View
217
Download
0
Category
Tags:
Preview:
Citation preview
SEARCH AND SEARCH AND RESCUERESCUE
Land/WildernessLand/Wilderness
Ben MorseBen Morse
SPECIAL OPERATIONS DIVISION CHIEFSPECIAL OPERATIONS DIVISION CHIEF
SAVANNAH FIRE & EMERGENCY SAVANNAH FIRE & EMERGENCY SERVICESSERVICES
GEORGIA SEARCH & RESCUE TEAM GEORGIA SEARCH & RESCUE TEAM COORDINATORCOORDINATOR
Search and RescueSearch and Rescue Land/WildernessLand/Wilderness
MethodologyMethodology– TerminologyTerminology– Search TechniquesSearch Techniques
Two Types of SearchesTwo Types of Searches– Land/WildernessLand/Wilderness– Urban SearchesUrban Searches
Geo-referencingGeo-referencing
Search and RescueSearch and RescueTerminologyTerminology
Search AreasSearch Areas– Assigned by Incident CommandAssigned by Incident Command– MapMap
Search GridsSearch Grids LabeledLabeled Map issued to each TeamMap issued to each Team
Point Last Seen (PLS)Point Last Seen (PLS)– Point on map where victim was last seen Point on map where victim was last seen
by a witnessby a witness Positive ID!Positive ID! Trailhead, hunting camp, office space, work area, etc…Trailhead, hunting camp, office space, work area, etc…
– Place to focus search aroundPlace to focus search around Age, experience, physical fitness, how long ago sightedAge, experience, physical fitness, how long ago sighted
– clues to how large search area will beclues to how large search area will be
Search and RescueSearch and RescueTerminologyTerminology
Last KLast Knnoown Position (LKP)wn Position (LKP)– During a search clues will turn upDuring a search clues will turn up– When they are solid enough to be reasonably When they are solid enough to be reasonably
certain that the search victim left itcertain that the search victim left it Since LKP Since LKP more recent than PLS more recent than PLS
– New starting point for searchNew starting point for search– General direction of travelGeneral direction of travel– Approximate speed of travel Approximate speed of travel
Search and RescueSearch and RescueTerminologyTerminology
PrProbobability of Detection (POD)ability of Detection (POD)– Likelihood of finding search subject in:Likelihood of finding search subject in:
Given search areaGiven search area With technique usedWith technique used Different search techniques yield different Different search techniques yield different
POD’sPOD’s– Coin reported in Sand BoxCoin reported in Sand Box
Each search technique has a “probability of Each search technique has a “probability of detection”detection”
– More thorough: higher POD/longer it takes to More thorough: higher POD/longer it takes to search same areasearch same area
– Managing a Search is a balance of POD and Managing a Search is a balance of POD and Search TimeSearch Time
Search and RescueSearch and RescueLand/Wilderness SearchLand/Wilderness Search
EquipmentEquipment– MapsMaps– Handheld GPSHandheld GPS– CompassCompass– Suitable clothingSuitable clothing
Weather / EnvironmentWeather / Environment
– Communications with aircraftCommunications with aircraft– Food, water, first aid, etc….Food, water, first aid, etc….– ATV’sATV’s
Search and RescueSearch and RescueLand/Wilderness SearchLand/Wilderness Search
Search TechniquesSearch Techniques– Bastard SearchBastard Search
Look in obvious places/assume victim not lostLook in obvious places/assume victim not lost What the searchers call the person after crawling What the searchers call the person after crawling
through woods, etc… then finding him eating through woods, etc… then finding him eating popcorn and watching baseballpopcorn and watching baseball
– Example: boy goes hunting and doesn’t return by Example: boy goes hunting and doesn’t return by darkdark
Searchers called outSearchers called out Boy returns home in wee hoursBoy returns home in wee hours In reality, hunting story was fabricated to get out of In reality, hunting story was fabricated to get out of
chores and spend day with Sallychores and spend day with Sally
Search and RescueSearch and RescueLand/Wilderness SearchLand/Wilderness Search– When suspected – assign a team to do a hasty When suspected – assign a team to do a hasty
search of likely places the person would gosearch of likely places the person would go ConsiderationsConsiderations
– IntelligenceIntelligence Latest info of plans of personLatest info of plans of person Where they were goingWhere they were going Who are the friendsWho are the friends Recently made friendsRecently made friends
– SpeedSpeed Use radios & vehicles so planners can rule out areasUse radios & vehicles so planners can rule out areas Talk to the couple in the tent next doorTalk to the couple in the tent next door Was there an argument earlier in the dayWas there an argument earlier in the day Leave a note on the car, etc…Leave a note on the car, etc…
Search and RescueSearch and RescueLand/Wilderness SearchLand/Wilderness Search
Containment SearchContainment Search– When search team arrives they have a PLS of When search team arrives they have a PLS of
victimvictim– Determine max area based on PLSDetermine max area based on PLS
How fast person walkingHow fast person walking How long since last seenHow long since last seen Wind up with a circle with PLS at the centerWind up with a circle with PLS at the center
– Direction unknownDirection unknown– Make containment the top priorityMake containment the top priority
It limits your search areaIt limits your search area– Anyone can do itAnyone can do it
Straight roads – two or three searchersStraight roads – two or three searchers Even two sides of area helpsEven two sides of area helps Must be vigilant – 100% that no one gets by themMust be vigilant – 100% that no one gets by them Run rehab for those in deeper searches/report in by Run rehab for those in deeper searches/report in by
radio regularlyradio regularly
Search and RescueSearch and RescueLand/Wilderness SearchLand/Wilderness Search
Hasty SearchHasty Search– 10 to 12 highly trained searchers dropped 10 to 12 highly trained searchers dropped
in to virgin areain to virgin area Goal: move quickly, look for clues or lost personGoal: move quickly, look for clues or lost person Purpose: Bring a rapid end to the searchPurpose: Bring a rapid end to the search Almost slow jog, check areas person may be Almost slow jog, check areas person may be
injured or restinginjured or resting Not directed – team has free reignNot directed – team has free reign
– Slow down for point search; pass open areas very rapidlySlow down for point search; pass open areas very rapidly– Speed requires trained rescuers who know to look for Speed requires trained rescuers who know to look for
cluesclues Footprints, broken branchesFootprints, broken branches
POD based on skill of rescuers and search areaPOD based on skill of rescuers and search area
Search and RescueSearch and RescueLand/Wilderness SearchLand/Wilderness Search
Grid SearchGrid Search– Typical line of searchers walking through Typical line of searchers walking through
woodswoods Searchers in straight line moving slowly and Searchers in straight line moving slowly and
deliberatelydeliberately Maintain spacing with searchers on sidesMaintain spacing with searchers on sides
– Do not take the path of least resistance (thorn Do not take the path of least resistance (thorn bush)bush)
– Seldom find victim, but typically find cluesSeldom find victim, but typically find clues– Sometimes used to give people something to do in Sometimes used to give people something to do in
very large searchesvery large searches Spacing – pack of cigarettesSpacing – pack of cigarettes
Search and RescueSearch and RescueLand/Wilderness SearchLand/Wilderness Search
Choke Point SearchChoke Point Search– Use based on lost persons skills, and the Use based on lost persons skills, and the
terrainterrain Large river with few bridgesLarge river with few bridges
– Typically not very useful where lost person Typically not very useful where lost person is trying to evade searchersis trying to evade searchers
– Can be handled by less Can be handled by less experienced/physically fit teamsexperienced/physically fit teams
Search and RescueSearch and RescueLand/Wilderness SearchLand/Wilderness Search
Track Trap SearchTrack Trap Search– Natural or man-made “traps” that capture Natural or man-made “traps” that capture
evidence of a lost persons passingevidence of a lost persons passing Footprints in sandFootprints in sand Clothing caught in thorn bushesClothing caught in thorn bushes
– Where frequent lost persons are reported,Where frequent lost persons are reported,(National Parks) SAR teams build track traps (National Parks) SAR teams build track traps out of sand on major trailsout of sand on major trails
Track traps are raked smooth, then checked Track traps are raked smooth, then checked frequentlyfrequently
Tracks are compared to those of the lost person Tracks are compared to those of the lost person
Geo-referencingGeo-referencing
Do we need to have all Searchers Do we need to have all Searchers using the same system,using the same system,– AirAir– Ground TeamsGround Teams– Incident CommandIncident Command– Others…Others…
Should they all at least Should they all at least understand the playbook?understand the playbook?
Geo-referencingGeo-referencing
Latitude / LongitudeLatitude / Longitude United States National GridUnited States National Grid Global Area Referencing SystemGlobal Area Referencing System
Lat/LongLat/Long
Lat / LongLat / Long Keeping it simple~ for Catastrophic Keeping it simple~ for Catastrophic
Incident SAR, the commonly described Incident SAR, the commonly described “Latitude and Longitude”describes what a “Latitude and Longitude”describes what a SAR responder will use on a standard SAR responder will use on a standard chart/map and what is displayed in a GPS chart/map and what is displayed in a GPS receiver.receiver.Lat: Lat: 31.9794 North31.9794 North
Long:Long: 81.1k685 West81.1k685 West
Lat/LongLat/Long
USNGUSNG
United States National Grid (USNG): United States National Grid (USNG):
Ground-based grided coordinate system Ground-based grided coordinate system based on Universal Transverse Mercator based on Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) System. (UTM) System.
Basic unit of measure is the meter; Basic unit of measure is the meter; positions reported as distance north from positions reported as distance north from equator and distance from the zone equator and distance from the zone central meridian. central meridian.
Purpose: provide a seamless, Purpose: provide a seamless, standardized ref system for nationwide standardized ref system for nationwide use during times of crisis.use during times of crisis.
US National GridUS National Grid
Global Area Reference System Global Area Reference System (GARS): (GARS):
Georeferencing during a Georeferencing during a Catastrophic EventCatastrophic Event
NSARC Georeferencing Matrix: NSARC Georeferencing Matrix: Catastrophic Incident SARCatastrophic Incident SARGeoreference System User Georeference System User USNG USNG Lat/Long Lat/Long GARSGARS
DD-MM.mmm (1)DD-MM.mmm (1)
Land SAR Responder(2)Land SAR Responder(2) Primary Primary Secondary Secondary N/A N/A
Aeronautical SAR Responders(3) Aeronautical SAR Responders(3) Secondary Primary Secondary Primary Tertiary Tertiary
Air Space Deconfliction(4) Air Space Deconfliction(4) N/A N/A Primary Primary N/A N/A
Land SAR Responder/ Land SAR Responder/ Primary Primary Secondary Secondary N/A N/A
Aeronautical SAR Responder Aeronautical SAR Responder
Interface (5) Interface (5)
Incident Command: Incident Command:
Air SAR Coordination Air SAR Coordination Secondary PrimarySecondary Primary N/AN/A
Land SAR Coordination Land SAR Coordination Primary Primary Secondary Secondary N/A N/A
Area organization and Area organization and Secondary Tertiary Secondary Tertiary Primary Primary
accountability (6) accountability (6)
Georeferencing during a Georeferencing during a Catastrophic EventCatastrophic Event
The FootnotesThe Footnotes1.1. During CIS operations, Lat/Long will be in During CIS operations, Lat/Long will be in
one standard format: one standard format: DD-MM.mmm. DD-MM.mmm.
2.2. Land SAR RespondersLand SAR Respondersmustuse USNG; mustuse USNG; however, a good familiarity with lat/long is however, a good familiarity with lat/long is necessary to ensure effective interface necessary to ensure effective interface between Land and Air SAR Responders.between Land and Air SAR Responders.
Georeferencing during a Georeferencing during a Catastrophic EventCatastrophic Event
3.3. Air SAR Responders will use lat/long. Air SAR Responders will use lat/long. 4.4. Air space deconfliction: Air space deconfliction: only in Lat/Long.only in Lat/Long.5.5. Air SAR Responders working with Land Air SAR Responders working with Land
SAR Responders have primary SAR Responders have primary responsibility of coordinating SAR using responsibility of coordinating SAR using USNG(Both need to know USNG and USNG(Both need to know USNG and Lat/Long.).Lat/Long.).
6.6. GARS (Global Area Reference System): GARS (Global Area Reference System): used for CIS response leadership used for CIS response leadership situational awareness.situational awareness.
Georeferencing during a Georeferencing during a Catastrophic EventCatastrophic Event
Catastrophic Incident defined:Catastrophic Incident defined: any natural or manmade incident, any natural or manmade incident,
including terrorism, that results in including terrorism, that results in extraordinary levels of mass causalities, extraordinary levels of mass causalities, damage, or disruption, severely damage, or disruption, severely affecting the population, infrastructure, affecting the population, infrastructure, environment, economy, national morale, environment, economy, national morale, and/or government functions and/or government functions
Lat/Long –USNG -GARSLat/Long –USNG -GARS
Matrix is for NSARC member Matrix is for NSARC member agency SAR Respondersagency SAR RespondersNSARC won’t impose NSARC won’t impose georeferencing standards on georeferencing standards on volunteer, local, or State SAR volunteer, local, or State SAR Responders; however:Responders; however:Need to be aware of what to expect Need to be aware of what to expect when a Catastrophic Incident is when a Catastrophic Incident is declared and NSARC member declared and NSARC member agencies conduct SAR operations. agencies conduct SAR operations.
Lat/Long –USNG -GARSLat/Long –USNG -GARS
Matrix Matrix willwill be implemented when be implemented when a Catastrophic Incident occurs.a Catastrophic Incident occurs.
(As defined in the NRF)(As defined in the NRF)
Questions?Questions?
Recommended