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Roskin CC13 Ch09 Lecture
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Countries and Concepts: Politics, Geography, Culture, 13e
Michael G. Roskin
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Mexico’s growth shows in the rapid urbanization in Guanajuato in
Central Mexico.
Mexico’s growth shows in the rapid urbanization in Guanajuato in
Central Mexico.
Credit: emattil/Fotolia
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Learning Objectives
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
9.3 List the several ideologies Latin America has imported.
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Learning Objectives
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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Mexico
Mexico
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Why Mexico Matters
Mexico illustrates the interpenetration of crime and politics that
characterizes much of the Third World.
Mexican democracy is at war with crime.
Some have said Mexico is collapsing into a failed state, which is
inaccurate.
Mexico is a weak state because it cannot control crime or
corruption.
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Why Mexico Matters
Mexico’s problems are especially troubling for the United States,
given the border shared between the two countries.
Although Mexico’s problems are widely discussed, the country has
made significant progress, becoming a stable democracy and major
economy, albeit one with terrible income inequality.
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Why Mexico Matters
The United States cannot isolate itself from Mexico and must take
an interest in Mexico’s problems and progress.
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Impact of the Past
Roughly 15,000 years ago, hunter-gatherers walked across the Bering
Strait in pursuit of game.
Some founded civilizations, but at the time the Americas had few
domesticable plants or animals.
This means that the rising civilizations of the Americas lagged
behind Europe’s, leaving them easy prey for the greedy
Europeans.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Several civilizations rose and fell in Mexico before the arrival of
the Spaniards.
The Olmec (1000 BC) set the stage for subsequent Mesoamerican
civilizations.
The Zapotec and Teotihuacán (early AD) constructed elaborate
palaces and pyramids.
The Mayans (first millennium) built a high civilization in the
Yucatán.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Several civilizations rose and fell in Mexico before the arrival of
the Spaniards.
The Toltec (10-12th centuries) held sway in Central Mexico until
they were destroyed by nomadic invaders.
The Aztecs (14th century) moved from northwest Mexico to the Valley
of Mexico around 1300.
Aztec kings ran large bureaucracies and expanded over time.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
Portugal started the voyages of discovery in search of a route to
the wealth of the “Indies” that bypassed Arab traders and
Moors.
Realizing that Portugal was far ahead in their efforts, Spain sent
Columbus on a mission to reach Asia by sailing directly across the
Atlantic.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
Columbus thought he had nearly reached India, and Spaniards charged
ahead for “gold, God, and glory.”
The Spaniards served the royal treasury, the Catholic church, and
the conquistadores.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
At the time of Spain’s arrival, the Aztecs had a big population and
a bureaucratic empire.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
The Aztecs were unable to fend off the Spanish conquerors for
several reasons.
The Spanish brought smallpox with them, and by 1600 the population
of Mexico went from 20 million to one million.
The Spanish had steel weapons and armor.
The Spanish had horses and guns.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
The Aztecs were unable to fend off the Spanish conquerors for
several reasons.
Those people that the Aztecs had subjugated aided the
Spanish.
An Aztec legend stated that a white god from the east,
Quetzalcóatal, would return and destroy them.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
Spanish ships explored Mexico’s coast, finding considerable wealth
in the interior.
Hernán Cortés sailed from Havana in 1518 and pushed inland.
Cortés was originally welcomed to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán
by the Aztec king Moctezuma.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
Cortés was eventually expelled, but returned in 1521 after smallpox
had wiped out much of the city’s population.
The Spaniard captured and killed the last Aztec emperor.
Today, Mexico celebrates many Aztec heroes but no Spanish ones, and
many pre-Columbian traditions remain in Mexican culture.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
On the ruins of Tenochtitlán, the Spanish built a new capital
called Mexico.
By 1600, the Spanish had taken over all of Mexico and captured its
wealth.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
To control what they called New Spain, the Spanish granted land and
workers to Spanish soldiers and settlers.
Indian serfs worked the land.
This encomiendas system produced a feudal like social
stratification, with those born in Spain at the top, followed by
creoles and then mestizos.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
New Spain
In 1707, the Spanish Bourbons divided New Spain into 12
intendencias, each supervised by a French-style intendente, who
reported to a central authority.
Economic liberalization boosted Mexico’s economy, and more
Spaniards settled there.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Mexican Independence
The late 18th century brought new ideas to Spain’s and Portugal’s
Latin America’s colonies.
The Enlightenment and the American and French Revolutions inspired
some in Mexico to seek independence.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Mexican Independence
On September 16th, 1810, the priest Miguel Hidalgo declared Mexico
independent.
Although it went nowhere, this day is still celebrated as Mexico’s
Independence Day.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Mexican Independence
Hidalgo demanded equality and the redistribution of land to Indians
but fought French-style atheism and for Catholicism.
Hidalgo’s forces grew out of control, and he was captured and
executed.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Mexican Independence
Hidalgo’s efforts were carried on by another priest, José Maria
Morelos, who led guerrilla warfare attacks in southern
Mexico.
Morelos suffered the same fate as Hidalgo, but both are seen as
revolutionary heroes and founders of populist nationalism still
alive in Mexican politics.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Mexican Independence
Napoleon’s occupation of Spain in 1808 triggered Mexico’s
independence.
Mexico’s elite felt that Spain’s 1812 constitution would bring
atheism and liberalism to Mexico and threaten their privileged
status.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
To preserve their privileges, Mexican elites declared independence
in 1821.
This meant that Mexico’s independence was not revolutionary, was
not about mass participation, but instead was elite-led and
conservative.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
Mexico began as a conservative monarchy but that lasted only 18
months.
Mexico's elite split into two camps: conservative centralizers and
liberal federalists.
For much of the 19th century, Mexico was led by caudillos—military
chiefs or strongmen that take control of the government.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
A key figure was Antonio López de Santa Anna, who was Mexico’s
off-and-on president, general, and dictator.
Santa Anna’s big problem was Texas.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
Starting in 1821, Mexico began granting land to American settlers
to populate Texas, and they soon outnumbered the Mexicans.
To discourage further American settlers, Mexico outlawed slavery in
1828.
By 1833, 30,000 American settlers were living in Texas and
demanding self-government.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
Starting in 1821, Mexico began granting land to American settlers
to populate Texas, and they soon outnumbered the Mexicans.
Texas declared independence in 1836 as the Republic of Texas.
Santa Anna rejected this demand and marched north to reclaim
Texas.
Santa Anna took the Alamo, but nothing further.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
In 1845, the United States annexed Texas, which led to war with
Mexico from 1846-1848.
Mexico lost, and after occupying Mexico City, the United States
took the southwest states and paid Mexico a sum of $15
million.
Mexico was then briefly occupied by France from 1861-1867.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
Exiled Mexican conservatives convinced Napoleon III that Mexico
could be a place to reconstruct a Catholic monarchy.
There was little support for this in Mexico.
The French left when the costs became too high and the American
Civil War ended, realizing Mexico was not like orderly
Europe.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
The iconic figure of 19th century Mexico was Benito Juárez
(1806–1872).
Juárez was remarkable on several counts.
He was born of Indian parents.
Juárez was educated in law and rose to the presidency in
1858.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
Juárez was remarkable on several counts.
Juárez wanted redistribution of land and a market economy,
federalism, and separation of church and state.
He boosted Mexican anticlericalism.
Juárez was not in power long and was forced on two occasions by
conservatives and the French to withdraw to distant
locations.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
Porfirio Díaz (1830-1915) followed in Juárez’s footsteps but
transitioned into a harsh dictator.
Díaz turned against Juárez, and was “elected” president 17 times
between 1877 and 1910.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Between Monarchy and Republic
Díaz centralized all branches of government under his control, and
his bureaucrats pushed for economic growth.
However, the benefits of the growth primarily went to the wealthy
and foreign investors.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Mexican Revolution
Mexico’s revolution had several sides and is one of Latin America’s
few genuine revolutions.
Revolutions do not happen for a single reason, and Mexico had been
stockpiling its problems for some time.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Mexican Revolution
Anarchist and socialist ideas crept into Mexico from Europe during
the Díaz regime.
The Mexican group Regeneration demanded one-term presidencies,
civil rights, public education, land reform, improved pay and
working conditions, and ending the power of the Catholic
Church.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Mexican Revolution
The triggering point for the revolution came when Díaz had the
obedient Chamber of Deputies “reelect” him.
Candidate Francisco Madero, a wealthy land owner from northern
Mexico, declared the election illegal and urged rebellion on
November 20, 1910.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
Díaz eventually retreated to Paris, and Madero became
president.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Mexican Revolution
Had everything stopped there, it would have simply been a change in
power.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Mexican Revolution
Federalist general Victoriano Huerta had Madero arrested and shot,
and he assumed the presidency.
This led to total revolution.
This also led to an American intervention in 1914, and the American
army was chasing revolutionaries in Mexico in an effort to restore
order.
Mexico resisted the American intervention.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Mexican Revolution
Huerta fell in 1914, but that left the door open to four armies
competing for control.
Two armies were truly revolutionary.
Peasant leader Emiliano Zapata’s army in the south.
Pancho Villa’s army in the north.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Mexican Revolution
The other two armies were more moderate and were led by
Venustiano Carranza
Álvaro Obregón
All were assassinated between 1919 and 1928, and Mexico still
celebrates Zapata and Villa.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
With the 1917 constitution, Mexico started the perfect
dictatorship.
It looked democratic because Mexico limited the presidency to a
nonrenewable six-year term.
This system grew out of a deal between Obregón and Plutarco
Calles.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Revolution Institutionalized
Obregón became president in 1920, implementing rural education and
land reforms, including the granting of ejidos to poor
villagers.
In 1924, he arranged the election of Calles, who then got Obregón
reelected in 1928.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Revolution Institutionalized
However, a Catholic fanatic assassinated Obregón in 1928 due to
anticlerical measures taken in the 1917 constitution.
Calles, running Mexico from behind the scenes, made the presidency
a single, nonrenewable six-year term.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Revolution Institutionalized
To perpetuate his power, Calles organized a coalition of state
political bosses, generals, union chiefs, peasant leaders into the
National Revolutionary Party (PNR) in 1929.
This party would be renamed the Institutional Revolutionary Party
(PRI) in 1946.
This party brought stability to Mexico for the rest of the 20th
century.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Revolution Institutionalized
From its founding through 2000, the PRI never lost a national
election.
The PRI was largely conservative and would only turn more radical
with the 1934 election of Lázaro Cárdenas.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
When Calles opposed Cárdenas, Calles was exiled to
California.
Cárdenas was the PRI’s first formal president, turning it into from
a loose coalition to a cohesive and well-organized party.
Cárdenas made the party corporatist and introduced
clientelism.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Impact of the Past
The Revolution Institutionalized
This initially solved problems associated with participation and
access but was not a durable set of solutions.
9.1 Describe how a revolution can be “institutionalized.”
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Political Culture: Mexico’s Political Eras
Three phases of ideological methods, or priísmo, summarize the
thrust of PRI presidents in each period.
The four sexenios of the conservative period mark a turn towards
business and stability.
In the desperate phase, technocrats applied policies of austerity,
which just hurt Mexicans.
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Political Culture: Mexico’s Political Eras
Political Culture: Mexico’s Political Eras
*
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The Key Institutions
Politics depends on power.
Political power is more than the use of force, which, if used
wrongly or too much, can cost a government their legitimacy.
Political power is temporary unless it is turned into political
institutions.
One-man rule does not equal institutionalized power.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
Prior to 1924, few Mexican presidents came to power or left office
in a legal way.
Since independence, Mexico has had four constitutions but not much
constitutionalism.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
This changed with the six-year presidency and the founding of what
would become the PRI.
This led to a contrived stability.
Mexico was a clientelistic system that co-opted other groups into
cooperation.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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Democracy: Mexico’s 2012 Presidential Election
Mexico’s 2012 presidential election was its third democratic
election in a row.
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Democracy: Mexico’s 2012 Presidential Election
Mexicans again could choose among left, right, and center.
Enrique Peña Nieto – PRI Party – 38% of votes
Andrés Manuel López Obrador – PRD Party – 32% of votes
Josefina Vázquez Mota – PAN Party – 25% of votes
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The Key Institutions
The Six-Year Presidency
Latin America has generally patterned itself after the United
States with presidential systems.
Like the United States, Mexico combines the head of state and chief
of government.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
The Six-Year Presidency
Mexican presidents have historically been more powerful because of
PRI domination of the Mexican Congress.
In 2000, Vicente Fox of the National Action Party (PAN) won the
presidency, but without a matching majority in the Congress, he was
less powerful than his predecessors.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
The Six-Year Presidency
Since 1928, the six-year presidential term has remained.
Under the PRI, presidential succession was determined by sitting
presidents who were also party chiefs.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
The Six-Year Presidency
In consultation with important party members and past presidents,
sitting presidents would name their successors.
These successors were the PRI’s nominee for president.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
The Six-Year Presidency
Until 2000, none of these nominees failed to win their bids for the
Mexican presidency.
Successors were picked based on the need to preserve the system and
dominance of the PRI in a process called dedazo.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
Mexico’s Legislature
Mexico’s bicameral Congress has been less important than its
presidency.
Amidst uproar over corruption, legislative elections changed in
1986 with the Electoral Reform Law.
Inspired by Germany, Mexico fills a majority of seats by SMD with
plurality but also allocates seats based on PR.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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reserved.
The Key Institutions
Mexico’s Legislature
The upper house, or Senate, has 128 members elected to six-year
terms.
96 senate seats are filled via SMD and 32 by PR.
The lower house, known as the Chamber of Deputies, has 500 seats
with three-year terms.
300 seats are filled via SMD and 200 via PR in five regions of 40
seats each.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
Mexico’s Legislature
The 2009 and 2012 elections made PRI the biggest party in the
Congress but short of a majority.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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Comparison: Term Lengths
Comparison: Term Lengths
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The Key Institutions
Mexico is now a three-party system.
Right—National Action Party (PAN).
Left—Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD)
Center—Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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reserved.
The Key Institutions
Mexico’s Three-Party System
In a dominant-party system, there can be several parties, but one
is so dominant that it seldom loses, giving other parties little
chance.
The dominant party is often corrupt, which allows it to sustain its
dominance, but voters appreciate the stability and prosperity it
brings.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
PRI is Mexico’s oldest party.
The party billed itself as revolutionary and socialist long after
it dropped those policies.
With the exception of a couple of leftist presidents, most have
been moderate centrists.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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reserved.
The Key Institutions
Mexico’s Three-Party System
As the Mexico’s middle-class grew, the PRI became less
relevant.
The PRI is still popular in Northern and Central Mexico and did
well in the 2009 and 2012 legislative elections.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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reserved.
The Key Institutions
Mexico’s Three-Party System
PAN was founded in 1939 to oppose PRI on religious grounds, as PAN
started as a Catholic reaction party.
In the 1980s, PAN also became a pro-business party.
Within PAN, the Catholic and business strands coexist
uneasily.
PAN is most successful in northern Mexico.
PAN is less organized than PRI.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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reserved.
Comparison of Party Systems
Comparison of Party Systems
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The Key Institutions
Mexico’s Three-Party System
The south is the poorest and the most radical part of Mexico.
The PRD is most successful here.
The PRD was formed in 1989 by Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, who split from
the PRI when it moved in the direction of business.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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The Key Institutions
The PRD is less organized than either PAN or PRD.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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reserved.
Democracy: Mexico’s 2012 Legislative Elections
The legislative elections are watched as an indicator of who will
win the presidency.
The PRI did surprisingly well in 2009, foreshadowing PRI’s 2012
presidential victory.
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Democracy: Mexico’s 2012 Legislative Elections
The radical PRD and conservative PAN do not like each other, but
they could together outvote PRI and deadlock the government.
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The Key Institutions
Mexico’s Three-Party System
Mexico is a former dominant-party system, and the PRI now faces
bilateral opposition.
PRI declined for two reasons:
Corruption
The growth of an educated middle-class.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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reserved.
The Key Institutions
Mexican Federalism
The Western Hemisphere boasts the largest number of the world’s
federal systems.
Mexico consists of 31 states and the Federal District of Mexico
City.
Each state has a governor elected to a single six-year term but
only a unicameral legislature.
In actuality, the center has had much power, but this is
changing.
9.2 Evaluate the advantages of a single six-year presidency
compared to two four-year terms.
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Mexican Political Culture
Mexican political culture is a pastiche of several cultures and
ideologies.
Indian passivity
Spanish greed
Catholic authoritarianism
Populist nationalism
European anticlericalism
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Mexican Political Culture
Mexican political culture is a pastiche of several cultures and
ideologies.
Liberalism
Anarchism
Positivism
Socialism
Mexican political culture was largely imported, and the country is
without a single, coherent political culture.
9.3 List the several ideologies Latin America has imported.
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Mexican Political Culture
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Mexican Political Culture
Mexico’s Indian Heritage
When the Spanish took over from the Aztecs, Indian peasants were
used to being subordinates, and most adapted to the forced labor of
haciendas and silver mines.
The Spanish also brought their feudal society and imposed it on the
Indians.
9.3 List the several ideologies Latin America has imported.
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Mexican Political Culture
Mexico’s Indian Heritage
Spanish conquerors were exclusively male, and females did not
arrive until much later.
Mestizaje, or intermingling, became a cultural and social factor,
and a new class of those with mixed descent appeared in
Mexico.
This contributed to Mexican Catholicism and the beginnings of the
middle class.
9.3 List the several ideologies Latin America has imported.
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Mexican Political Culture
Mexico’s Indian Heritage
In Latin America, it is said that the people are free of racial
prejudice and that money and manners are more important.
Some counter with the idea that money and life chances tend to come
with racial origin in Latin America.
9.3 List the several ideologies Latin America has imported.
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Comparison: Mexico and America as Colonies
Mexico was Spain’s richest colony.
The gold and silver of Mexico funded the giant Habsburg military
effort in the Thirty Years War.
Under the mistaken doctrine of mercantilism, Spain fell under the
impression that it was rich.
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Comparison: Mexico and America as Colonies
But resource extraction in Mexico made both Spain and Mexico
poor.
In the American colonies, there was more of an egalitarian
ethos.
The American colonies did not have Catholicism’s central control
and emphasized hard work, delayed gratification, equality, and
individuality.
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Mexican Political Culture
Imported Ideologies
Latin America is noted for picking up ideas invented elsewhere,
warping them, and then trying to apply them where they do not
fit.
9.3 List the several ideologies Latin America has imported.
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Mexican Political Culture
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Patterns of Interaction
Clientelism and Co-optation
Calles and Cárdenas used clientelism to calm tensions between
competing groups.
Groups were not only represented in parliament but received favors
from the government or even cash.
Elites used these benefits to obtain resources and restrain their
followers from violence.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Clientelism and Co-optation
Possibly fake with small payouts
Exclusivity
Rigidity
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Clientelism and Co-optation
Calles and Cárdenas used co-optation to control groups that might
cause them trouble.
Both promised peasants and workers a better situation but did not
deliver.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Clientelism and Co-optation
Neither man tolerated discontent and placed the Mexican Workers
Confederation under the thumb of PRI.
Although they claimed to be socialists, they rooted out
communists.
PRI really worked to serve itself.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Clientelism and Co-optation
For decades, the government tried to co-opt students by handing out
nearly free education and then employing them as civil
servants.
This cannot work forever, and the number of students grew along
with their discontent.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Clientelism and Co-optation
With the 1968 Olympics just weeks away, the PRI gunned down as many
as 300 student protesters.
This served as an example that what the PRI could not co-opt, it
could crush.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Democracy: Elections and Democracy
Do elections equal democracy?
The PRI won 14 presidential elections in a row, illustrating that
democracy is more complex than just balloting.
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Democracy: Elections and Democracy
In the developing world, there have been several means used to rig
elections.
Media dominance
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Democracy: Elections and Democracy
In 1990, under the leadership of PRI, Mexico took major steps in
cleaning up its electoral process.
This meant abolishing the corrupt Federal Electoral Commission and
replacing it with the autonomous Federal Electoral Institute.
Non-PRI parties saw almost immediate success.
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Patterns of Interaction
Políticos vs. Técnicos
Mexican politics is pulled between politicians and
technicians.
Politicians are populists looking to get elected, and they pay
attention to the needs of the masses.
However, they are not attentive to economics and are willing to run
up huge deficits.
This pleases the crowd but leads to inflation and outcries from
foreign investors and international banks.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Políticos vs. Técnicos
The técnicos try to fix economic instability, but they are
appointed and worry less about mass demands.
Most are neoliberals.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Políticos vs. Técnicos
Presidents Hurtado (1982-1988) and de Gortari (1988-1994) allowed
technocrats to stabilize the economy and implement market
reforms.
However, these market reforms provided insufficient regulation, and
recently freed banks made bad and corrupt loans that sent the
economy into collapse in 1995.
The peso lost most of its value in the crisis.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
83 percent of Mexicans are professed Catholics.
However, Mexico operates as a secular state.
The Church was not happy about the split from Spain and tilted
strongly conservative.
At the same time, Mexico was leaning towards anticlericalism and
saw the Church as a source of upper-class conservatism and
reaction.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Mexican Catholicism
The 1917 constitution severely limited the Church’s reach into
politics and society.
Through multiple outlets, including PAN, the Church is setting the
stage for its return.
These are not the politics of a reactionary past but of a modern,
business-oriented future.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Political Culture: Songs of Drug Dealing
Mexico has long used song to celebrate bandits.
Although most Mexicans disapprove of the drug trade, respect for
the law in not engrained in much of Latin America’s political
culture.
Mexicans also know the system is corrupt, and many police are on
the payroll of the narcotraficantes.
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Patterns of Interaction
Crime and Politics
Mexico’s most powerful interest group is drug cartels.
Some 450,000 Mexicans make their living in the drug trade in some
capacity.
In a weak state, politics can turn violent because politics are
unrestrained, and crime can ignore state power.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Crime and Politics
Justice has always been weak in Mexico, and many crimes go
unreported.
Assassinations are not uncommon.
In 1994, two assassinations paved the way for PAN’s later electoral
victories.
Luis Donaldo Colosio, a handpicked PRI successor to the presidency,
was shot dead in Tijuana during a rally.
Later, PRI party secretary general José Ruiz Massieu was also shot
dead.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Crime and Politics
The killings brought together two trends that had been growing over
the years.
PRI was stinking more and more.
Mexicans were sufficiently educated to vote out PRI.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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Patterns of Interaction
Crime and Politics
During the Calderón tenure, drug cartels have battled it out in the
streets, and the police have not proven to be trustworthy.
This led Calderón in 2008 to authorize the use of federal troops to
battle the cartels, especially along the U.S. border.
Thousands have been arrested or killed.
9.4 Explain the interpenetration of crime and politics in weak
states.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
The Political Economy of Mexico
Mexico’s population has been growing at a roughly 1 percent a year,
but not before it exploded from 16 million in 1935, to 34 million
in 1960, to 120 million in 2014.
The slowed growth has much to do with economic development solving
population growth.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
The Political Economy of Mexico
Mexicans quarrel about how to make an economy that creates jobs for
the millions of unemployed and underemployed.
Where PAN wants a free-market economy based on exports, PRD wants
socialism and a domestic focus.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
Mexico’s state-owned industries grow too slowly to dent
unemployment.
The gap between rich and poor is large in Mexico, but it is
narrowing.
Mexico has a large informal economy, where millions work off the
books and pay no taxes.
Migration to the cities has also been significant.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
The Political Economy of Mexico
Poverty is particularly bad in the interior south, where the
Zapatista rebellion started in 1994.
Maldistribution of income also creates other problems, especially
classes of poor people making less than the $4.50 daily minimum
wage.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
Without significant domestic capital, Latin American countries
depend on foreign capital.
Inadequate schools in rural Mexico and in the poor urban areas mean
that the poor cannot move upwards into the middle-class.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
The Pemex Problem
A major Mexican quarrel is over what to do with the nationalized
oil firm Pemex.
Peña proposed changing Mexico’s constitution to allow badly needed
private and foreign partnerships to develop Mexico’s energy.
This was massively opposed by PRD and AMLO.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
The Pemex Problem
Without reforms allowing foreign and private investment, Mexico may
soon have to import refined petroleum products.
Mexico’s many young, U.S.-trained economists recognize that
state-owned industries are stagnant, inefficient, and corrupt,
especially Pemex.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
Does it really exist?
Does it uplift poor countries?
Globalization is just world trade.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
The NAFTA Question
The reach of globalization over time has been debatable, and Latin
America played a relatively minor role and was never sure about
globalization.
NAFTA was both hailed and feared.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
Americans were worried about the loss of jobs at home.
Trade among the U.S., Mexico, and Canada increased.
Much of Mexico’s politics revolves around NAFTA.
The left wants to scrap or seriously modify NAFTA.
On the other hand, PAN is solidly for NAFTA.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
Most cocaine and heroin comes from Columbia, Peru, and
Bolivia.
The long border with the United States makes smuggling relatively
easy.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
Drugs are both a Mexican problem and an American problem.
In Mexico, it allows crime to penetrate politics.
The United States is home to a lucrative drug market, and Mexico is
meeting the demand of American drug consumers.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
Illegal or Undocumented?
We call them illegal immigrants, but Mexico calls them undocumented
workers.
There are roughly 11 million illegals in the United States.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
This problem parallels the drug problem.
Unemployment and poverty push Mexicans out of their country and
into the United States.
At the same time, some American firms and employers will hire
illegal immigrants as a source of cheap labor.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
This is really an American problem.
Mexico wants a better deal on immigration and wants the United
States to accept more immigrants as either legal or temporary, and
to grant amnesty to those illegals already here.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
Illegal or Undocumented?
Americans are opposed to a flood of new Hispanic immigrants, but
those looking for cheap labor give immigrants the motivation to
come here.
Going to the United States means escaping the economic problems of
Mexico and the chance to send remittances back home.
9.5 Evaluate the problems that come with being able to walk from
the Third World into the First.
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What Mexicans Quarrel About
Modern Mexico?
Compared with most of Latin America, Mexico was a model of growth
and prosperity.
With the right policies, Mexico might grow even faster.
What is the right policy for growth?
Remember that productivity must run ahead of wages to promote rapid
growth.