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Date of Presentation : 24 December 2013
Master candidate: Yeo Lee Bak Supervisor: Assoc. Prof Dr. Ismail Bin Said
Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty Of Built Environment Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Background Study
Research Problem
Research Gap
Research Aim
Theoretical Framework
Research Objectives
Scope of Study
Significance of Study
Research Type
Data Collection Methods
Data Analysis Methods
Anticipate Findings
Type of Arts at Outdoor
Landscape
Attributes Authors Research Concern
Earth Art Wide Open Space, large
scale, not in an urban
setting.
Spaid (2002),
Fisher (2011).
-A few studies have been conducted on
defining the subject and projects.
-Focus on aesthetic and environment aspects..
Environmental Art More or less natural site,
Less monumental, not
artifactual or urban site.
Carlson (2000),
Spaid (2002), Fisher
(2007)
Brady (2007)
Brady (2007)
Wildy (2011)
-Many studies have been conducted on
defining the subject and project.
-Arguing on the subject.
Focus on aesthetic and environment aspects.
Ecological Art
Heal environment,
improve local ecosystem.
Spaid (2002), Brady
(2007), Wildy (2012)
-A few of studies have been conducted on
defining the subject.
-Very few projects are being studied.
Focus on environment aspect; remediate the
ecology.
Ecovention Ecology + invention.
Physical transform
ecology.
Spaid (2002), May
(2006)
-Very few studies on the subject.
-A few examples studied on the project.
-Focus on people and environment
relationship; Use technologies to transform
ecology.
Public Art Public space, stimulate
public reaction.
Hein (1996),
Sharp et al (2005),
Chang (2008),
Fabian et al (2012).
Mustafa (2013).
-Very many studies have been conducted on
defining the subject and project.
-Mainly focus on aesthetic and social aspects;
people and place relationship and place
identity.
Table 1.0 Trend of studies -Type of Arts at Outdoor Landscape
Great favour, or affection
Least favour, or affection
Greatest favour, or affection
Least favour, or affection
Moderate favour, or affection
As suggested by Asdam (2012), to explore the studies on place and people relationship, public art is perceived to have stronger affection in this context.
Public art is the artwork of artistic and creative expressions. It includes sculpture, mural, street furniture and cultural events which situated in free access sites
such as street, roundabout, square, plaza and park that stimulate public reactions about space, behavior and issue (Hein, 1996; Bach, 2001; Sharp et. al., 2005; Chang, 2008).
Public art Claims Zebracki (2010):
a) Physical-aesthetic b) Economic c) Social d) Cultural-symbolic
- numerous identities can be problematic (Sharp et al., 2005).
- artwork is elitist, therefore, unlikely to engage with the artwork (Pollock & Paddison, 2010).
- not socially relevant, thereby discouraging public to engage with it. Some of the public art even more worse which were suspiciously been selected by
bureaucrats who do not acquaint much about art especially those tasteless, kitsch public art that reflect poorly on visual imagery (Fabian et. al., 2012).
In short, studies on people and place relationship, Dungey (1990) posits that the significance of art is to stimulate people emotion, sense, and spirit that nurture importance of place with public artwork.
The implementation of public art in Malaysian cities and towns are considered new and it has never been seemed crucial (Mustafa et. al., 2013). Public art
development in Malaysia always seeks to enhance the identity of Malaysia, but solely in improving the identity is not enough. There is still lack of study on
people relationship with public art in Malaysia, subsequently public art are abandoned and neglected by people and thereby discouraging people using the space.
A number studies on public art’s publicness and artfulness, in which they neglect to consider the public interaction (e.g. Deutsche, 1996; Hein, 1996; Massey & Rose, 2003; Kwon, 2004; Chang, 2008). There are also many studies on the importance of public art towards people and place but they did not stress on people’s engagement with public art (e.g. Hall and Robertson, 2001; Sharp et al., 2005; Remesar, 2005; Zebracki et al., 2010; Fabian et al., 2012; Mustafa et al., 2013). Therefore, the main concern of this study focuses on behavioral perspective dealing with the attributes of public art that lead to people’s engagement and attachment to place.
i) To identify the attributes of public art that contributes to people interaction.
The aim of the study is to explore public art influences people interaction, particularly public interact with the artwork, and people around them such as family, friends or strangers.
ii) To examine public’s reactions after they engage with public artworks, whether they behave positively or negatively.
RQ1: What attributes of public art that make people want to interact with it? RQ2: What activities are generated during the interaction? RQ3: Would the scale and material used affect the people interaction? RQ4: Would the placement of public art influence people to interact? RQ5: How people behaved after they interact with public art? RQ6: Would they more likely to engage with the artworks when they are motivated (positive weighted emotions- pleasantness, cheerfulness and excitement)? RQ7: Would they unlikely to engage with the artworks when they are non-motivated (negative emotions- annoyance, depression, and boredom)? Semantics Differential ( Bradley & Lang, 1994).
Conceptual Framework
Social Cognitive Theory (Observational learning) (Bandura 1986, 2001; Gibson 2004)
Place attachment (Prohansky et, al., 1983; Ujang 2012)
Symbolic Interactionism (Stimulus–response causality Model) (Mead, 2013; Blumer, 1986; Musolf, 2003)-page 10
+
Fig. 3.1 Stimulus- response causality model of public art. Adopt from Musolf, 2003.
RO1 RO2
Table 2.0 Presume Hypothesis According to Variables:
Hypothesis: Attributes of public art influence people interaction and affect behavioral change. Null Hypothesis: Attributes of public art do not influence people interaction and affect behavioral change.
Influential Variables (Interaction Factors)
Perceived People Interaction
Influential Variables ( Emotional Factors)
Perceived Attaching to Place
RO1 Structure Scale ( Accords to human scale :
<small, =medium, >large) – Nominal Scale Material use / Composition ( Natural: Soil, rock, water, wood and leafs; Non-natural: concrete, metal, asphalt, or
mineral pigments) - Likert Scale Location (street, roundabout, square, plaza
and park ) Likert Scale Social Body movement
Voices Nominal Scale
Great affection/ Importance Least affection/ Imp Greatest affection/ Imp Moderate affection/ Imp
RO2 Positive Emotions Pleasantness Cheerfulness Excitement Negative Emotions Annoyance Depression Boredom
Semantic Scale
Improve the engagement and frequent use of space with artworks Unlikely to engage with the artworks
RO 1 : To identify the attributes of public art that contributes to people interaction. RO 2 : To examine public’s reactions after they engage with public artworks, whether they behave positively or negatively.
Example of Questionnaires – Measuring Example
Nominal Scale
Ordinal Scale
Likert Scale
Semantic Scale
Interval Scale
Scale ( small size, medium size=proportional to human, large size)
Perceived People interaction
Material Composition ( Natural: soil, rock, water, wood and leafs; Non-natural: concrete, metal, asphalt, or mineral pigments)
Location (street, roundabout, square, plaza and park)
Interaction between people and the artwork
Affection ( Influential/ independent Variables)
Body movement ( touch, play, take photo, observe attentively, glance)
Voice (talk to others, asking, discussing)
Interaction between people and people
Perceived Social Activities
Emotional Yield
Perceived Attaching To place
Positive (Pleasantness, Cheerfulness and Excitement)
Negative (Annoyance, Depression and Boredom)
Affection ( Influential/ independent Variables)
Focus on social claims, physical aesthetic claims and cultural symbolic claims.
Measure the attributes of public art in 3 aspects – scale, material composition, and location, follow by examining people reaction (response that reveals a
person's feelings or attitude: pleasantness, cheerfulness and excitement; annoyance, depression, and boredom) in that particular area.
Study area : Georgetown Penang and Muar
GP: Prominent, popular – Establish in 2012 (Public art- murals and wrought-iron caricature sculpture ) Mostly, located at street.
Muar: Not prominent – (Public art- sculpture) Located on roundabout and parks.
The study is significant in response to the problem statements and research gap that have stated earlier in the research proposal. I) The research is crucial in suggesting the most suitable size and location for the artwork, and its material compositions, which can contribute to landscape architects, urban planners, artwork producers, local authorities and other practitioners to develop a more substantial public art in urban space. II) The research is important to create a more substantial public art that welcomes people to engage with it. The reason is whenever they engage with the artwork and people around them, they are more likely to protect it. Thus, they will value the artwork and the place.
Tend to Qualitative
Approaches
Quantitative
Approaches
Mixed Methods
Approaches
Philosophical Assumptions Constructivist Post-positivist Pragmatic
Inquiry Phenomenology, grounded
theory, ethnography,
Case study, narrative
Survey and experiments Sequential, concurrent, and
transformative
Methods Open-ended questions, emerging
approaches, text or image data
Close-ended questions,
predetermined approaches,
numeric data
Qt + Ql
Practices -Positions him or her
-Focus on a phenomena
-Study context of participant
-Validate accuracy
-Makes interpretations
-Collaborate with participant
-Test, verifies theory or
explanation
-Identify variables to study
-Relates variables in question or
hypotheses
-Uses standards of validity
-Observes and measure
numerically
-Employs statistical procedures
Qt + Ql
-Develop rationale for mixing
-Presents visual pictures
Table 3.0 Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (Creswell,2009)
The research using Mixed method approach.
Under Pragmatic Philosophical Assumptions (Creswell,2009) . Guided by practical experience and observation rather than theory
1. Exploratory purpose via observation, 2. Survey questionnaires to generalize the results to a population, 3. Interview is adopted to strengthen the understanding of a concept. This triangulating data sources approaches are useful in providing a better understanding for validation process instead of methodological artifact (Jick, 1979).
Techniques Ways to do Things to be noted/ recorded
Field Notes Act as one of the public who
wandering around, by not letting
them know that our observation is
part of the research project.
Appearance:
Age: Children, teenager, adult or elderly.
Gender: Male or female
Ethnicity: Chinese, Malay, Indian or Others.
Snap Pictures Take specific picture of the public
artworks. Quietly snap picture in
case people engage with the public
art and people around them.
Physical Identity:
Attributes: Scale, material, and location.
Physical Gesture:
Communicate via body movement or voice.
Behavior:
Feel positive or negative
Video Recording Record video without prior notice
of the participants.
The whole process whereby people engage with the
public artwork and people around them.
Table 3.1 Unstructured Observation Schedule
The study starts with an unstructured observation to garner a prerequisite understanding of the site (William & Brown, 2009).
Observations
Table 3.2 Working Structured Observation Schedule
In structured observation, a schedule is prepared accordingly as stated Table 3.2, which adopted from Kumar (2009).
Day 1 to Day 7
Georgetown & Muar
No. of
Participants
Demographic
Characteristic of People
Who Engage with Public
Art.
Ways of People Engage
with Public Art
Who They Engage with
Age
≥18 (adults)
<18 (children and adolescents)
Gender
Male
Female
Ethnicity
Chinese (White)
Malay (Brown)
Indian (Black)
Othersᵃ (Non- local)
Direct Engagement
Touch
Play
Take Photo
Indirect Engagement
Observe Attentively
Glance
Friends/ Family
Strangers
Mean
Xx
Xx
Xx
Xx
Xx
Xx
Xx
Xx
Xx
Xx
Xx
Xx
xx
Xx
Xx
Stratified random sampling technique will be used to pick participants (public area) within the area, Fig. 1 and 2. Georgetown - Total population: 740,200 (Department of Statistic, 2010) Population size: Georgetown 1490 persons per square kilometer Muar - Total population: 247,957 (Department of Statistic, 2010) Population size: 174 persons per square kilometer
Fig. 1 Map of Georgetown, Penang (Core Zone) – Study Area
Fig. 2 Map of Muar, Johor (Bandar Maharani, Bandar Diraja) – Study Area
For Questionnaires
Available at: http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc3/calc.aspx?id=89#
200 Samples!!!
By: Dr. Daniel Soper.
SEM
Interviews
Structured interview usually construct in a sequential way, formatting the questions before in situ interview is conducted, and every participant are asked the exact same questions thereby data collected can be used to make statement (William and Brown , 2009).
For example in other to get data for answering why and how, structured interview is needed to answer RQ3, RQ4, RQ5, RQ6 and RQ7. RQ1: What attribute of public art that makes people want to interact with it? RQ2: What activities is generated during the interaction? RQ3: Would the scale and material used affect the people interaction? RQ4: Would the placement of public arts influence people to interact? RQ5: How people behaved after they interact with public art? RQ6: Would they more likely to engage with the artworks when they are satisfying (positive weighted emotions- pleasantness, cheerfulness and excitement)? RQ7: Would they unlikely to engage with the artworks when they are dissatisfying (negative emotions- annoyance, depression, and boredom)?
Observation
Close-ended questions will be prepared accordingly.
Using IBM SPSS Statistic and Amos (version 21)
or Chi Square – Cross Tabulation
There is evidence of a relationship between a and b due to c (Chi square=xx.xxxx , df=1 and P<0.001)
SEM – SPSS AMOS
The evidence suggests that a influence b is greater than a influence c to achieve d.
The research anticipated the following results: I) The problems of neglecting and vandalism of public art can be avoided because
people value the public art.
II) A more appropriate attributes of public art model can be produced as the guideline for any public art development that wish to promote social engagement.
III) People are emotional attach to the place because of the artwork, thereby the frequent use of space is increased.
Work/Time Frame Sem 1 Sem 2 Sem 3 Sem 4
Research Proposal /
Literature Review
-Problem, Gap
-Framework, Hypothesis
/ /
Aim & Objective /
Research Design
-Preliminary Study
-Preparing Tools & Equipment use
/
/
Pilot Study
-Georgetown, Muar, JB
-Observation
-Survey
/
Data Collection
-Finding ,Analysis and Discussion
/ /
Thesis Writing / / /
Publishing Paper
SEACTUC
CONFERENCE
JOURNAL
/
/
/
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