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Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Large cities have better access to public transport
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
% of population in urban centre
Access to public transport in large European cities, 2012
Source: Dijkstra, L. and Poelman, H. (2014)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
No ac-cess
Low
Medium
High
Very high
% of population in urban centre
Access to public transport in mid-sized Euro-pean cities, 2012
Source: Dijkstra, L. and Poelman, H. (2014)
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Dublin's public transport
• A lot of trips per inhabitant,
• But generally slow• Mostly bus (93% at
16km/h) with very little tram (5% at 20 km/h) or train (3% at 37 km/h)
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Dublin high frequency per inhabitant
• Stockholm has more trips and higher speeds (20.4 vs 17km/h)
• Brussels and Amsterdam have fewer trips, but higher speed (18 and 23 km/h)
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Chapter 3
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Malt
a
Luxe
mbo
urg
Belgium
Cypru
s
Hunga
ry
Czech
Rep
ublic
Nethe
rland
s
Slovak
ia
United
King
dom
Poland
Irelan
d
Bulgar
iaIta
ly
Greec
e
Germ
anySpa
in
Croat
ia
Franc
e
Lithu
ania
Roman
ia
Sloven
ia
Eston
ia
Denm
ark
Portu
gal
Austri
a
Finlan
d
Latv
ia
Sweden
EU-28
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50 Renewable energy consumption, 2006-2012
2006 2012
Target 2020
Sha
re o
f re
new
able
ene
rgy
in g
ross
fin
al e
nerg
y co
nsum
ptio
n, %
Chapter 3
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Non-ETS GHG emissions are shrinking
DK IE LU SE
AT FI NL
UK
BE
DE
FR IT
ES
CY EL
PT SI
MT
CZ
HU
HR EE
SK PL
LT LV RO
BG
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
-20 -20 -20-17 -16 -16 -16 -16 -15 -14 -14 -13
-10-5
-4
1 45
9 10
11 1113 14 15
17 19 20
% change 2005-2011% change relative to 2005
Change in greenhouse gas emissions in areas covered by theEffort Sharing Decision, 2005-2011 and Europe 2020 targets
Increased the distance to their tar-get
Source: DG CLIMA
Target already reached
Reduced the distance but not yet reached their target
Distance to target
Target = Reduction in emissions
Target = Limit increase in emissions
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Low-carbon economy
• Minimum ERDF support between 12% and 20%
• 37 billion euro foreseen in Partnership Agreements
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
PUBLIC INVESTMENT, GROWTH AND THE CRISIS
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Local and regional authorities spend 1/3 of government expenditure
DK
SE
ES
DE
BE FI
AT PL
NL IT LV HR
ES
RO
UK LT CZ
BG FR SI
SK
HU PT
LU IE EL
CY
MT
EU
-27
EU
-28
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1995 2013% of general government expenditure
Sub-national government expenditure, 1995 and 2013Figure 4.7
HR: no data for 1995
Source: Eurostat
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
But their expenditure dropped
HU IE CY EL
PT
ES
CZ IT UK
NL
LT LV RO
HR SI
LU SK PL
AT
BG
DK
FR
DE
EE
BE FI
SE
MT
EU
-28
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
2000-2009 2009-2013Annual average % change
Average annual change in sub-national government expendi-ture, in real terms, 2000-2009 and 2010-2013
Figure 4.11
HR: 2002-2009
Source: Eurostat
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Local and regional authorities spend over half of public investments
DE
BE
FR
NL IT SE
ES PT PL
DK LV AT
BG CZ
UK EE
RO LT HR
LU SK
HU IE SI
CY
MT EL
EU
-27
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2000 2013% of total public investment
Sub-national governments investment, 2000 and 2013Figure 4.10
Source: Eurostat
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
But investment dropped even faster
ES IE CY
HR IT PT
CZ
SK EL SI
PL
AT
LU NL
UK
DE
RO LT LV HU FR
BE
DK
BG FI
EE
SE
MT
EU
-27
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
252000-2009 2009-2013Annual average % change
Average annual change in sub-national government invest-ment, volume, 2000-2009 and 2009-2013
Figure 4.13
HR: 2002-2009
Source: Eurostat
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Cohesion Policy's growing share of total public investment
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
EU-28 Public investment (Gross Fixed Capital Formation)
EU-28 Public investment without 2007-2013 CP payments (ERDF, ESF, CF)
EUR billion at 2005 prices
Contribution of Cohesion Policy (CP) to public investment, EU-28, 2007-2013
Source: Eurostat, DG REGIO
In 2007 CP payments represent 2.1% of EU's investment (11.5% considering also 2000-2006 payments)
In 2013 CP payments repre-sent 18.1% of EU's invest-ment
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Especially in EU-12
SK LT HU
BG LV PT EE
CZ PL MT
RO SI
EL
ES IT CY
DE
FI FR UK
BE
SE
AT IR NL
DK
LU
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
% of total public investment
Share of ERDF, ESF and Cohesion Fund allocations and na-tional co-financing in total public investment, average 2011-2013
Source: Eurostat, DG REGIO
EU-27
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Half the revenue of local and regional authorities are transfers
MT
RO
BG NL
UK
BE
- R
eg
ion
s
LT EL
HU
DK
HR PL CY IE
BE
- L
oca
l
LU PT EE IT
AT
- L
än
de
r SI
DE
- L
oca
l
SK
CZ
ES
- L
oca
l
FR LV FI
ES
- C
om
. Au
t.
SE
DE
- L
än
de
r
AT
- L
oca
l
EU
-27
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Other (sales, social contributions) Sub-national taxesCurrent and capital transfers
% of total revenue
Sources of sub-national government revenue, 2013Figure 4.17
Source: Eurostat
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Governance
Poor governance slows down Cohesion Policy implementation, reduces its impact and hinders economic growth and entrepreneurship
Chapter 5
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
40 50 60 70 80 90-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
RO
SK
BG
IT
MT
CZ
HU
SI
FRUK
LV
ES
LU
CY
NL
ATIE
DK
DE
PL
BE
SE
EL
FI
LTEEPT
WB
Gove
rnm
ent
eff
ect
ive-
ness
index,
2012 s
tandard
-is
ed s
o t
hat
EU
=0
Absorption of Cohesion Policy funding and Government effec-tiveness, 2014
Total absorption rate of Cohesion Policy funding 2007-2013 by 21/05/2014 (%)
Source: World Bank and SFC
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Chapter 5
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Simplifications of categories
• 5 Categories
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Simplifications of categories
• 7 categories including the first transition category
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Simplifications of categories
• 4 categories:• Objective 1• Phasing-out• Objective 2• Objective 3 (ESF)
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Simplifications of categories
• 3 categories• Full coverage
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
A stronger focus on key priorities
1989-1993 1994-1999 2000-2006 2007-20130
20
40
60
80
100
Technical assistance
Environment
Employment, educa-tion, social inclusion
Infrastructures (Transport, Energy, Telecom)Business support, R&D and innovation
% of total
Composition of Cohesion Policy investment in less developed re-gions, 1989-2013
Source: DG REGIO
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
COHESION POLICY 2014-2020
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Cohesion Policy 2014-20 in the EU economic policy mix
Country-specific recommendations are the reference for Partnership
Agreements and programmes
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Cohesion Policy 2014-2020
• Focus on growth-enhancing investments
• Concentration on Europe 2020 priorities
• Improving governance
• Linked to the European Semester
• Linked to structural reform through ex-ante conditionalities
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Europe 2020
• Less developed regions furthest removed from both EU and national 2020 targets
Chapter 6
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
11. Good governance
10. Education
09. Social inclusion
08. Employment
07. Network infrastructure
06. Environment
05. Climate change adapta-tion
04. Low-carbon economy
03. SMEs support
02. ICT
01. Innovation and R&D
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
1.1
6.2
11.0
2.9
25.6
15.5
3.6
30.1
32.7
13.7
40.0
3.2
26.3
20.9
30.733.5
17.0
3.5
7.7
ESF ERDF CF
EUR billion at current prices
Allocation to thematic objectives by Fund (EUR), 2014-2020
Source: Final and draft partnership agreements as of 1 June 2014
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
ESF Priorities (TOs 8-11)
Network infrastructure
(TO 7)
Climate change adaptation andenvironment
(TOs 5-6)
ERDF concentration priorities (TOs 1-4)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
30.2
22.8
15.8
31.2
31.5
18.2
12.1
38.2
2014-2020 2007-2013
% of total (excl. Tech. Assist.)
Allocation by thematic objective, EU-28, 2014-2020 and 2007-2013
Source: SFC and Final and draft partnership agreements as of 1 June 2014
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Ex-ante conditionality is challenging
11. Good Governance
10. Education
09. Social inclusion
08. Employment
07. Network Infrastrastructure
06. Environment
05. Climate change adaptation
04. Low-carbon economy
03. SME support
02. Information Communication Technology
01. Innovation and R&D
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
13
20
18
17
16
18
14
14
9
16
18
4
5
7
9
3
5
9
11
15
7
7
3
1
5
3
2
2
2
8
2
3
2
4
2
3
3
2
3
3
EAC not com-pletely fulfilled
EAC fulfilled
Not applicable
Not available
Number of MS Source: Commission assessment of PAs Based on information available in June 2014
Regional & Urban PolicyRegional & Urban Policy
Ireland and Cohesion Policy
• Graduated to a more developed status• Promoted as an example by the World Bank• Did not overinvest in hard infrastructure, invested
in education and attracted FDI• The crisis hit Ireland hard and caught everyone
off guard. Still Ireland has a GDP per head (PPS) 26% above the EU average (and above UK and Germany)
• Housing bubbles were common in many of the worst hit countries Spain, Baltics…
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