Renewable Energy Chapter 18

Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy Chapter 18Chapter 18

Advanced Placement Environmental Science

Energy EfficiencyEnergy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Energy EfficiencyEnergy EfficiencyIncreasing energy efficiency of

common devices has economic and environmental advantagesReducing oil importsProlonging fossil fuel suppliesReducing pollution and environmental

degradationSaving moneyBuys time to develop new technologyCreating jobs

Efficiency of Some Common DevicesEfficiency of Some Common DevicesDevice Efficiency (%)Device Efficiency (%)

Dry-cell flashlight battery 90 Home gas furnace 85 Storage battery 70 Home oil furnace 65 Small electric motor 62 Steam power plant 38 Diesel engine 38 High-intensity lamp 32 Automobile engine 25 Fluorescent lamp 22 Incandescent lamp 4

Energy Energy EfficiencyEfficiencypercentage of energy input that does useful work in an energy conversion system

Ways to Improve Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the United States leveled off or declinedFuel-efficient models account for only a tiny

fraction of car salesHybrid-electric cars are now available and

sales are expected to increaseFuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be

available within a few yearsElectric scooters and electric bicycles are

short-range transportation alternatives

Energy use of various types of transportation

Ways to Ways to Improve Improve Energy Energy

EfficiencyEfficiency Superinsulated house is more expensive than a conventional house, but energy savings pay back the extra cost

Strawbale houses have the additional advantage of using an annually renewable agricultural residue, thus slowing deforestation

Ways to Improve Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency

Existing homes can be made more energy efficient adding insulationplugging leaksinstalling energy-saving windowswrapping water heaters installing tankless models buying energy-efficient appliances and

lights

Energy EfficiencySolar EnergySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability

Solar Energy Solar Energy Buildings can be heated

passive solar heating system active solar heating system

Solar thermal systems are new technologies that collect and transform solar energy into heat that can be used directly or converted to electricity

Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly into electricity

Suitability of Solar UsageSuitability of Solar Usagebest when more than 60% of daylight hours sunny

Solar HeatingSolar HeatingPassive system:Absorbs & stores heat from the sun directly within a structure

Active system:Collectors absorb solar energy, a pump supplies part of abuildings heating or water heating needs.

Solar Domestic Hot Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)Water (SDHW)

An open circuit hot water system heats the domestic water directly on the roof of the building

The water flows from the heat collector into the hot water tank to be used in the house

Integration of solar energy conservation in homes can reduce energy consumption by 75-90%.

www.iea-shc.orgwww.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

Photovoltaic (Solar) CellsPhotovoltaic (Solar) CellsProvides electricity for buildings

Inside the PV cellInside the PV cellPV cells are made

from silicon alloys PV module

1cm by 10cm cells

36 cells connected

www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

Solar Thermal TechniquesSolar Thermal TechniquesSolar Two

HeliostatsHeliostats

Heliostats provide concentrated sunlight to the power tower

The reflecting mirrors follow the sun along its daily trajectory

Power TowerPower Tower Sunlight from mirrors

are reflected to fixed receiver in power tower

Fluid transfers the absorbed solar heat into the power block

Used to heat a steam generator

Solar One

Solar-Hydrogen Solar-Hydrogen RevolutionRevolution

Splitting water can produce H2 gasIf scientists and engineers can

learn how to use forms of solar energy to decompose water cheaply, they will set in motion a solar-hydrogen revolution

Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could power vehicles and appliances

Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability

History of Hydroelectric History of Hydroelectric B.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels for

grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago

1775 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with establishment of Chief Engineer for the Continental Army

1880 - Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo, belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps.

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

– By 1940 - 40% of electrical generation was hydropower

– Between 1921 and 1940 - conventional capacity in the U.S. tripled; almost tripled again between 1940 and 1980

– Currently - about 10% of U.S. electricity comes from hydropower.

History of Hydroelectric History of Hydroelectric

Turbine TechnologiesReaction

fully immersed in fluidshape of blades produces rotation

Tidal Power PlantTidal Power Plant

Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainability

Rotary WindmillRotary Windmill

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

Vertical BladesVertical Blades

Energy from WindEnergy from Wind Production of electricity and hydrogen

gas by wind farms is expected to increase

Western Europe currently leads in the development of wind power

Land used for wind farms also can be used for ranching or crops and most profits stay in local communitiesNorth Dakota

OptimizationOptimizationLow Torque – Rapid Speed

good for electrical generationHigh Torque – Slow Speed

good for pumping waterSmall generator

low wind speedscaptures small amount of energy

Large generatorhigh wind speedsmay not turn at low speeds

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

Source: American Wind Energy Associationwww.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassBiomassGeothermalSustainability

Energy from Energy from BiomassBiomass In the developing world, most

people heat homes and cook by burning wood or charcoal

Plant materials and animal wastes also can be converted into biofuels, BiogasLiquid ethanolLiquid methanol

Urban wastes can be burned in incinerators to produce electricity and heat

Types of Types of Biomass Biomass

FuelFuel

ConversionProcesses

BiomassFeedstock

– Trees– Forest Residues – Grasses– Agricultural Crops– Agricultural Residues– Animal Wastes– Municipal Solid Waste

Fuels: Ethanol Renewable Diesel Methanol HydrogenElectricityHeatProducts– Plastics– Foams – Solvents– Coatings– Chemical

Intermediates– Phenolics– Adhesives– Fatty acids– Acetic Acid– Carbon black– Paints– Dyes, Pigments, and

Ink– Detergents– Etc.

BiorefineryBiorefinery

- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation- Enzymatic Fermentation- Gas/liquid Fermentation- Thermochemical Processes- Gasification/Pyrolysis- Combustion- Co-firing

www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/BESACGarman08-02-01.ppt

Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalGeothermalSustainability

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy Geothermal energy can be used to

heat buildings and to produce electricity

Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if heat is removed faster than natural processes renew it, but the potential supply is vast

TechnologyTechnologyGeothermal Heat Pumps

shallow ground energyDirect-Use

hot water can be piped to facilitiesPower Plants

steam and hot water drive turbinesdry steam plantsflash steam plantsbinary cycle plants

www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

Dry Steam Power PlantsDry Steam Power PlantsHydrothermal

fluids are primarily steamSteam goes

directly to turbine

No fossil fuels

Flash Steam Power PlantFlash Steam Power PlantFluids above 200

degrees CelsiusFluid is sprayed into

tank at lower pressure

Fluid rapidly vaporizes

Steam drives turbine

Binary Cycle Power PlantBinary Cycle Power Plant

Cooler water (below 200 degrees Celsius)Hot thermal fluid

and a second fluid pass through heat exchanger

BenefitsBenefitsClean Energy

one sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gasvery little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur

compoundsAvailability

24 hours a day, 365 days a yearHomegrownRenewable

Environmental EffectsEnvironmental EffectsOnly emission is steamSalts and dissolved minerals reinjectedSome sludge produced

Mineral extractionLittle Visual Impact

Small acreage, no fuel storage facilities

LocationLocationHot geothermal fluidLow mineral and gas contentShallow aquifers

Producing and reinjecting the fluidPrivate land

Simplifies permit processProximity to transmission lines

www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/ rebasics_geothermal.html

FutureFutureOnly tiny fraction is currently

used Dry hot rock heated by molten

magma Drill into rock and circulate

Energy EfficiencySolar EnergyHydropowerWind PowerBiomassGeothermalSustainabilitySustainability

Suggestions to make the transition to a moresustainable energy future.

Renewable Energy Chapter 18

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