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8/13/2019 Seminar Vjetroelektrane
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/seminar-vjetroelektrane 1/21
MAŠINSKI FAKULTET BANJA
LUKA
SEMINARSKI RAD IZ ELEKTROTEHNIKE
TEMA: VJETROELEKTRANE
SINIŠA RUŠKIĆ
BROJ INDEXA: 8755
1
8/13/2019 Seminar Vjetroelektrane
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SADRŽAJ
1. UVOD.................................................................................................................................................3
1.1 FOTOVOLTNA TEHNOLOGIJA......................................................................................................3
1.2 POSTROJENJA ZA KONCENTRIRANU SOLARNU ENERGIJU.................................................4
1.3 SOLARNI TERMALNI KOLEKTORI...............................................................................................4
1.4 BIOMASA............................................................................................................................................4
1.5 GEOTERMALNE ELEKTRANE........................................................................................................4
1.6 HIDROENERGIJA...............................................................................................................................4
1.7 SNAGA VJETRA.................................................................................................................................5
1. SVIJET TREBA OBNOVLJIVE IZVORE ENERGIJE.......................................................................5
2. VJETROELEKTRANE......................................................................................................................5
2.1 ENERGIJA VJETRA............................................................................................................................5
2.2 SNAGA I ENERGIJA VJETRA I VJETROAGREGATA...................................................................6
2.3 KRIVULJA SNAGE I ZAVISNOST O BRZINI VJETRA..................................................................7
2.4 UTICAJ TERENA I IZBOR LOKACIJE..............................................................................................
2.5 OSNOVNA PODJELA I DIJELOVI VJETROELEKTRANA.............................................................!
2.6 OSNOVNI DIJELOVI VJETROELEKTRANE...................................................................................11
3. PRINCIP RADA VJETROELEKTRANE U EES I IZBOR GENERATORA.............................14
3.1 UOP"TENA "EMA DJELOVANJA VJETROELEKTRANE............................................................14
3.2 IZBOR GENERATORA U VJETROELEKTRANI.............................................................................16
3.3 KRITERIJI PRIKLJU#ENJA VJETROELEKTRANE NA MRE$U..................................................1!
4. ZAKLJUČAK ......................................................................................................................................2%
4.1 PREDNOSTI I NEDOSTACI VJETROELEKTRANA.......................................................................2%
4.2 STANJE U SVIJETU DANAS.............................................................................................................2%
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1. UVOD
O&'()*+,), ,-)(, /'/0,+/ (', ,-)(, (+/ ,( *'( '(8+/9 : ';/<)+/< )(< &,(8 , Z/8*+,' (*,'. I- '+,=< (8(> /='(*(0,+ - (,9/'+/ (&'()*+,),=,-)( /'/0,+/< (&,+8( ,(,,)/ (&*,/ /'/0,+/ ( 9( +< (*,' , 0(,). D' (&'()*+,)/ ,-)(/ /'/0,+/ ,+? '0 )+/< '0 )(/< (/& (*'/ /'/0,+/<
&,(0(,)(< />/ &,(0(,)(< &,(8< &,(*,' , 0/(/8*' /'/0,+.
V/>,' (&'()*+,),= ,-)( /'/0,+/ (,@/< ,/'( ,*, ,',/'(< ( ';. E'/0,+'; 8(/ / (,,, ,-)'( - 0,+'+/ (8(> (*',= (*,',= (*/( ,*, -
(,-)('+ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ (/&(8 (('(',= (*',= >/*,+. V+/< )*(), , &,(8 '+ )( -=)*++>, +/*()'+ ';. S'0 )+/ , )*() -),, (
)/8/',8 )+/,8 , (&;,8 (+/ )+/+/ '@/) /'/0,+. S'@/) +/ )+/*( (/&' - ((,'/-< +. ),= &,*+< ( , &,(8/. D*/< ';/ ,',/'( +/'0 )+/(&,'8< =,(/*/'8 , ,/8,8 &,(8/.
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(,-)('+ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/. E'/0,+ *,8/ , (//< (+ / (/ (,, - (,-)('+/*/,@'/ /'/0,+/< +/,', +/ (&*, /'/0,+/ (+, (,-*-, ,-)'( ,- /'+ Z/8*+/ , M+//;<+. 8+//@/),= 8,+/'. G,&'+/ 8( -(+ M+//; , S';/ (8&,';,+, Z/8*+,'(8(;,+(8< / '+ *,8 , (/.
S*.1 G/(/8*' /'/0,+ S*.2 E'/0,+ )+/ S*.3 E'/0,+ ';
O&'()*+,), &, ,-)(, /'/0,+/ 8(0*, (,, '9'+/ )+// /'/0// (/&/ @ 3%7 . T/'' /=',@ ('( (&'()*+,)/ /'/0,+/ ',+/ )/*,< *, +(9 ),+/ 8(/ ,,9/ ),9/ /'/0,+/ '( 9( / ' ),+/ (9, , ( '/(0*/. T/='(*(0,+(&'()*+,),= ,-)( ',+/ ('(, -),+/'< *, ),8 '(8 / )/ ),9/ -),+.
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1.1 FOTOVOLTNA TEHNOLOGIJA
U*+@+/ (,-)('+ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ ,- '@/)(0 )+/*. T+' ()(0 (;/ */, (/&, (*)(,@< ( 9( +/ ,*,;,+. K )+/*( ' (*)(,@< (*(&+ //*/(', , ) ,(8+/' +. F(('('/ (*'/ >/*,+/ '/ /&+ +( '@/)()+/*( &, ,*/ / 8(0 (,-)(,, + @ , - (&*@',= '.
1.2 POSTROJENJA ZA KONCENTRIRANU SOLARNU ENERGIJU
I*, (';/',+>/ (*'/ /8*'/ /*/'/< (,-)(/ /*/,@' /'/0,+ /)'+/8(';/','(0 '@/)(0 -@/'+ ,*, *,' ),(/ /8//< (+, ) (*-, (-
&,'/ ,*, (*,'/ 8((/. V/*, (0*/* *++ '@/) )+/*( +/' @ / /(&,+/' (*,' (,, - (,-)('+ )(/'/ /. O' +/ )> , ( ),(,8 ,,(8
(0(', &,'/ - (,-)('+ /*/,@'/ +/.
1.3 SOLARNI TERMALNI KOLEKTORI
S(*', /8*', (*/(, ';,(',9 ' ,';, (-'(8 (*+/>,8? ';/ -0,+)/>,' (+ / '*-, 8'(8 /8',. O)+ ,';, (8(0>) (&,)'+/ /'/0,+/ -;,+/*, ',- -*,@,,= (/& ( (*/ )(/ , 0,+'+ (( (8>,') ( 0,+'+
&-/'.
1.4 BIOMASA
B,(8 +/ 9,(, /8,' (+, / ('(, ' 8/,+ &,*+'(0 ,*, ,)(,'+(0 (,+/*< (+/ 8(/ (,,, ( ,-)( /'/0,+/. U*+@+/ )(< +/)/< *0/ , 0/ &,*+/< (/ ,(/ ,- (*+(,)// , 98) / -*,@,, 0, (. B,(8 / 8(/ (,,, -0,+'+/< (,-)('+ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ ,*, ( 0(,)( - /)(-.
1.5 GEOTERMALNE ELEKTRANE
G/(/8*'/ /*/'/ (,/ ,(' -/8*+,' (*,' - ,)'+/ )(/ ,*, (0',=
8/,+. P (+ '+/ (/>/ &,'/ - (,-)('+ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/. O) / /=',)/> //*+/>,8 )/*,( (,, ' N()(8 Z/*' , I*'. U E(, +/ ( +(9 ('(+-,< *, 0/(/8*', ,/8, - 0,+'+/ 9,((+ (/&,. T ((+/'+ -=,+/)+ ',//8// / / -0,+' )( (,, ,-)'(. Z'@+' ,( /(,= (/& -0,+'+/8 , =*/'+/8 8(/ / (,, 0/(/8*'(8 /'/0,+(8.
1.6 HIDROENERGIJA
H,(/'/0,+ +/ '0 )(/< =,(/*/,@' /'/0,+ +/ + (&,+/' (8(> '0/)(/ (+ / , /-/)( ,- &'/. P,, )(/ ( 8/ /,'/ )(/ , 0),;,+/
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(8(> )(/',= &,' /) 8/=',@ /'/0,+ /*/,@'. M*/ =,(/*/'/';,(',9 ' ,';, ( ,+// '/ -=,+/)+ ,*+'+/ )/*,/ (*,@,'/ )(/ ,,-0'+ )/*,,= &' , /-/)(.
1. SNAGA VJETRA
S'0 )+/ (* +/ ,-)( /'/0,+/ '+)/>,8 (8 -'+,= 2% 0(,'. S'0)+/(&,' ), ( '/(*,( ( /( 7%%% < '+)/>/ /89+ 13% 8 ),,'/.J/' )/*, &,' 8(/ (,-)/, ()(*+'( /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ - (( 5%%% (8>,').V/>,' '9'+,= (8/;,+*',= )+/(&,' ('/ =(,-('*'(8 ((8 , , +/'((//'/ *(,;/ ((< ,- (+/0 / '0 /'(, 0/'/(. S+ / -,8 ()(, ',-& ( '(8( , ' + *(*' 8/.
1.! SVIJET TREBA OBNOVLJIVE IZVORE ENERGIJE
O&'()*+,), ,-)(, /'/0,+/ 8'+/ 9/', - ((*,' '/0( (')/;,('*', ,-)(, 8,*,9'+?
*/',@,= *,'()
,= @/,;
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*,'() -(@', ,/*,= ,9
*,'() -(@', (,-/8'(0 (-('
P(,-)('+(8 /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ ,- '/(0 ( (&'()*+,),= ,-)( /'/0,+/ 9/, / /'/0/(0(,)(< (+/ &, / ,'@/ ((9,*( '/(+ ( (')/';,('*',= /*/' - (,-)('+
+/'/ (*,@,'/ /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/. O&'()*+,), ,-)(, (8(0>+ -)(+ *',= (@+ 8,* -(9*+)'+ *(*'(0 '()',9)< ,-0'+/ (&>+',; , ,',= /)<,0',+/ '&)/ /*/,@'(8 /'/0,+(8. T(/< (&'()*+,), ,-)(, /'/0,+/ 8'++-),'( ( )(- /'/0/'< */ )+/ ,*, ';/ / '/ 8(+ )(-,,< - -*, (0*+/'< *,' ,*, '/. K( +/' ;,+/*,'< (', (,'(/ -'()'(, ,-)( /'/0,+/.
2.VJETROELEKTRANE
2.1 ENERGIJA VJETRA
S) (&'()*+,) /'/0,+ (*-, ( ';. S';/ /8 Z/8*+, -@, 1%15 = (@/)('(8 8/. O( 1 ( 2 (( /'/0,+/ (+ (*-, ( '; /) / /'/0,+)+/. T( +/ ,8+/,;/ ( 5% ( 1%% ),9/ ( /'/0,+/ /)(/'/ &,(8 ( ),=
&,*+ ' Z/8*+,. Z&(0 -/8*+,'/ (;,+/< ) /'+ ' +/)/'(+ (*, +/ 8+//'
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/8 /'(. T (+) ,,)*+/' ,*/ +/ (-' ( C(,(*,() ,*. N +/)/'(+ (*,)+/ ,8 8+/ (;,+/ (&' 8+/ -*+/ ( / ,&*,) (@+ ',(0
,,. N +'(+ (*, )+/ ,8 8+/ (;,+/ 8+/ -*+/ (( (@+',(0 *. V+/(&,' (&,+ *-' '0 /)'+/8 ,*/ )+/ (/' ,* (++/*+/ ' /*,/ ((. K(*,@,' /'/0,+/ (+ )+/ /'(, ' (( -),, ( ()9,', 0(+, @,', (( (&'+< &-,', )+/ , 0(>, )-=. P, '(8*'(8 8(/(8
,, , /8/, ( 15C )-= /, (,*,/ 1.225 083< *, / ()/>'+/8)*'(, , 0,' ()/>). T(/ ),+/, +/ - 09>, +/ =*',+, '/0( +/(*,+,. N ),(,8 '8(,8 ),,'8 ,, )-= +/ ',, +/ - +/,.V+/(&,' ,,)*++/ '+ )+/ , ,+/ '/0( 9( )+/ (/ ( /*, ((. T( -'@, / '/ 8(/ ,(,,, ) /'/0,+ ,- )+/.
2.2 SNAGA I ENERGIJA VJETRA I VJETROAGREGATA
E'/0,+ )+/ +/ ,'/,@ /'/0,+ -),' +/ ( ) &-,'/ )+/?
12 8 )2 < 8,8*' /(,+ /'/0,+ )+/ @' / (? 12 V )2
12 A )3 %<625 A )3
G+/ +/? 0,' )-= ,&*,'( 1<25 083
A ()9,' (( )+/(/*/'/ )(*8/' V AQ)
) &-,' )+/
M,8*' /(,+ /'/0,+ )+/ -),, ( &-,', )+/ ' /> (/';,+. U','/,@ /'/0,+ )-= '/ 8(/ / ) ,(,,,< +/ )-= 8( *+/ +, &,'@,',( 8+/ ('(8/ (+, (*-, +/ 8(0>/ ,(,,, 8( /'/0,+ (+ +/
((;,('*' -*,;, &-,' )+/ ' />? %<625 A)1)23
M,8*' '0 (+ / 8(/ (&,, (0('(8 (8(> )+/(&,'/ ,- (';,+,=
-*(0 ,-'(, 1627< ('('( %<5!25! ( /(// 8,8*'/ 8(0>/ '0/ )+/.
U-8/8( *, (&-, , 8,8*', //' +/*()'+ )-9'/ &,'/ +/ %.65< / //'+/*()'+ 0/'/( %.< - 8,8*' /'/0,+ )+/(/*/'/ ),+/,?
1627 %<65 %< %<625 A )3
%<1!3 A )3
T/(,+,< ,(,, / 8( 31 %<1!3%<625 ,'/,@/ /'/0,+/ )+/ - (,-)('+/*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ )+/(/*/'8.
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B-,' )+/ +/ +( (8+/'+,) +/ (0 (/&'( 8+/,, &-,' )+/ ( &, / 8(0*/(/,, ,)*+/ /)/';,+ ,, )+/. B-,' )+/ / ()/>) ),,'(8 ,-' *.M(/ / @', +/ (8+/ &-,' -8+/' /(8 (,+/' ,- (8+/ ),,' ' -/8*+(8.
N *,;, 4.1. ,-' +/ -),'( 8,8*'/ , /(,+, ,(,,)/ '0/ )+/< ( , ('/' ((),', )+/(&,'/ , ,*+@;,8 0/'/( -),'(, ( &-,', )+/.
S"#$% 2.1 Z),'( '0/ )+/ ( &-,', )+/
2.3. KRIVULJA SNAGE I ZAVISNOST O BRZINI VJETRA
G (+, '8 (-+/ (*,( >/ &,' (,-)/, /*/,@'/ /'/0,+/ ' -*,@,,8 &-,'8 )+/ +/ ,)*+ '0/. V+/(&,'/ ,-+','/ ( (@' ,, , &-,',)+/ ,-8/ 3 ( 5 8/ ( /',. T (+) '-,)8( &-,' *+@/'+ )+/.T&,' / (08, ( /'/ ,, , )/*,(+ &-,', )+/< , (,*,/ 258< / &,' ,*, ((*,' &,'/ '/ &, (9/,*. P/' &-,'/ )+/ '-,)8( &-,'(8,*+@/'+ )+/.
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S"#$% 2.2 Z),'( '0/ )+/(0/'/( ( &-,', )+/
P(&*/8 ,)*+/ '0/ +/ (8/ 9( '8 0()(, (*,( '0/ >/ (,-)/,)+/(&,' , (+/@'(+ &-,', )+/. O&,8 /'/0,+/ )+/ / 8+/'+ &-,'(8 )+/.
K(/,;,+/' '0/ 0()(, (*,( / /'/0,+/ )+/ /)(, /*/,@' /'/0,+. E,'(&,' +/ 8*( )/> ( 2%< , (' / 8+/'+ &-,'(8 )+/. Z ' (*,@,'/'/0,+/ (+ )-9' &,' /) /*/,@' /'/0,+ &-,' )+/ +/ )*( &,'.E'/0,+ )+/ (0() (+/@'(+ &-,', )+/ ' /> (/';,+< 9( -'@, ( +/ &-,')+/ )(( )/>< (&,+ / ),9/ /'/0,+/.
2.4 UTICAJ TERENA I IZBOR LOKACIJE
N )/*,,8 ),,'8 ( (( 1 8< ()9,' -/8*+/ '/ ,@/ /),9/ ' )+/ ( ',,8 *(+/),8 8(// /'+/ ( ()9,' -/8*+/ +( ,@/ ' &-,' )+/. Z )/>/
'/),*'(, //'< )+/ +/ ),9/ (/'. P,8+/,;/ 98/ , )/*,, 0(),< *(0,@'( >/ ),9/(,, )+/< ( >/ )/*,/ &/('/ ()9,'/ ' /((8,8 / '/-''( ,;, ' &-,')+/. V(/'/ ()9,'/ +(9 ),9/ 0*/',+/ ( &/(',=< ,8+ +(9 8'+, ,;+< (),( ) , 08*+/ ,8+ -'' ,;+ ' &-,' )+/. D(& *(;,+ - )-9'/ &,'/
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Z&(0 *'(0 ),'+ &-,'/ )+/< (*,@,' /'/0,+/ *'( / 8,+/'+. P(8+/'-),, ( )/8/',8 ,*,8< ( *(),8 ' * , //8. I-*-' /'/0,+ )+/(&,'/-),, ( ),'+ )+/< ,( '+)/>/ ),+;,+/ ( '// 8+// (8/'-,'/ -&(0 (8(,(( &,'/. N )/>,', 8+/ ' ),+/ '+ +/ )+/(),,+/ '/0( '(>. V+/ +/ 8'(0(&*/'',+, '+ @/9>/ 8,+/'+ 8+/. V/> (,-)('+ '+ +/ /'( +/ +/ ((9'+'+ )/>. S''/ (*+/ @/( (>/'/ @/,8 ,8 )+/ (+, '0*( 8,+/'++ 8+/, &-,' )+/.
U (@+,8 '/+/',8 ,-0*/(8 //'< ,- // ( -0< (*-, (&*/';,+/ )*( '/),*',8 ((),8 )+/ , )*(-,8. T&*/';,+ 8'++/8(0>'( ,(,9)'+ /'/0,+/ )+/ / -(+/ )/>/ (9/'+/ &,'. P()9,'/ 8( ,
+/-/ 0*/ , ('''(+ &-,', )+/< '/),*'( ()9,'/ +/ )*( 8*. P()/>'+/8 &-,'/ )+/ ,( /'/0,+/ )+/ / ,(,9) ' (,-'+/ * 9( @,', ()9,''/),*'(8. P(9( +/ '/),*'( ' 8((+ ()9,', )*( 8*< &-,' )+/ / /),9/ '/8,+/'+ ),,' ((),'/ &,'/ '/ 8( &,, ),( ( ' ('.
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S".2.3 P()*+'+/ )+/(&,' (&-,(8 ' ( )+/
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((. N )+/(),(+ ', -0 ,*, *','< )-= / (8/+/ , '+/0() / &-,',-8/ // -''( ()/>). T +/ (+) -'' ( // '/*. T'/* &, /&( &,,9( ),*',+,. U *@+ & )*( '/)' , '/+/'< (*-, ( )/*,,= &*/';,+< +.
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2.3. P/'( +/ ,8, 9( +/ 8(0>/ 9,, (0*/ /8 '(*-/>/8 8+/ )+/ '/(8 (@+. R-*(0 +/ ('()( *@/'+/ )-= ' )+/(),(+ ', & , '(' 9( )+/(/0'/ )=< (/ 8 +/ (8(0>/'( 9,/'+/ ( / 9 (@+/ ',/0 ,, ' 0(+', &. A( +/ &( 8( ,*, ,8 '/),*' ()9,'< (*-, ( -'',= &*/';,+ (+/
(',9)+ /'(, )/>/ &-,'/ )+/.
2.5 OSNOVNA PODJELA I DJELOVI VJETROELEKTRANA
U(9/'( ((+/ ) , )+/(/*/' *, 2.4? )',8 , =(,-('*',8(((8.
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()/>) /8 /8/*+< &, ()/>*, @)(> , 9/,*, ' 8/,+*. R/9/, ('+/), /,-)(/ )/'+/8 @/*,@',= (,*. O'()' /'( (),= ('+/) +/ ;,+/',< (9( / (,,(* 8'+/ 8/,+*< (,/ / , @)(>. S (&-,(8 ' 8+/( ()*+'+
)+/(/*/'/ / ,+/*/ ' ('/ (+/ / ()*++ ' (' , ('/ ' 8((+ @,',. S(&-,(8 ' '0 (&,@+/' +/ (+/* ' 8*/ 1 ( 3% < /'+/ , )/*,/ 3% ( 15%%< / ('/ ' @,', 15%% M*/ / (,/ (&,@'( ' */,8 ,-(*()',8 8+/,8<
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2.6 OSNOVNI DIJELOVI VJETROELEKTRANE
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(8,@'(8 )'(8 ()9,'(8 /'0. (,*/ / ' + '@,' (0',@)+ &-,' (/'+.
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4. ZAKLJUČAK
4.1 PREDNOSTI I NEDOSTACI VJETROELEKTRANA
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4.2 STANJE U SVIJETU DANAS
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