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Rhythm Chapter four
What is rhythm? • The rhythm of speech is based on the timing
of sound segments (syllables). • The uneven timing of stressed and unstressed
syllables gives English speech its rhythm.
• A person who speaks English with the rhythm of another language is said to speak with an accent.
Take more time out. The time is out. -Content words: (nouns-verbs, adjectives,
adverbs) These word forms contain the core of
information in a message and are spoken clearly and fully.
- Function words: (articles, helping verbs, pronouns) are simplified and spoken quickly.
Listen:
Call right back. I will call you right back. Will you call me right back? Page: 4.3
Reduced forms and rhythm:• Reduced forms are words or groups of words
that are spoken simply and quickly. • Vowels become unstressed and consonants
combine or become silent.
-who is he? -What do you mean?
Simplifying vowels: • Function words are spoken with reduced
vowels: -I can wait. Can anyone do that? /kәn/ In certain circumstances function words are
spoken clearly: 1- when the function word is stressed for
emphasis. 2- When the function word ends an utterance. Page: 4.4
Articles:
• The: say /ðә/ before a consonant: The past the time
• say/ði/ before a vowel: The idea the office
Page: 4.6
a/an• a before consonants /ә/A spy a border
• an before vowels /әn/ An eye an order
Page: 4.7
Other function words: are, or, for, your
/әr/ yes or no? / әr/ these are fine/fәr/ two for one. /jәr/ what’s your name?
Page 4.7/ 4.8
• Was = /wәz/ What was that? Was that interesting? Page: 4.8
• Will = /wәl/ It will rain. What will happen?
• Could, should, would It could rain. /kәd/We should ask. /∫әd/I would not ask.
Page: 4.9
• That: As an adverb: it is pronounced fully: That one. I doubt that.
As a function word: it is reduced: /ðәt/ I know that it’s right. I heard that you called. Tell me that it’s okay.
Page: 4.10
To, you: Easy to do. /tә/ you have to try it. /jә/ page: 4.10
• do, does, did - As main verbs: pronounced clearly:They do accounting. She does computer graphics. I did my paperwork. - as helping verbs: reduced: What do you need? /dә/What does it mean? /dәz/When did it start? /dΙd/ Page: 4.11
Thank you
Simplifying Consonants:
• Some consonants are omitted or not spoken clearly.
And: /әnd/ nice and easy you and I
/ әn/ before a consonant the d is not pronounced:
Rock’n roll now and then
Of = /әv/ the f is often not clearly pronounced when it is before a consonants.
Lots of luck /ә/ it’s kind of nice /ә/
Have, has, had: -as main verbs, they are pronounced clearly.- As helping verbs, h is omitted:
/әv/ what have you been up to? /әz/ what has happened? /әd/ Teresa had arrived.
He, him, his, her, hers:- These pronouns are often spoken with the h
silent: /әr/ Give her this copy. / ɪm/ tell him I’ll call him later.
Them: /ðәm/ Get th’m /әm/ Get ‘em
Reduced Word Groups: combining consonants- final t followed by y is often
pronounced/t∫/Won’t you? Why can’t you?-final d followed by y is often
pronounced /dʒ/ Did you? Would you go?
Linking with the tapped t Between vowels final t and d are usually tapped: Not at all what about it?
Common two-word reductions: (pages4.16-4.18)Ought to /ɑtə/ Got to /gɑtə/ What do /wʌtə/ Want to /wʌnə Going to /gʌnə/
• Omission of h and t: The h in he, his, her and hers is often omitted
when these pronouns connect with other words, particularly function words. (pages 4.19-4.20)
Is he your friend? /ɪzi/ Is her name Diana? /ɪzər/
• Contracted forms:I am= I’m You are= you’re We are= we’re They are = they’re
(pages 4.20-4.22)
Thank you
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