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7/28/2019 S. Bachu - Geologic Storage Site Selection and Characterization
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CO2 Storage-Site Screening, Selection and
Characterization
Dr. Stefan BachuDistinguished Scientist, CO2 Storage
Alberta Innovates Technology Futures
Stefan.Bachu@albertainnovates.ca
RECS 2013 Birmingham, AL
Associate Editor
(Storage)
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The Pathway to CO2 Capture and Storage
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CO2 Capture and Storage Chain
CaptureUnderground
Injection & StoragePipeline
TransportCompression
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We know how to do it!
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CO2 Capture and Storage
Sleipner North Sea,since 1996, 1 Mt CO2/yr
from an offshore gas plant
Worldwide activities: 8 active projects of which
5 capture CO2 from gasplants, 2 from power
plants and 1 from a coalgasification plant
>70 announced projects invarious stages ofplanning, design and
implementation, mostly in
US, Canada and China
In Salah- Algeria, since 2006, 1 Mt CO2/yr from anonshore gas plant, now discontinued
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CO2 Pipeline Network in the U.S.
Annual CO2 transport: ~ 50 Mt/year on ~6000 km pipeline
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Operational Stages of CO2 Storage
Site characterization is a continuous, iterative process duringall operational stages of a CO2 storage project
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Outline
o Relevant CO2 properties for CO2 storageo
CO2 storage assessment scales
o Basin and regional scale screening criteriao Local and site-scale screening criteria
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Relevant CO2 Properties,
CO2 Trapping Mechanisms,Means and Media
for CO2 Geological Storage
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Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide
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CO2 Density for Pressure and Temperature
Conditions in the Earth Crust
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Temperature (oC)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Depth(m)
Pressure (bar)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 100 200 300 400
Depth(m)
T = 10oC + 25oC/1,000 m x 1,250 m
= 41.25oC
1,250 m
Ts=10oC
p= 105 Pa + 1,000 kg/m3 x 9.81 m/s2*1,250 m
= 12.36 MPa (123.6 bar)
1,250 m
Watertable = 0 m
Example of Subsurface Temperature and
Pressure for CO2 Storage
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Storage below 800 mv Supercritical CO2v Dense phase CO2 (500 to 800
kg/m3); Water is1.3 to 2 times
denser (heavier)v Low viscosity (0.04 to 0.06
MPas); Water is 10-20 timesmore viscous
Rule-of-thumbv Depends on P and T profilev Will vary from site to site
Watertable depthMean annual surface
temperature and geothermalgradient
Storage below 800 m
Storage Depth is Defined by CO2 Density
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PipelineTransportation
(31.0oC, 7.38 MPa)
Leak in the atmosphere
SupercriticalFluid
1,600 m
1,250 m900 m
500 m
200 m
CO2 Phases in a Transportation and
Storage System
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Trapping of CO2 in the Pore Space
at Irreducible Saturation
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Carbon Dioxide Solubility in WaterIn pure water In brine
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Sequence of Geochemical Reactions
between CO2
and
Formation Water and Rocks
CO2(g) CO2(aq) CO2(aq) + H2O H2CO3(aq)
1. Solubility Trapping
H2CO3(aq) HCO
3(aq) + H+ HCO3(aq) CO2-3(aq) + H+
2. Ionic Trapping
CO2-3(aq)+ Ca2+ CaCO3(s)
HCO3(aq) + Ca2+ CaCO3(s) + H+
3. Mineral Trapping
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Adsorption of Various Gases on Coal
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Trapping Mechanisms for CO2Physical Trapping (in free phase)
In large, man-made caverns
In solution in formation fluids (oil or water)
Chemical Trapping (in a different phase)
Adsorbed onto organic material in coals and shales
As a mineral precipitate
In the pore space (as CO2) in structural and stratigraphic trapsat irreducible saturation (immobile) in long-range, regional-scale flow systems (open aquifers)
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Temporal Scales of CO2 Injection
and Geological Storage Processes
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Relation between Time, Trapping
Mechanisms and CO2 Storage Security
From IPCC SRCCS, 2005
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Process Scales forCO
2Geological Storage
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Required Characteristics of Geological MediaSuitable for Storage of Fluids
Capacity, to store the intended CO2
volume
Injectivity, to receive the CO2 at the supply rate
Containment, to avoid or minimize CO2 leakage
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Igneous rocksv Rocks formed from cooling magma
Granite Basalt
Metamorphic Rocksv Rocks that have been subjected to high
pressures and temperatures after they
are formed Schist Gneiss
Sedimentary rocksv Rocks formed from compaction and
consolidation of rock fragments
Sandstone Shale
v Rocks formed from precipitation fromsolution
Limestone
Granite
Schist
Sandstone
Crystalline
Low porosity
Low permeability
Fractures
Crystalline
Low porosityLow permeability
Fractures
High porosity
High permeability
Few fractures
Rocks Suitable for CO2 Storage
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Geological Media Suitable for CO2 StoragePorous and permeable rocks (sandstone andcarbonate) overlain by tight rocks (shales and evaporiticbeds):Oil and gas reservoirsDeep saline aquifersCoal beds
Salt caverns
All are geological media found ONLY in sedimentary basins
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Types and World Distribution of Sedimentary
Basins
Based on St. John et al., 1984
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Means for CO2 Geological Storage
In oil reservoirs in enhanced hydrocarbon recovery
In coal beds in enhanced coalbed methane recovery
In depleted oil and gas reservoirs
As a byproduct in energy production operations
In disposal operations
In deep saline aquifers
In salt caverns (mainly as a buffer in CO2 collectionand distribution systems)
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Means of CO2 Geological Storage
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from IPCC, 2005 Three primary conditions Sedimentary rocks with storage reservoirs and seals Pressure and temperature > critical values (31oC, 7.8 MPa) Not a source of drinking water
Prospectivity of Sedimentary Basins for
CO2
Storage
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Controversial Storage MediaAmong the media proposed for CO2 storage:Storage in coal beds:
Has never been successfully demonstrated Uneconomic coals have not been defined
Storage in shales rich in organic material: Based on the same principles as storage in coal beds Has not been attempted and demonstrated Will require fracturing the shale, which constitute the caprock
for hydrocarbon reservoirs and deep saline aquifers
Storage in basalts (based on rapid geochemical reactions) Very controversial because of basalts high porosity and
permeability A test is under way in western Washington state
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CO2 Storage Assessment Scales
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Site selection criteria are the criteria by which a site is assessed,evaluated, judged, and, in the case of multiple possible sites, ranked
for final selection and qualification
Site characterization represents a collection of types of data andinformation needed to reach the necessary understanding and
confidence that the proposed storage site is safe and acceptable
Site selection and characterization depend on the scale of theassessment
Basic Principles 1
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Assessment Scales and Resolution
Country: high level, minimal dataBasin: identify and quantify storage potentialRegional: increased level of detail, identify prospectsLocal: very detailed, pre-engineering site selectionSite: engineering level for permitting, design and
implementation
Note: Depending on the size of a country in relation to its sedimentarybasin(s), the order of the top two or three may interchange
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Relationship Between Assessment Scale
and Level of Detail and Resolution
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Primary Characteristics of Geological
Media Suitable for CO2
Storage
Capacity: to store the intended CO2 volumeInjectivity: to receive the CO2 at the supply rateContainment: to prevent, avoid or minimize CO2 leakageHowever, if capacity and/or injectivity are insufficient, some
measures can be taken (e.g., use multiple and/or horizontal wells,
use several storage sites, store less CO2)
If containment is defective, then the prospective site is
disqualified!
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Basic Principles 2
Site characterization is an iterative, non-linear processrunning through all the operational stages of CO2 storage
Monitoring is a key element in site operation, closure andpost-closure, likely to be a permitting requirement
Storage safety and security is a common thread throughoutall the stages of the operational chain and has to be
demonstrated when applying for tenure of the storage unit
and permit to operate, during operations, and after cessation
of injection to complete site abandonment
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Basin and/or Regional Scale Screening
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Flow of Formation Waters
in Sedimentary Basins
Driven by sediment compaction on marine shelves
Driven by tectonic compression in orogenic belts
Driven by erosional and/or glacial rebound inforeland and intra-cratonic basins
Driven by topography in intra-montane, forelandand intra-cratonic basins
Driven by hydrocarbon generation andother internal overpressuring processes
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Types of Fluid Flow in Sedimentary Basins
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Risk of Leakage in Sedimentary Basins
(Hitchon et al., 1999)
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Preferred Flow Systems
Deep, regional scale, driven by topography
or erosional rebound
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Geothermal Regime in Sedimentary Basins
Basin type, age and tectonism
Proximity to crustal heat sources
Basement heat flow
Depends on:
Temperature at the surface
Thermal conductivity and heatproduction of rocks
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Plate Tectonics and Earths Heat Flow
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Surface Temperature for Sedimentary Basins
Marine basins: 3-4 oC at the bottom ofthe sea/ocean
Continental (sub) Arctic and (sub) Antarctic basins:-2 oC below the permafrost
Continental temperate basins:4-10 oC depending on latitude and altitude
Continental tropical basins: 10-25o
C dependingon latitude and altitude
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Variation with Depth and Geothermal Regime
of Carbon Dioxide Density
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Sedimentary Basins by Geothermal Regime
Low surface temperature and/or geothermal gradients
- more favorable (higher CO2 density, at shallower depths)
High surface temperature and geothermal gradients- less favorable (lower CO2 density, larger depths needed)
Cold basins:
Warm basins:
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Basin Maturity
Defined by fossil-energy potential (oil and gas, coals)and degree of exploration and production
Rich in energy resources, advanced production
Rich in resources, in exploration & early production stage
No or poor in hydrocarbon resources
Mature:
Immature:
Poor:
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Industry Maturity and Infrastructure
Access roads, pipelines, wells (e.g., Texas, Alberta)
Drilling and production platforms (e.g., North Sea)
Developed continental basins:
Developed marine basins:
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Eliminatory Criteria for Sedimentary BasinsCriterion Unsuitable Suitable
1 Depth < 1000 m >1000 m
2 Aquifer-seal pairs Poor (few,discontinuous)
Intermediate, excellent
3 Pressure regime Overpressured Hydrostatic
4 Seismicity High and very high Very low to moderate
5 Faulting and fracturing Extensive Limited to moderate
6 Hydrogeology Shallow, short flowsystems
Intermediate, regional-scale flow systems
7 Areal size 2500 km2
8 Legal accessibility Forbidden Allowed
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Desirable Characteristics of Sedimentary BasinsCriterion Undesirable Desirable
1 Within fold belts Yes No
2 Significant diagenesis Present Absent
3 Geothermal regime Warm basin Cold basin
4 Evaporites Absent Present
5 Hydrocarbon potential Absent/small Medium/giant
6 Industry maturity Immature Mature
7 Coal seams Absent, shallow orvery deep
Between 400 m and 800m depth
8 Coal rank Lignite/Anthracite (sub) Bituminous
9 Coal value Economic Uneconomic
10 On/offshore Deep offshore Onshore, shallow
11 Climate Harsh Moderate
12 Accessibility No or difficult Good
13 Infrastructure Absent/undeveloped Developed
14 CO2 sources
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Cross Sectional Representation
of Sedimentary Basinsacross North America
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Seismicity in Canada
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Canadas Sedimentary Basins
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Local and Site-Scale Screening Criteria
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Basic Principles 3
Sites must pass the basin-scale eliminatory criteria, and should broadlypossess basin-scale desirable characteristicsIn addition, sites must pass and/or meet additional criteria that fallbroadly into five categories:
Capacity and injectivityConfinement, i.e., safety, security and environmental acceptabilityLegal and regulatory restrictionsEconomicSocietal (public acceptance)
The same criteria can be organized into:Eliminatory criteria: sites are eliminated if they dont meet these criteriaSelection criteria: sites are selected if they meet most or the preferred ofthese criteria, depending on local circumstances
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Eliminatory Site Selection Criteria - 1
1. Legally inaccessible (in protected areas)2. Legally unreachable (right of access cannot be secured)3. Legally unavailable (e.g., equity interest held by third parties)4. Physically unavailable (e.g., a hydrocarbon reservoir in production, an
aquifer used for geothermal energy or for natural gas storage)
5. Located in high-density population areas flexible6. Potentially affecting other natural, energy and mineral resources and
equity
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Eliminatory Site Selection Criteria - 2
7. Within the depth of protected groundwater8. In hydraulic communication or contact with protected groundwater9. Located at shallow depth (
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Site Selection Criteria - 1
For efficacy of storage:
1. Sufficient capacity and injectivity:they are not independent,injectivity may limit capacity!
2. Sufficient thickness3. Low temperature4. Favorable pressure and hydrodynamic regime
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Site Selection Criteria - 2
For safety and security of storage:
5. Low number of penetrating wells6. Presence of multi-layered overlying system of aquifers and
aquitards (secondary barriers to upward CO2 migration)
7. Potential for attenuation of leaked CO2 near and at surface
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Site Selection Criteria - 3
For cost:
8. Accessibility and infrastructure (location, terrain, climate,right of access, avoidance of populated/protected areas)
9. Transportation economics (distance from source, pipelinesor shipping facilities, compression and site delivery)
10.Storage economics (site facilities, wells and compression,operational and environmental monitoring)
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Additional Site Selection Criteria?
DepthThicknessPorosityPermeabilityWater salinityThese have been suggested in the past, but they are implicit in the
criteria of capacity, injectivity, and protection of groundwater and/ormineral resources
They still can be used as selection criteria, but they are not completely
independent and changes in one may affect another
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Critical Site Qualification CriteriaCriterion Eliminatory
ConditionAcceptable Condition
1 Sealing Poor, faulted,breached,
Multi-layered system
2 Pressure gradients >14 kPa/m < 12 kPa/m
3 Monitoring potential Absent Present
4 Affecting groundwater Yes No
A sitemust passall these criteria to be considered for CO2 storage
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Essential Site Qualification CriteriaCriterion Eliminatory
ConditionAcceptable Condition
1 Seismicity High Moderate and less
2 Faulting and
fracturingintensity
Extensive/high Limited to moderate
3 Flow systems Short and/or incommunication with
protected groundwater
Intermediate and regionalscale
A siteshould passall these criteria to be considered for CO2 storage,but exceptions can be made
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Desirable Site Qualification Criteria - 1
Criterion Unfavorable Favorable
1 Within fold belts Yes No
2 Adversediagenesis
Significant Low to moderate
3 Geothermalregime
G 35 C/km and/or highTs
G < 35 C/km and lowTs
4 Temperature < 35 C 35 C
5 Pressure < 7.5 MPa 7.5 MPa
A siteshould meetas many as possible of these criteria;if too few are being met, then maybe it should be rejected
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Desirable Site Qualification Criteria - 2
Criterion Unfavorable Favorable
6 Thickness < 20 m 20 m
7 Porosity < 10% 10%
8 Permeability < 20 mD 20 mD
9 Caprockthickness
< 10 m 10 m
10 Well density High Low to moderate
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Site Characterization Objectives - 1
1. 3-D structure of the sedimentary succession from the storage unit toground surface
2. Geology of the sedimentary succession from the storage unit toground surface
3. Rock properties4. Mineralogical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of all system
components
5. Hydrogeology and geothermics
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Broad Site Characterization - 2
7. Planar discontinuities such as faults and fractures8. Fault and fracture characteristics9. In-situ conditions of P, T and stress10.Fluid compositions and PVT behaviour11.Linear features such as wells12.Reservoir and wells history
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Concluding Remarks
Regarding Site Selection
CO2 storage sites should be selected based on the safety andsecurity of storage, their capacity and injectivity, ability to meet
regulatory requirements including monitoring, accessibility and
economics
Any assessment of CO2 storage capacity should carefully considerthe processes involved, their spatial and temporal scales, theresolution of the assessment, and the available data and their quality
Sites should be properly characterized to meet regulatory andstakeholders requirements, particularly in regard to safety and
security of storage
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References Regarding Site Selection
1. Screening and ranking of sedimentary basins forsequestration of CO2 in geological media in response to
climate change. Bachu. S., Environmental Geology, v. 44, no. 3, p.277-289, doi: 10.1007/s00254-003-0762-9
2. Screening and selection criteria, and characterisation for CO2geological storage. Bachu, S. In: Developments and Innovation in
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capture and Storage Technology, Vol. 2 (M.Maroto-Valer, ed.), Woodhead Energy Series No. 16, Woodhead
Publishing Ltd., p. 27-56, 2010.
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References Regarding
Storage Capacity Estimation
1.CO2 storage capacity estimation: Methodology and gaps. Bachu, S.,J. Bradshaw, D. Bonijoly, R. Burruss, S. Holloway, N.P. Christensen and O-
M. Mathiassen. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, v. 1, no.4, p. 430-443, doi: 10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00086-2, 2007.
2.U.S. DOE methodology for the development of geologic storagepotential for carbon dioxide at the national and regional scale.AngelaGoodman, Alexandra Hakala, Grant Bromhal, Dawn Deel, Traci Rodosta,
Scott Frailey, Mitchell Small, Doug Allen, Vyacheslav Romanov, Jim Fazio,Nicolas Huerta, Dustin McIntyre, Barbara Kutchko and George Guthrie.
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, v. 5, doi: 10.1016/j.ijggc.
2011.03.010.
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Contact
Dr. Stefan Bachu
Alberta Innovates Technology Futuresstefan.bachu@albertainnovates.ca
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