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SCP and Climate Change- JICA’s Cases-
DAC-UNEP Workshop on Sustainable Consumption and Production for Development
Tomonori SUDO, Ph.D
Office for Climate Change
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)
Facts & Figures of JICA• Staff:
– 1,664 staff. They are supplemented at any one time by thousands of Japanese experts and young and senior volunteers on both short-term and long-term contracts.
• Operational Volume: – It is the world’s largest bilateral development assistance
agency with a size of estimated $10.3 billion dollars.
Comparison with other Major Donor Agencies
World Bank
Number of Staff 8,600
Volume of Operation US$19,634mil
Asian Development BankNumber of Staff 2,443
Volume of Operation US$6,851mil
USAIDNumber of Staff 2,227
Volume of Operation US$3,976mil
New JICANumber of Staff 1,664
Volume of Operation* US$10,280mil
Exchange Rate used: JPY100.10/US$ (IFS rate for 2008 March end)
*estimated based on FY2008 budget (full year)
Economic Development
Poverty
Industrialization
Forest
Conservation
Biodiversity Agriculture
Climate Change
Health &
Sanitation
Use of fossil fuels
=Increasing GHG Emission
Environmental SD Economic SD Social SD
Rural
Development
Urban
Development
Water Resource
Management
Development Agenda and Climate Change- Toward “Low Carbon Society”
Transport
Energy
Education
Waste
management
Secure
Developmental
benefit
Toward Low
Carbon
Society
Long-term vision
Climate change benefit as co-benefits of developmentCooperation for Sustainable Development from various levels
Projects
Programs
Sector
Policies
Development
Plan
Integrate
Climate
Change
Concerns
into
Development
Actions
Donor’s
Assistance
Financial
Assistance
Technical
Assistance
Generating
Developmental
benefit
GHG Reduction as
co-benefit
5
Identification of factors to
increase CO2Emission by
economic growth and its
forecast
Design of Social –
Economic system with
high resource
productivity
Quantification of possible
reduction of energy
consumption by recycle
use and/or cascade use of
resource
Possibility of CO2Emission
Reduction by alternative
resource use (esp. focus
on Renewable resources)
Breakdown of Kaya Identity in resource consumption aspect
CO2Emission=POP× × ×GDP Energy Consumption CO2Emission
POP GDP Energy Consumption
CO2Emission Resource Cons Energy Cons CO2Emission
GDP GDP Resource ConsEnergy Cons
= ×
×
Possibility on Compact
city,
“Rental/Lease society
Service economy, use of
ICT
Resource recovery from
waste and stocks
International division of
labour and International
material cycle
Alternate fossil
fuels by use of
biomass, energy
from waste
Factor analysis of
CO2Emission focus on
resource consumption
Analysis on possible
Leapfrogging development
path for dev’ing countries
Hypothesis:「Society with high resource productivity≒Low Carbon Society・Seeking possible style on production and consumption, Instead of consumeristic development.
・It is fundamentally recognized that increase of energy consumption and GHG emission in the lifecycle
has been led by Increase of production/consumption of goods, that is, resource saving and low carbon
development are deeply related.
Toward Low-Carbon Development
JICA’s approach
Towards Sustainable
Consumption & ProductionFinancial
Assistance
Technical
Cooperation
Top Down approach
(Policy formation &
implementation)
Bottom-up effort
(Program/Project activities)
To generate “co-benefit”
Co-benefit!
Policy
ProjectDevelopmen
t Objectives
Project
Implementation
Increase of
power supply
GHG
Reduction
New Technology
+
ODA
(Finance and T/A)
Needs to
Increase
Power supply
Construction
of New Power
Stations
Increase of
Power Demand,
Rural
Electrifications
Developmental
benefit
Mitigation of
Climate Change
(Global Benefit)
Could it reduce
GHG?
<Sample case>
Introduce
climate friendly
technology
New Technology
+
ODA
(Finance and T/A)
Pillar 1: Mitigation
1.1: LULUCF
(Land Use, Land Use
Change and Forestry)
-Reforestation
-REDD
-Forest management
1.2: Energy
-Power plant
-Industry, domestic and
commercial
-Others
Pillar 2: Adaptation
Pillar 3: Cross-cutting Issues
3.1:Understandin
g the Impact of
Climate Change
3.2: Mainstreaming
Climate Change in the
National Development
Program
Example of the Policy Matrix formulated based on the policy dialogue
2.1: Water
Resource
Management
2.2: Water
Supply and
Sanitation
2.3: Agriculture
3.3: CDM 3.4: Co-Benefit3.5: Fiscal
Incentive
3.6: Early
Warning System
Monitor, Review and advice
Steering Committee
Partner country’s
Government
Donors
Financial Assistance
(General Budget
Support, Project
Loans, Grant
Assistance) ,
Technical
Cooperation
Coordination among
line ministries
Case program (1): Top-down approach
(Policy formation & implementation)
Case program(2) Demand side approach
JICA WB/GEF Gov of
Australia
EGAT DSMO• Implement Demand Side Management Program
-High energy efficient home appliances, light
-Green Building Program
-Thermal Energy Storage
-ESCO
Co-finance
US$25m US$9.5m US$5.4m
<Promotion of Electricity Energy Efficiency Project>
– Project objective:
• To build sufficient institutional capacity in Thailand’s
power sector, and energy-related private sector, so
as to deliver cost-effective energy services
throughout its economy,
• To pursue policies and implement actions which
would lead to the development, manufacture and
adoption of energy efficient equipment and
processes within Thailand.
– Impact of the Project
• Approx 4,160 GWh of total energy consumption
were saved
• Over 3 million t-CO2 was reduced.
(During 8years project period)
<The Project on the Practical Energy Management
Training Center>
• Management system for Practical Energy Management
Training Center
• State examination system for PRE
• Pre-examination training courses
• Implementing structure for pre-exam training
• PRE support system
Current Situation of Energy Sector in Viet Nam
Rapid Increase of Energy consumption since 1986
→Appx 8% of GDP growth
(Energy consumption marked 6 times from 1990 to 2006 due to its Economic growth)
→This may continue because of its rapid economic growth
(Energy consumption in 2025 is expected to be 5 times larger than that of 2006)
Estimated Energy consumption in Viet Nam (2005-
2025)
Trend of Energy Consumption in Viet Nam (1990-
2006)
k TOEk TOE
年
(Ref)JICA Survey on National Energy Master Plan
年
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
運輸分野
産業分野
その他
BAU case
年0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
運輸分野
産業分野
その他
6倍1990年: 4 k TOE2006年: 25 k TOE
年
5倍2006年:25k TOE2025年:118k TOE
Transport
Industry
Others
Transport
Industry
Others
Case project(3) Production side approach
<Viet Nam: EE &RE promoting project (EEREP)>
JICA’ assistances (Institutional development, awareness raising,
financial assistance & capacity development)
EE master Plan・Institutional development・CD through Universities・CD for EE Center
EEREP・Mid-Long term financial assistance in EE/RE・Awareness raising to private sectors
Issues on promotion of EE/RE in Viet Nam=Lack of institution, awareness, finance and capacity
Special Program responding Climate Change(SP-
RCC)Assistance for Institutional development such as legal framework for EE, preparation of RE master plan
CD for VDB
Development of capacity for Loan appraisal of VDB
ODA LoansTC
Case program(3) Production side approach
<Viet Nam: EE &RE promoting project (EEREP)>
Outline of EEREP
Vietnam
Dev Bank
(VDB)
JICA
ODA Loan
(JPY4billion)
Gov of Vietnam
VDB
Branch
Objective:Assist implementation & promotion of EE/RE by private sector in
Viet Nam by providing Mid-Long term Finance
Lending
RepaymentRepayment Target
enterprises
=SOEs, SMEs
investing in
EE/RE project
Support for CDM Project identification
CDM
事業
CDM
CDM
activity
MONRE
(DNA)List of sub-
projects
Support for update
Consulting services
TCCD of VDB for appraisal
List of EE
equipments
Awareness raising(Seminars)
EE Diagnosis
EEREP
Institute
of EnergyEE Center
MOCI
TCEEMP
Conclusion
• Green Growth/Economy and SCP can be achieved in a same way.
• Approach through development cooperation is a key for implementation of SCP. – Paris Declaration & Accra Agenda for Action are fundamental
concepts
• Ownership of developing countries
• Alignment (Development policy, Country system-Green public expenditure & Green Procurement)
• Capacity Development
Integration of SCP into development policy is needed.
• Well-coordinated Policies (Top-down) & Programms/projects (Bottom-up) can change both consumption & production patterns in sustainable manner.
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