritic and commentator. We value your opinion andwant to know what we’re doing right, what we could dobetter, what areas you’d like to see us publish in, andany other words of wisdom you’re willing to pass ourway.

We welcome your comments. You can email or write tolet us know what you did or didn’t like about this book—as well as what we can do to make our books better.

Please note that we cannot help you with technicalproblems related to the topic of this book.

When you write, please be sure to include this book’stitle and author as well as your name and email address.We will carefully review your comments and share themwith the author and editors who ...

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Reader ServicesRegister your copy of Red Hat RHCSA 8 Cert Guide atwww.pearsonitcertification.com for convenient access todownloads, updates, and corrections as they becomeavailable. To start the registration process, go towww.pearsonitcertification.com/register and log in orcreate an account*. Enter the product ISBN9780135938133 and click Submit. When the process iscomplete, you will find any available bonus contentunder Registered Products.

*Be sure to check the box that y ou would like to hear from us to receiv e exclusiv ediscounts on future editions of this product.

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IntroductionWelcome to the Red Hat RHCSA 8 Cert Guide. The RedHat exams are some of the toughest in the business, andthis guide will be an essential tool in helping youprepare to take the Red Hat Certified SystemAdministrator (RHCSA) exam.

As an instructor with more than 20 years of experienceteaching Red Hat Enterprise Linux, I have taken theRHCSA exam (and the RHCE exam) numerous times sothat I can keep current on the progression of the exam,what is new, and what is different. I share myknowledge with you in this comprehensive Cert Guideso that you get the guidance you need to pass theRHCSA exam.

The RHCSA exam was recently updated for Red HatEnterprise Linux 8. This book contains all you need toknow to pass the RHCSA exam. As ...

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Figure CreditsChapter opener images by Charlie Edwards/Photodisc/Getty Images

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Part I: Performing BasicSystem Management

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Chapter 1. Installing Red HatEnterprise Linux

The following topics are covered in this chapter:

Preparing to Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Performing a Manual Installation

This chapter covers no exam objectives.

To learn how to work with Red Hat Enterprise Linux asan administrator, you first need to install it. Thischapter teaches you how to set up an environment inwhich you can perform all exercises in this book.

On the RHCSA exam, you do not need to install Red HatEnterprise Linux. However, because you need to installan environment that allows you to test all items

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discussed in this book, you start by installing Red HatEnterprise ...

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Chapter 2. Using EssentialTools

Basic Shell Skills

Editing Files with vim

Understanding the Shell Environment

Finding Help

The following RHCSA exam objectives are covered in this chapter:

Use input-output redirection (>, >>, |, 2>, etc.)

Create and edit text files

Locate, read, and use system documentation including man, info,and files in /usr/share/doc

This chapter is dedicated to coverage of the basic Linux

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skills that everyone should have before attempting totake the RHCSA exam.

“DO I KNOW THIS ALREADY?”QUIZThe “Do I Know This Already?” quiz allows you to assesswhether you should ...

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Chapter 3. Essential FileManagement Tools

This chapter covers the following subjects:

Working with the File System Hierarchy

Managing Files

Using Links

Working with Archives and Compressed Files

Create, delete, copy, and move files and directories

Archive, compress, unpack, and uncompress files using tar, star,gzip, and bzip2

Create hard and soft links

Linux is a file-oriented operating system. That means

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that many things an administrator has to do on Linuxcan be traced down to managing files on the Linuxoperating system. Also, when using hardware devices,files are involved. ...

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Chapter 4. Working withText Files

Using Common Text File–Related Tools

A Primer to Using Regular Expressions

Using grep to Analyze Text

Working with Other Useful Text Processing Utilities

Use grep and regular expressions to analyze text

Create and edit text files

Since the early days of UNIX, working with text files hasbeen an important administrator skill. Even on modern

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Linux versions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8,working with text files is still an important skill. Byapplying the correct tools, you’ll easily find ...

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Chapter 5. Connecting toRed Hat Enterprise Linux 8

Working on Local Consoles

Using SSH and Related Utilities

Access remote systems using SSH

Log in and switch users in multiuser targets

Boot, reboot, and shut down a system normally

Securely transfer files between systems

Configure key-based authentication for SSH

You have already learned how to log in on Linux from a

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graphical environment. In this chapter, you learn aboutsome other methods to access a Linux shell and startworking. You learn how to work from local consoles ...

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Chapter 6. User and GroupManagement

Different User Types

Creating and Managing User Accounts

Creating and Managing Group Accounts

Create, delete, and modify local user accounts

Change passwords and adjust password aging for local useraccounts

Create, delete, and modify local groups and group memberships

Configure superuser access

On a Linux system, a wide variety of processes are

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normally being used. These processes need access tospecific resources on the Linux system. To determinehow these resources can be accessed, a ...

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Chapter 7. PermissionsManagement

Managing File Ownership

Managing Basic Permissions

Managing Advanced Permissions

Managing ACLs

Setting Default Permissions with umask

Working with User-Extended Attributes

List, set, and change standard ugo/rwx permissions

Create and configure set-GID directories for collaboration

Create and manage access control lists

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Diagnose and correct file permission problems

To get access to files on Linux, permissions are used.These permissions are assigned to three entities: the fileowner, the group ...

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Chapter 8. ConfiguringNetworking

This chapter covers the following subjects:

Networking Fundamentals

Managing Network Addresses and Interfaces

Validating Network Configuration

Managing Network Configuration with nmtui and nmcli

The following RHCSA exam objectives are covered:

Configure IPv4 and IPv6 addresses

Configure hostname resolution

Networking is one of the most essential items on amodern server. On RHEL 8, networking is managed by

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the NetworkManager service, and with the release ofRHEL 7, some completely new tools were introduced tohelp manage networks. If you have already worked withnetworking on RHEL 6 and older, you will ...

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Part II: Operating RunningSystems

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Chapter 9. ManagingSoftware

Managing Software Packages with YUM

Using yum

Managing Package Module Streams

Managing Software Packages with RPM

Install and update software packages from Red Hat Network, aremote repository, or from the local file system

Work with package module streams

Managing software packages is an important task for anadministrator of Red Hat Enterprise Linux. In this

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chapter, you learn how to manage software packagesfrom the command line by using the yum utility. Youalso learn which role repositories ...

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Chapter 10. ManagingProcesses

Introduction to Process Management

Managing Shell Jobs

Using Common Command-Line Tools for Process Management

Using top to Manage Processes

Using tuned to Optimize Performance

Identify CPU/memory-intensive processes and kill processes

Adjust process scheduling

Process management is an important task for a Linux

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administrator. In this chapter, you learn what you needto know to manage processes from a perspective of dailyoperation of a server. You’ll learn how to work withshell jobs and generic ...

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Chapter 11. Working withSystemd

Understanding Systemd

Managing Units Through Systemd

The following RHCSA exam objective is covered in this chapter:

Start and stop services and configure services to start automaticallyat boot

In this chapter, you’ll learn about Systemd, which is thesystem and service manager used on RHEL 8. You’llread about all the things that Systemd can do, and onceyou have a good general understanding, you’ll learn howto work with Systemd services. Systemd is also involved

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in booting your system in a desired state, which is calleda target. That topic is covered ...

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Chapter 12. SchedulingTasks

Configuring Cron to Automate Recurring Tasks

Configuring At to Schedule Future Tasks

The following RHCSA exam objective is covered in this chapter:

Schedule tasks using at and cron

On a Linux server it is important that certain tasks runat certain times. This can be done by using the At andCron services, which can be configured to run tasks inthe future. The At service is for executing future tasksonce only, and the Cron service is for recurring regulartasks. In this chapter you learn how to configure both.

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“DO I KNOW THIS ALREADY?”QUIZThe “Do I Know ...

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Chapter 13. ConfiguringLogging

Understanding System Logging

Configuring rsyslogd

Rotating Log Files

Working with journald

Locate and interpret system log files and journals

Preserve system journals

Analyzing log files is an important system administratortask. If anything goes wrong on a Linux system, the

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answer is often in the log files. On RHEL 8, twodifferent log systems are used side by side, and it isimportant to know which information can be foundwhere. This chapter teaches you all about it. You learnhow to read ...

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Chapter 14. ManagingStorage

Understanding MBR and GPT Partitions

Managing Partitions and File Systems

Mounting File Systems

List, create, delete partitions on MBR and GPT disks

Configure systems to mount file systems at boot by universallyunique ID (UUID) or label

Add new partitions and logical volumes, and swap to a systemnondestructively

Create, mount, unmount, and use vfat, ext4, and xfs file systems

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Working with storage is an important task for a Linuxadministrator. In this chapter, you acquire the first setof essential ...

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Chapter 15. ManagingAdvanced Storage

Understanding LVM

Creating LVM Logical Volumes

Resizing LVM Logical Volumes

Configuring Stratis

Configuring VDO

Create and remove physical volumes

Assign physical volumes to volume groups

Create and delete logical volumes

Extend existing logical volumes

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Configure disk compression

Manage layered storage

In Chapter 14, “Managing Storage,” you learned how tomanage partitions on a hard disk. Creating multiplepartitions on a disk is useful because it enables you tokeep different data types ...

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Part III: PerformingAdvanced System

Administration Tasks

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Chapter 16. Basic KernelManagement

Understanding the Role of the Linux Kernel

Working with Kernel Modules

Upgrading the Linux Kernel

The Linux kernel is the heart of the Linux operating system. Ittakes care of many things, including hardware management. Inthis chapter, you learn all you need to know about the Linuxkernel from an RHCSA perspective. In fact, you even learn a bitmore. This chapter includes information about topics that are noton the current list of RHCSA objectives. I think it is good to knowabout these topics anyway. Any serious Linux administratorshould be able to ...

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Chapter 17. Managing andUnderstanding the BootProcedure

Managing Systemd Targets

Working with GRUB 2

Configure systems to boot into a specific target automatically

Modify the system bootloader

In this chapter, you learn how the boot procedure onRed Hat Enterprise Linux is organized. In the first partof this chapter, you learn about Systemd targets and

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how you can use them to boot your Linux system into aspecific state. The second part of this chapter discussesGRUB2 and how to apply changes to the GRUB 2 bootloader. Troubleshooting ...

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Chapter 18. EssentialTroubleshooting Skills

Understanding the RHEL 8 Boot Procedure

Passing Kernel Boot Arguments

Using a Rescue Disk

Fixing Common Issues

Recovering Access to a Virtual Machine

The following RHCSA exam objectives arecovered in this chapter:

Boot systems into different targets manually

Interrupt the boot process in order to gain access to a system

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In Chapter 17, “Managing and Understanding the BootProcedure,” you learned how a RHEL 8 server boots andwhich role the boot loader GRUB 2 and Systemd play inthat process. In this chapter, you learn what you can dowhen common ...

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Chapter 19. An Introductionto Bash Shell Scripting

Understanding Shell Scripting Core Elements

Using Variables and Input

Using Conditional Loops

Shell scripting is a science all by itself. You do not learnabout all the nuts and bolts related to this science in thischapter. Instead, you learn how to apply basic shellscripting elements, which allows you to write a simpleshell script and analyze what is happening in a shellscript.

“DO I KNOW THIS ALREADY?”

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QUIZThe “Do I Know This Already?” quiz allows you to assesswhether you should read this entire chapter thoroughlyor jump to the “Exam ...

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Part IV: Managing NetworkServices

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Chapter 20. ConfiguringSSH

Hardening the SSH Server

Using Other Useful sshd Options

Configuring Key-Based Authentication with Passphrases

The following RHCSA exam objective is coveredin this chapter:

Configure key-based authentication for SSH

Secure Shell (SSH) is among the most importantutilities that system administrators use. In Chapter 5,“Connecting to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8,” you

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learned how to use SSH to connect to a server using apassword or key-based authentication. In this chapter,you learn about some of the more advancedconfiguration settings.

“DO I KNOW THIS ALREADY?” ...

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Chapter 21. ManagingApache HTTP Services

Configuring a Basic Apache Server

Understanding Apache Configuration Files

Creating Apache Virtual Hosts

No RHCSA exam objectives relate directly to Apache, but minimalApache knowledge is required to master the SELinux-relatedobjectives.

This is the only chapter in this book that discusses asubject that is not even listed in the RHCSA objectives.However, for a Red Hat server administrator, it is

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important to know how to deal with the Apache webservice. In following chapters, you ...

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Chapter 22. ManagingSELinux

Understanding SELinux Working Modes

Understanding Context Settings and the Policy

Restoring Default File Contexts

Using Boolean Settings to Modify SELinux Settings

Diagnosing and Addressing SELinux Policy Violations

The following RHCSA exam objectives arecovered in this chapter:

Set enforcing and permissive modes for SELinux

List and identify SELinux file and process context

Restore default file contexts

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Use boolean settings to modify system SELinux settings

Diagnose and address routine SELinux policy violations

Since the earliest days of Linux, file permissions ...

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Chapter 23. Configuring aFirewall

Understanding Linux Firewalling

Working with Firewalld

Restrict network access using firewall-cmd/firewall

If a server is connected to the Internet, it needs to beprotected against unauthorized access. SELinux is onepart of this protection as discussed in Chapter 22,“Managing SELinux”), and a firewall is the second part.

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The Linux kernel implements firewalling via thenetfilter framework. To configure which packets areallowed and which are not, Firewalld is the defaultsolution in RHEL 8. ...

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Chapter 24. AccessingNetwork Storage

Using NFS Services

Using CIFS Services

Mounting Remote File Systems Through fstab

Using Automount to Mount Remote File Systems

Mount and unmount network file systems using NFS

The RHCSA exam requires that you know how to accessnetwork storage. This encompasses different topics.

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We’ll discuss accessing network storage that has beenprovided through CIFS and NFS. You’ll learn how tomount network storage through the fstab file, as well ashow to automatically mount this storage usingautomount ...

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Chapter 25. ConfiguringTime Services

Understanding Local Time

Using Network Time Protocol

Managing Time on Red Hat Enterprise Linux

Configure time service clients

An increasing number of services offered through Linuxservers depend on the correct configuration of time onthe server. Think of services such as database

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synchronization, Kerberos authentication, and more. Inthis chapter, you learn how time is configured on aLinux server.

“DO I KNOW THIS ALREADY?”QUIZThe “Do I Know This Already?” quiz allows you to assesswhether ...

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Chapter 26. FinalPreparationCongratulations! You made it through the book, andnow it’s time to finish getting ready for the RHCSAexam. This chapter helps you get ready to take and passthe exam. In this chapter, you learn more about theexam process and how to register for the exam. You alsoget some useful tips that will help you avoid somecommon pitfalls while taking the exam.

GENERAL TIPSIn this section, you get some general tips about theexam. You learn how to verify your exam readiness, howto register for the exam, and what to do on the exam.

Verifying Your ReadinessOnly register for the exam when you think that you areready to pass it. This book contains a lot of material tohelp you verify your exam readiness. To start with, ...

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Chapter 27. Theoretical Pre-Assessment ExamThis chapter provides an RHCSA theoretical pre-assessment exam to help you determine what you knowand what you do not know. This theoretical exam isprovided so that you can assess your skills anddetermine the best route forward for studying for theexam.

The RHCSA exam is a 100% practical exam. Therefore,you need to work on actual configuration tasks, and youmust deliver a working configuration at the end of theexam. Therefore, passing this practical exam requiresthat you have a working knowledge of RHEL 8. Thischapter helps you check whether you have the requisiteknowledge.

In the following pre-exam theoretical exam, you areasked how you would approach some essential tasks.The purpose is ...

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Part V: RHCSA RHEL 8Practice Exams

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RHCSA Practice Exam A

GENERAL NOTESHere are some tips to ensure your exam starts with aclean environment:

You do not need external servers or resources.

Do not register or connect to external repositories.

Install a new VM according to the instructions in each practiceexam.

No sample solutions are provided for these practice exams. On thereal exam, you need to be able to verify the solutions for yourself aswell.

You should be able to complete each exam within two hours.

1. Install a RHEL 8 or CentOS 8 virtual machine that meets the followingrequirements:

1. 2 GB of RAM

2. 20 GB of disk space using default partitioning

3. One additional 20-GB disk that does not have any partitionsinstalled

4. Server with GUI installation pattern

2. Create user student ...

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RHCSA Practice Exam B

You do not need external servers or resources.

Do not register or connect to external repositories.

1. 2 GB of RAM

3. One additional 20-GB disk that does not have partitionsinstalled

2. Create user student ...

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Appendix A. Answers to the“Do I Know This Already?”Quizzes and ReviewQuestions

ANSWERS TO THE “DO I KNOWTHIS ALREADY” QUIZZES

Chapter 1

1. A. Fedora is an experimental/enthusiast versioncontaining many components that may or maynot make it into the RHEL distribution tree andonto the RHCSA exam.

2. D. All RHEL software updates are made availablein CentOS as well.

3. A. In particular, when working with virtualmachines, you’ll be happy to have a GUI at yourdisposal.

4. C. XFS is used as the default file system. When

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Red Hat decided which file system to use as thedefault file system, Btrfs was not stable enoughyet.

5. A. The size of an XFS file system cannot bereduced.

6. C. The Fedora project tries to make a stabledistribution as ...

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Glossary$PATH A variable that contains a list of directories thatare searched for executable files when a user enters acommand.

. The current directory. Its value can be requested usingthe pwd command.

Aabsolute filename A filename that is complete andstarts with the name of the root directory, including alldirectories up to the current file or directory.

access control list (ACL) In Linux permissions, asystem that makes it possible to grant permissions tomore than one user and more than one group. Accesscontrol lists also allow administrators to set defaultpermissions for specific directories.

anacron A service that ensures that vital cron jobs canbe executed when the server is down at the moment thatthe job normally should be ...

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SYMBOLS& (ampersand) command, 237-238

\ (backslash) escape character, 433

~/.bash_profile, 43

~/.bashrc, 43

/boot directory, 56–57

/dev directory, 56

. (dot), 553, 91

/etc directory, 56

/etc/anacrontab, 278–279

/etc/bashrc, 43

/etc/crontab file, managing, 276–278

/etc/default/grub, 395

/etc/default/useradd, 132–133

/etc/dracut.conf, 412–413

/etc/fstab, 332–335

NFS share mounting, 520–521

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Samba share mounting, 521

/etc/group, 136–137

/etc/gshadow, 137

/etc/hosts, 191–192

/etc/httpd, 464–465

/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf, 460–463

/etc/issue, 43

/etc/login.defs, 133

/etc/logrotate.conf, 298

/etc/motd, 43

/etc/passwd, 89

fields, 128–129

modifying, 131

/etc/profile, 43

/etc/shadow

fields, 129–130

modifying, 131

/etc/sysconfig/selinux, 476

/etc/systemd/journald.conf, ...

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RHCSA Practice Exam C

You do not need any external servers or resources.

Do not register or connect to any external repositories.

1. 2 GB of RAM

2. Create user ...

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RHCSA Practice Exam D

You do not need any external servers or resources.

Do not register or connect to any external repositories.

1. 2 GB of RAM

2. Create user ...

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Appendix B. Memory Tables

CHAPTER 2

Table 2-2 Standard Input, Output, and Error Overview

Name DefaultDestination

Use inRedirection

File DescriptorNumber

Computerkeyboard

< (same as 0<) 0

Computermonitor

> (same as 1>) 1

STDERR 2> 2

Table 2-3 Common Bash Redirectors

Redirector Explanation

(same as1>)

Redirects STDOUT. If redirection is to a file, the currentcontents of that file are overwritten.

(same as1>>)

Redirects STDOUT. If output is written to a file, theoutput is appended to that file.

Redirects STDERR.

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Redirects STDERR to the same destination as STDOUT.Notice that this has to be used in combination withnormal output redirection, as in ls whuhiu > errout2>&1.

(same as0<)

Redirects ...

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Appendix C. Memory TablesAnswer Key

CHAPTER 2

Table 2-2 Standard Input, Output, and Error Overview

Name DefaultDestination

Use inRedirection

File DescriptorNumber

STDIN Computerkeyboard

< (same as 0<) 0

STDOUT Computermonitor

> (same as 1>) 1

STDERR Computermonitor

Table 2-3 Common Bash Redirectors

Redirector Explanation

> (same as1>)

Redirects STDOUT. If redirection is to a file, the currentcontents of that file are overwritten.

>> (sameas 1>>)

Redirects STDOUT. If output is written to a file, theoutput is appended to that file.

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2> Redirects STDERR.

2>&1 Redirects STDERR to the same destination as STDOUT.Notice that this has to be used in combination withnormal output redirection, as in ls whuhiu ...

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Appendix D. Study PlannerPractice Test Reading Task

Element Task GoalDate

First DateCompleted

Second DateCompleted(Optional)

Introduction ReadIntroduction

1. Installing RedHat EnterpriseLinux Server

ReadFoundationTopics

Review KeyTopics

Define KeyTerms

AnswerChapterReviewQuestions

CompleteChapter Lab

2. Using EssentialTools

ReadFoundationTopics

CompleteChapterExercises

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Review KeyTopics

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Code SnippetsMany titles include programming code or configurationexamples. To optimize the presentation of theseelements, view the eBook in single-column, landscapemode and adjust the font size to the smallest setting. Inaddition to presenting code and configurations in thereflowable text format, we have included images of thecode that mimic the presentation found in the printbook; therefore, where the reflowable format maycompromise the presentation of the code listing, youwill see a “Click here to view code image” link. Click thelink to view the print-fidelity code image. To return tothe previous page viewed, click the Back button on yourdevice or app.

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