Science Warm-up 8/11/2014 □Complete the claim and justification activity found inside of your...

Science Warm-up 8/11/2014□Complete the claim and justification

activity found inside of your folders.

□Attempt this on your own first, and then compare your results with a neighbor in the room.

□After you have completed that, please finish the student inventory.

Chapter 1: Introduction

A.WoodEHS

Campbell 9e

Concept 1.1□The themes of this book make

connections across different areas of biology.

Theme 1□New properties emerge at each level

in the biological hierarchy

□Emergent property:□Results from the arrangement and

interaction of parts within a system

□Reductionism□Breaking a complex concept into

smaller, and more easily understandable, parts.

□Ex) Studying the molecular structure of DNA helps us to understand the chemical basis of inheritance

□You have to balance emergent and reductionist approaches to a topic

□Systems Biology□Approach that attempts to model the

dynamic behavior of the whole biological system based on a study of the interactions among the systems parts.

□Ex) How does a change in _______ affect _________?

Theme 2□Organisms interact with other

organisms and the physical environment. □Every organism interacts with its

environment, including nonliving factors and other organisms

□Both organisms and their environments are affected by the interactions between them

Animals eatleaves and fruitfrom the tree.

Leaves take incarbon dioxidefrom the airand releaseoxygen.

Sunlight

CO2

O2

Cyclingof

chemicalnutrients

Leaves fall tothe ground andare decomposedby organismsthat returnminerals to thesoil.

Water andminerals inthe soil aretaken up bythe treethroughits roots.

Leaves absorblight energy fromthe sun.

Figure 1.5

Theme 3□Life requires energy transfer and

transformation.

□Most common pathway:

□SunlightProducerConsumerHeat

Chemicalenergy

(a) Energy flow from sunlight toproducers to consumers

Sunlight

Producers absorb lightenergy and transform it intochemical energy.

Chemical energy infood is transferredfrom plants toconsumers.

□ Heat

□ (b) Using energy to do work

□ When energy is usedto do work, someenergy is converted tothermal energy, whichis lost as heat.

□ An animal’s musclecells convertchemical energyfrom food to kineticenergy, the energyof motion.

□ A plant’s cells usechemical energy to dowork such as growingnew leaves.

Theme 4□Structure and function are correlated

at all levels of biological organization.

□The form of biological structure suits its function and vice versa

Theme 5□The cell is an organism’s basic unit

of structure and function

□All cells have a cell membrane and DNA

□Eukaryotic vs prokaryotic

□A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest of which is usually the nucleus

□By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles

Eukaryotic cell

Cytoplasm

Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)

Membrane

Membrane-enclosed organelles

DNA (throughoutnucleus) 1 m

Prokaryotic cellDNA(no nucleus)

Membrane

1 m

Theme 6□The Continuity of Life Is Based on

Heritable Information in the Form of DNA

□Chromosomes contain most of a cell’s genetic material in the form of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

□DNA is the substance of genes

□Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring

□The ability of cells to divide is the basis of all reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms

Sperm cell

NucleicontainingDNA

Egg cell

Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents

Embryo’s cells withcopies of inherited DNA

Offspring with traitsinherited fromboth parents

Nucleus

DNA

Cell

Nucleotide

(b) Single strand of DNA

ACT

TA

AT

CCGT

A

GT

(a) DNA double helix

A

Figure 1.11

□Genes control protein production indirectly

□DNA is transcribed into RNA then translated into a protein □(Central Dogma)

□Gene expression is the process of converting information from gene to cellular product

Genomics: Large Scale□An organism’s genome is its entire

set of genetic instructions□The human genome and those of

many other organisms have been sequenced using DNA-sequencing machines

□Genomics is the study of sets of genes within and between species

Theme 7□Feedback Mechanisms Regulate

Biological Systems

□Two versions:□Positive □Negative

Positive or Negative?□For example, insulin... high levels of

glucose in the blood trigger the release of this hormone. It triggers cells (especially in the liver and skeletal muscle) to take up and store sugar from the blood. Result? Less sugar in the blood.

Positive or Negative□A prime example is the hormone

oxytocin. Its release is stimulated by a baby's suckling at a mother's breast. It causes the "letdown" reflex, so milk is released to the baby. The baby tastes the milk, thinks, "Yum! That's good!" and suckles more... which causes more oxytocin release, which causes more milk release... etc.

Figure 1.13

Negativefeedback

A

B

C

D

C

Enzyme 1

Enzyme 2

Enzyme 3

D

W

Enzyme 4

X

DDExcess Dblocks a step.

(a) Negative feedback

Positive feedback

Excess Zstimulates a step.

Y

Z

Z

ZZ

(b) Positive feedback

Enzyme 5

Enzyme 6