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Presentationa at the 4th World Water Forum
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4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
Risk Management in the Iullemeden Aquifer
System
4th WORLD WATER FORUM
Mexico, Marsh 17th, 2006
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
Niger
Nigeria
Mali
R. Niger
•Countries : Mali, Niger, Nigeria
Aquifers :• Cretaceous Intercalary
Continental• Tertiary Terminal
Continental• > 2000 billion m3
Niger river :• 30 billion m3 per
year
Area : 525 000 km²•Mali : 31000 km² (6%)•Niger : 434000 km² (83%)•Nigeria : 60000 km² (11%).
Population :• 15 million (2000)• 28 million (2025)
IAS OVERVIEW
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
NATURAL RESOURCES
Non renewable Groundwater > 2000 billion m3
Surface water (Niger river) : 30 billion m3/y
« W » National parc (Niger Republic)
160 billion m3/y to Atlantic ocean
Fisheries > 200 species
Livestock > 4 million cattle
Irrigation land > 300 000 ha
Renewable Groundwater > 2 billion m3
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
SHARED IAS ISSUES
•Increased water demand because of growing population : 15 millions in 2000, double in 2025
•Climate change
•Decreased groundwater recharge rate
•Land degradation 100 000 ha/year
•Silting : river, lake, pools
•Deforestation > 1 million ton firewood
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
SHARED IAS ISSUES
• Lack of exchange information between countries sharing and exploiting the same resource
• Lack of cooperation on aquifers although Basins Authorities exit in the region : NBA, LGA, etc…
• Aquifers only studied in the limits of the national borders
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
Within the goal of sustainable :
•environmental protection and sub-regional and national development
•cooperative framework for joint management of risk and uncertainty
GENERAL OBJECTIVE
To establish the capacity, to identify, reduce and mitigate transboundary risks from changing land and water use and from climate change in the shared Iullemeden Aquifer System
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
PROJECT OUTCOMES
•Joint mechanisms for identification of transboundary risk issues in the IAS;
•A joint development and conservation strategy for the IAS;
•A joint tripartite legal and institutional cooperative framework for the IAS;
•Joint programmes for awareness, participation and inter-governmental communication.
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
IAS PROJECT COMPONENTS
•Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis ;
•Strengthening the State of knowledge of IAS;
•Awareness, Participation, Capacity Building;
•Consultative Mechanism;
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
STEERING COMMITTEE
(Periodic control and Evaluation)
Countries : Partners :
DNH - Mali - UEP/GEF
DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger - IAEA - ESA - IRD
DHH/FWRM - Nigeria - FAO - IGRAC - GTZ
STEERING COMMITTEE
(Periodic control and Evaluation)
Countries : Partners :
DNH - Mali - UEP/GEF
DRE/MHE/LCD - Niger - IAEA - ESA - IRD
DHH/FWRM - Nigeria - FAO - IGRAC - GTZ
OSS
Implementation Agency
OSS
Implementation Agency
IAS Project
- Coordination and Technical Management
- Regional Coordination
- Scientific Control
IAS Project
- Coordination and Technical Management
- Regional Coordination
- Scientific Control
National Teams
National Coordinator
National Focal Point
National Coordination Committee
National Teams
National Coordinator
National Focal Point
National Coordination Committee
Scientific Audit
Scientific Evaluation
Validation of final reports
Scientific Audit
Scientific Evaluation
Validation of final reports
Experts
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
Consultative Mechanism
Recharge
Modelling
Remote Sensing
Experts
Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis
Consultative Mechanism
Recharge
Modelling
Remote Sensing
PROJECT STRUCTURE
UNESCO
Scientific Supervision
UNESCO
Scientific Supervision
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
• Three national reports for TDA (Mali, Niger and Nigeria) for further IAS wide analysis (under implementation) ;
ACHIEVEMENTS SO FAR :
• Common digitalized maps for a further hydrogeological risks analysis;
• Analysis of information/data availability in support of cooperation among countries;
• Legal and consultative mechanism ;
• Management tool development (database)
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
H = High Risk M = Medium Risk W = Weak Risk
RISKS IDENTIFIED
RISKSMali Niger Nigeria
Mean value
Lack of knowledge of groundwater flow patternsH M H
H
Lack of knowledge of Surface Water and Groundwater connexion H H H
H
Basin Awareness H H H H
Climatic changes : floods, droughts H H H H
Deforestation H H H H
Groundwater exploitation W W M W
Decline of Artesianism uncontrolled M H H H
Water pollution H H H H
Soil salinisation M M W M
Inadequate groundwater network H M H H
Non consultative groundwater Exploitation H H H H
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
PARTIAL CAUSAL CHAIN ANALYSISDIRECT CAUSES (Natural origin)
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES
DIRECT CAUSES(Human origin)
IMPACTS COMMON BASIC CAUSES
Climatic changes, (reduced rainfall and runoff)Frequent droughtsReduced connexion between surface water and groundwater because of silting, sand dunes established
Groundwater resources scarcity
Increase in water demand (growth population, mining and agricultural activities)Inadequate water infrastructure
Reduced groundwater rechargeDecline of artesian water pressureReduced renewable groundwater resourceAlternative water resources
Deficient political and legal practical frameworkInadequate basin awarenessInsufficient knowledge and participation in sustainable water resource managementLack of consultative mechanism in groundwater resources management although several Basin AuthoritiesDeficiency in application of law
High concentration of fluoride, nitrates
Groundwater quality
degradation
Pollution by urban, industrial and mining activitiesAgricultural activities (pesticides, manures)Land use and inadequate change in land use
Soil SalinizationLess production in agricultureDiseases
Climatic change: droughts, desertification, establishment of sand dunes
Loss of Biodiversity and Biotic resources
Deforestation (firewood)Uncontrolled hunting activitiesClearing of land for agricultureMigration of the population from deserted zone to wetlandsLand use and inadequate change in land use
Employment (firewood)Reduced tourismIncrease water erosion
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
ENVIRON. ISSUES & TRANSBOUNDARY MANIFESTATIONSENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUESEFFECTS & SYMPTOMS TRANSBOUNDARY
MANIFESTATIONSSTRATEGIC ACTIONS
Groundwater resources scarcity
Increase of percentage of population without access of drinking waterLess agriculture (reduced area under irrigation)Transfer water (big towns, mining areas)
Transboundary migration of the population increasing water demand in the new habitatIncrease potential conflicts between farmers and pastoralists using the same water point (well, dug well, boreholes)
Sustainable and jointly development of water resourcesOperational consultative mechanism of water resource management (exchange data, groundwater exploitation modelling, ) to alert water scarcity
Groundwater quality degradation
Change option in water demand (fluoride)Less production of agricultureSanitation issues (diseases)More importation of foodChange option of water use
Transport pollutions with effects on human population, ecosystem.Transport of diseases
Prevention and control of risk pollution“Pollutant-Payer”, taxesOperational legal framework
Loss of Biodiversity and Biotic resources
Reduced wildlife populations of flora and faunaReduced biological properties of the soil (fertilisation)Increase of denuded areas and loss of wetlandsIncrease of water erosion, and sand dunes establishment
Migration of fauna and flora to wetland and peaceful zonesMigration of the population including diseases migration, destruction of new humid habitatMigration and increase potential conflicts between farmers and pastoralists
Strengthening public awareness in support of decision-making processes;Environmental education for civil society“Pollutant-Payer”, taxes
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
Sliding of isohyets southwards by 100 km:decrease of 20%- 30% of the rainfall
DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
Erosion and silting in Niger river
Development of sand dunes
DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : CLIMATIC CHANGE
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
Evolution des Débits annuels : Ecart à la Moyenne
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1950
1954
1958
1962
1966
1970
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
Eca
rt (
m3/
s)
Ecart / Moyenne (864 m3/s)
Reduced Niger river runoff at
Niamey : 36,2%
CLIMATIC IMPACTS
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
-4,00
-3,00
-2,00
-1,00
0,00
1,00
2,00
3,00
4,0019
81
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3Ecr (Pluie)Ecr (Débit)Cumul Ecr.-Piézo.
Reduction of groundwater recharge
(R. Dessouassi et G. Mahé , 1997)
CLIMATIC IMPACTS
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
DIRECT HUMAN CAUSE
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
DIRECT NATURAL CAUSE : FLUORIDE (6mg/l)
Bony Fluorosis Apatite :
Ca5(PO4)3 (OH, F, Cl)
More than 300 victims mainly children incurably deformed
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
COMITE DE PILOTAGE
(Niveau Politique)SECRETAIRE
Facilitateur)
MALI
Comité Technique
NIGER
Comité Technique
NIGERIA
Comté Technique
STEERING COMMITTE
(Political level)
SECRETARY
Facilitator)
MALI
Technical Committee
NIGER
Technical Committee
NIGERIA
Technical Committee
TEMPORAL CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
Maintenance of Database; coordination national committee
activities ; preparation of decisions to the Steering
committee
MALI
Technical Committee
NIGER
Technical Committee
NIGERIA
Technical Committee
STEERING COMMITTEE
(Political Level)
PERMANENT CONSULTATIVE MECHANISM
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
Groundwater
Surface WaterClimatology
Administrative Domains
Users
COMMON DATABASE
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
COMMON DIGITALIZED GEOLOGICAL MAP
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
REMOTE SENSING : PILOT SITES
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
• Definition, Quantification and Analysis of Transboundary risks in IAS
• Addressing lack of data/information : A need for country capacity building ;
• Rational management of surface water and groundwater ; and• “ Implementable “ consultative mechanism for cooperation and coordination.
CHALLENGES
4th World Water Forum, Mexico 2006
END
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