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SLOVENIA
The Report referred to in Article 5 of Directive 92/117/EEC
TRENDS AND SOURCES OF ZOONOSES ANDZOONOTIC AGENTS IN HUMANS, FOODSTUFFS, ANIMALS ANDFEEDINGSTUFFS
including information on foodborne outbreaks andantimicrobial resistance in zoonotic agents
IN 2004
INFORMATION ON THE REPORTING AND MONITORING SYSTEM
Country: Slovenia
Reporting Year: 2004
Institutions and laboratories involved in monitoring:
Laboratoryname
Description Contribution
VeterinaryAdministration ofthe Republic ofSlovenia
Competent authority Reporting authority
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004
PREFACE
This report is submitted to the European Commission in accordance with Article 5 of CouncilDirective 92/117/EEC1. The information has also been forwarded to the European Food SafetyAuthority (EFSA).
The report contains information on trends and sources of zoonoses and zoonotic agents inSlovenia during the year 2004. The information covers the occurrence of these diseases and agentsin humans, animals, foodstuffs and in some cases also in feedingstuffs. In addition the reportincludes data on antimicrobial resistance in some zoonotic agents and commensal bacteria as wellas information on epidemiological investigations of foodborne outbreaks. Complementary data onsusceptible animal populations in the country is also given.
The information given covers both zoonoses that are important for the public health in the wholeEuropean Community as well as zoonoses, which are relevant on the basis of the nationalepidemiological situation.
The report describes the monitoring systems in place and the prevention and control strategiesapplied in the country. For some zoonoses this monitoring is based on legal requirements laiddown by the Community Legislation, while for the other zoonoses national approaches areapplied.
The report presents the results of the examinations carried out in the reporting year. A nationalevaluation of the epidemiological situation, with special reference to trends and sources ofzoonotic infections, is given. Whenever possible, the relevance of findings in foodstuffs andanimals to zoonoses cases in humans is evaluated.
The information covered by this report is used in the annual Community Summary Report onzoonoses that is published each year by EFSA.
-1 Council Directive 92/117/ECC of 17 December 1992 concerning measures for protection against specified zoonosesand specified zoonotic agents in animals and products of animal origin in order to prevent outbreaks of foodborneinfections and intoxications, OJ L 62, 15.3.1993, p. 38
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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LIST OF CONTENTS
1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS 12. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTIC AGENTS 42.1. SALMONELLOSIS 52.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 52.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans 72.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs 122.1.4. Salmonella in animals 232.1.5. Salmonella in feedstuffs 432.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution 462.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates 50
2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS 1332.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1332.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans 1342.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs 1382.2.4. Campylobacter in animals 1422.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates 142
2.3. LISTERIOSIS 1432.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1432.3.2. Listeriosis in humans 1442.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs 147
2.4. VEROCYTOTOXIC ESCHERICHIA COLI 1512.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1512.4.2. Verocytotoxic Escherichia coli in humans 1522.4.3. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in foodstuffs 1562.4.4. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in animals 159
2.5. TUBERCULOSIS 1602.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1602.5.2. Tuberculosis in humans 1612.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals 165
2.6. BRUCELLOSIS 1712.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1712.6.2. Brucellosis in humans 1722.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs 1752.6.4. Brucella in animals 175
2.7. YERSINIOSIS 1822.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1822.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans 1832.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs 1872.7.4. Yersinia in animals 190
2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS 1912.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation 1912.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans 1922.8.3. Trichinella in animals 195
2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS 203
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2.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2032.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans 2042.9.3. Echinococcus in animals 207
2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS 2112.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2112.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans 2122.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals 215
2.11. RABIES 2162.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2162.11.2. Rabies in humans 2182.11.3. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals 219
3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE
220
3.1. E. COLI INDICATORS 2213.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation 2213.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates 221
4. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS 222
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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1. ANIMAL POPULATIONS
The relevance of the findings on zoonoses and zoonotic agents has to be related to the size andnature of the animal population in the country.
A. Information on susceptible animal population
Sources of information:
Source:Livestock numbers and number of holdings: Statistical office of the Republic of SloveniaNumber of slaughtered animals: Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia
Dates the figures relate to and the content of the figures:
Reference dateLivestock numbers and number of holdings: Reference date is the date the obtained data referto. The reference date of this survey was 1 June 2003.Number of slaughtered animals: The number of slaughtered animals in 2004
Definitions used for different types of animals, herds, flocks and holdings as well asthe types covered by the information:
Definitions and other explanationsAgricultural holding is a single unit, both organisational and operating, of agricultural areautilised, forests, buildings, equipment and labour force, which has a single management andwhich is engaged in agricultural production.
Additional information
METHODOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONSThe purpose of the surveyThe Farm Structure Survey (FSS) is one of the basic statistical surveys in the field ofagriculture. In accordance with EU regulation it is conducted as a census every 10 years.Between censuses it can be conducted as a sample survey.Within the framework of FSS 2003 regular annual survey on Areas Sown and Number ofLivestock was carried out.Observation unitsObservation units are agricultural holdings satisfying the criteria of EU comparable thresholdand all agricultural enterprises and co-operatives.Data on agricultural enterprises and co-operatives were collected by questionnaire by post.
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Table 14.1 Susceptible animal populations: number of herds and holdings rearinganimals
* Only if different than current reporting yearAnimal species Category of animals Number of herds or flocks Number of holdings Year* Year*Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) 34699 2003
young cattle (1-2 years) 31635 2003cattle over 2 years 41038 2003in total 46736 2003
Ducks in total 2373 2003
Gallus gallus broilers 4894 2003
laying hens 47888 2003
Geese in total 713 2003
Goats in total 3974 2003
Pigs fattening pigs 33008 2003
breeding animals 8477 2003in total 39484 2003
Sheep in total 5281 2003
Solipeds horses - in total 4728 2003
Turkeys in total 1365 2003
Ostriches in total 74 2003
Guinea fowl in total 241 2003
Footnote
Source: Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia
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Table 14.2 Susceptible animal populations: number of animals
* Only if different than current reporting yearAnimal species Category of animals Livestock numbers (live
animals)Number of slaughteredanimals
Year* Year*Cattle (bovine animals) calves (under 1 year) 139962 2003
young cattle (1-2 years) 116691 2003cattle over 2 years 221677 2003in total 478331 2003 144884
Ducks in total 20304 2003
Gallus gallus broilers 2604304 2003
laying hens 1387408 2003
Geese in total 3862 2003
Goats in total 28690 2003
Pigs breeding animals 68566 2003
fattening pigs 228456 2003in total 607881 2003 443513
Sheep in total 119631 2003
Solipeds horses - in total 16879 2003 857
Turkeys in total 310285 2003
Gallus gallus andturkeys
in total 27256871
Rabbits in total 138953 2003 51672
Sheep and goats in total 7183
Ostriches in total 320 2003 163
Guinea fowl in total 1037 2003
Footnote
Source:Livestock numbers: Statistical office of the Republic of SloveniaNumber of slaughtered animals: Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia
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2. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC ZOONOSES AND ZOONOTICAGENTS
Zoonoses are diseases or infections, which are naturally transmissible directly or indirectlybetween animals and humans. Foodstuffs serve often as vehicles of zoonotic infections. Zoonoticagents cover viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites or other biological entities that are likely to causezoonoses.
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2.1. SALMONELLOSIS
2.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
HumansSalmonella Typhi, S.Paratyphi are notified only as imported infections.In the year 2002 Institute of Public Health of the R. Slovenia received 2725 notifications and inyear 2003 4005 (in year 2004 3277).Zoonotic agent in feed (2004)Some compound feedstuffs were contaminated with Salmonella. Of a total of 183 samples (batches) examined, the presence of Salmonella was detected in 4 samples (2,2%). 77 samples offeed material of animal origin and 36 samples of feed of vegetable origin were taken.Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.Zoonotic agent in animals (2004)129 breeding flocks of Gallus gallus in total were examined (day old chicks, flocks duringrearing and production). Salmonella was isolated in 3 flocks (2,3 %), and S. Enteritidis wasconfirmed in 2 adult flocks (1,5%).164 laying hen flocks in total (rearing and production period) were examined. Salmonella wasisolated in 4 flocks (2,1 %), and S. Enteritidis was confirmed in 1 adult flock.1146 broiler flocks were examined. S. Enteritidis was isolated three times (30 % of all positiveflocks) and S. Infantis, S. Saintpaul and S. Heidelberg once each. In 2004, salmonellosis in pigs and cattle was not reported.Zoonotic agent in food (2004)191 samples of fresh poultry meat, and 44 samples of mechanically recovered meat were takenat slaughterhouses and retail. Salmonella was isolated from 8 samples of fresh meat-all of themare broiler meat (4,2 %), and from 1 sample of mechanically recovered meat (2,3 %). S.Enteritidis was isolated in 7 cases.402 samples of fresh and minced red meat were taken at the registered slaughterhouses andretail. Salmonella was isolated from 1 sample (S.Typhimurium).Altogether 149 samples of table eggs and egg products were taken. Salmonella was not isolatedfrom any sample.188 milk samples at processing plant, 70 samples of cheeses and 170 samples of ice- cream atretail were taken and examined. Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
HumansSalmonella infections remain public health problem. The burden of disease is higher in last threeyears.In last years Salmonella Enteritidis encounters more than 90% of Salmonella isolates inSlovenia.FeedAs compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 was more favourable.Animals
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In 2004, the breeding flock status was identical to that of the preceding year, where Salmonellawas not detected in the flocks intended for egg production, and 1 non-specified flock was foundpositive in 2003 as well as in 2004. As compared to the preceding year, the number of positivebreading flocks for meat production line in which S. enteritridis was isolated, remainedunchanged (1 flock).In 2003 Salmonella was detected in 7 laying flocks during rearing period (23 % of rearingflocks examined, or 8 % of all flocks examined), where S. Enteritidis was identified five times,and once S. Typhimurium. As compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 regarding the prevalence was morefavourable. As compared to 2003 where Salmonella had been isolated in 39 broiler flocks from a total ofmore than 673 examined, the state in 2004 was more favourable.FoodAs compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 was more favourable as the percentage ofpositive samples of mechanically recovered meat and the percentage of positive samples offresh broiler meat halved.State regarding the occurrence of Salmonella in turkey meat in 2004 was identical to that in thepreceding year as in 2003 as well there were no positive samples detected. In general favourable situation in food continued in 2004.
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2.1.2. Salmonellosis in humans
A. Salmonellosis in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
Salmonella cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify).Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Notification since second World War.
Case definition
According to definition of commission of the EU communities.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Serologic and biochemical identification: SS agar and selen medium.
Notification system in place
Salmonella cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public health notifydisease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Medical doctors also report outbreaks ofsalmonella infections. Notification since second World War.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
After the second World War only Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphy were notified. In 1950-sSalmonella Typhi and Paratyphi infections were more and more rare, other salmonella serotypeswere more and more frequent. From 1946 to 1953 3414 cases of Salmonella Typhi and 3415 cases of Salmonella Paratyphiwere notified. Among them 180 patients with Salmonella Typhi and 41 patients with SalmonellaParatyphi died. After year 1953 epidemiological situation changed. More other Salmonella serotypes(Salmonella Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, Enteritidis etc.) were identified and less SalmonellaTyphi and Paratyphi.From the year 1954 to 2000 188 serotypes of Salmonella were identified and 82 742notifications of Salmonella gastroenteritis in Slovenia. In last years Salmonella Enteritidis encounters more than 90% of Salmonella isolates inSlovenia.Salmonella Typhi, S.Paratyphi are notified only as imported infections.
Results of the investigation
After 1997, number of notifications of Salmonella gastroenteritis increased. In the year 2002Institute of Public Health of the R. Slovenia received 2725 notifications and in year 2003 4005(in year 2004 3277). Incidence of Salmonella gastroenteritis in the year 2003 reached 201 / 100 000 inhabitants, theburden of disease is quite high. Important fact is also that the real number of Salmonella
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infections is not known; incidence is estimated from the data on Salmonella notifications.(Further studies are needed to estimate the burden of disease).
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Salmonella infections remain public health problem. The burden of disease is higher in last threeyears.
Relevance as zoonotic disease
Poultry and eggs remain source of infection.
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Tab
le 3
.4.1
.A S
alm
on
ello
sis
in m
an -
sp
ecie
s/se
roty
pe
dis
trib
uti
on
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
Au
toch
ton
e ca
ses
Au
toch
ton
e In
cIm
po
rted
cas
esIm
po
rted
Inc
un
kno
wn
sta
tus
Sal
mo
nel
la32
4716
00
00
032
43
S. C
oeln
110,
511
S. D
erby
40,
2
S. E
nter
itidi
s31
0315
5,4
3103
S. S
tanl
eyvi
lle7
0,35
7
S. T
yphi
mur
ium
331,
633
Sal
mon
ella
spp
.89
4,4
89
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 9
Tab
le 3
.4.1
.B S
alm
on
ello
sis
in m
an -
ag
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
S. C
oel
nS
. Der
by
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. S
tan
leyv
ille
S. T
yph
imu
riu
mS
alm
on
ella
sp
p.
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
F
<1
year
0
00
00
068
3236
21
11
01
00
3
1 to
4 y
ears
5
32
10
141
122
218
92
02
94
518
99
5 to
14
year
s 1
10
00
065
729
835
91
10
85
318
117
15 to
24
year
s 2
11
22
043
622
920
71
01
42
214
77
25 to
44
year
s 2
11
10
171
131
739
40
00
51
412
66
45 to
64
year
s 0
00
00
051
522
628
91
10
42
217
107
65 y
ears
and
old
er
11
00
00
335
115
220
00
02
110
37
Age
unk
now
n 0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
To
tal :
11
7
4 4
2 2
3133
14
39
1694
7
3 4
33
15
17
89
46
46
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 10
Tab
le 3
.4.2
Sal
mo
nel
losi
s in
man
- s
easo
nal
dis
trib
uti
on
S. C
oel
n
S. D
erb
y S
. En
teri
tid
is
S. S
tan
leyv
ille
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
.
Mo
nth
Cas
esC
ases
Cas
esC
ases
Cas
esC
ases
Janu
ary
0 2
118
0 1
7
Feb
ruar
y 0
0 60
0
0 6
Mar
ch
0 0
160
0 3
6
Apr
il 0
1 11
6 0
1 7
May
1
0 26
4 0
1 4
June
1
0 22
2 0
1 7
July
1
0 42
3 2
3 7
Aug
ust
3 1
519
2 6
19
Sep
tem
ber
4 0
387
1 5
7
Oct
ober
1
0 33
2 1
3 8
Nov
embe
r 0
0 19
2 1
8 4
Dec
embe
r 0
0 34
0 0
1 7
not k
now
n 0
0 0
0 0
0
To
tal :
11
4
3133
7
33
89
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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2.1.3. Salmonella in foodstuffs
A. Salmonella spp in eggs and egg products
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Monitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 50 samples of table eggs and 99 samples of egg products per annum
Frequency of the sampling
Eggs at retail
Sampling takes place during the months April - May
Egg products (at production plant and at retail)
Sampling takes place during the months March - May
Type of specimen taken
Eggs at egg packing centres (foodstuff based approach)
Mixture of yolk and white
Egg products (at production plant and at retail)
Mixture of yolk and white
Definition of positive finding
Eggs at retail
A sample from which Salmonella has been isolated.
Egg products (at production plant and at retail)
A sample from which Salmonella has been isolated.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Eggs at retail
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Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
Egg products (at production plant and at retail)
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
Preventive measures in place
GMP, GHP, HACCP
Measures in case of the positive findings
Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.
Notification system in place
Whenever zoonotic agent-Salmonella is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must beinformed.
Results of the investigation
Within the monitoring programme 50 samples of table eggs and 99 samples of egg productswere taken. Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.
B. Salmonella spp. in broiler meat and products thereof
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Monitoring is carried out in accordance with the Compulsory instructions on thetaking of official samples for zoonoses.Official veterinarians carry out the sampling of meat and mechanically recoveredmeat at all the registered poultry slaughterhouses.
At retail
Annual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for theofficial control of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview overthe situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh poultry meat per annum.
Frequency of the sampling
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At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Other: Sampling of meat in the high-capacity establishments (establishmentsapproved for the intra-Community trade) /1 sample of meat per month. Samplingof meat in the low-capacity establishments (establishments approved for placingof meat on the internal market of the Republic of Slovenia only)/ 1 sample ofmeat per month.Sampling of mechanically recovered meat: 1 sample of MRMper month.
At retail
Sampling takes place during the months February-June
Type of specimen taken
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Other: Fresh meat, mechanically separated meat
At retail
Fresh meat
Definition of positive finding
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Meat: sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has beenisolated from the sample.
At retail
A sample from which Salmonella has been isolated.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
At retail
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
Preventive measures in place
GMP, GHP, HACCPAt the moment food business operators introduce the system of additional labelling of poultrymeat which includes special warning to the customers to treat poultry meat at requestedtemperature before any use.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Monitoring at reatail:
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Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.Since product was no longer on the market at the time of receiving analytical results of samplestaken at the retail level in all cases in house control was required.
Notification system in place
Whenever zoonotic agent-Salmonella is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must beinformed.
Results of the investigation
Monitoring at slaughterhouse and cutting plant:79 samples of fresh meat, and 30 samples of mechanically recovered meat were taken atslaughterhouses. Salmonella was isolated from 1 sample of fresh meat (1,3 %), and from 1sample of mechanically recovered meat (3,3 %). S. Enteritidis was isolated in both the cases.Monitoring at retail:Out of 95 samples of meat taken, 7,4% were positive on presence of Salmonella spp. Detailedevaluation of data shows that 5,3% of fowl/chicken were positive on presence of SalmonellaEnteritidis and 2,1% were positive on presense of Salmonella Infantis.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Monitoring at slaughterhouse and cutting plant:In 2003, Salmonella was isolated from 2 samples (3.1 %) of fresh meat, and from 2 samples (10%) of mechanically recovered meat. As compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 wasmore favourable as the percentage of positive samples of mechanically recovered meatdecreased by almost 7 %, and the percentage of positive samples of fresh meat halved.
C. Salmonella spp. in turkey meat and products thereof
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Monitoring is carried out in accordance with the Compulsory instructions on thetaking of official samples for zoonoses.Official veterinarians carry out the sampling of meat and mechanically recoveredmeat at all the registered poultry slaughterhouses.
At retail
Annual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for theofficial control of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over
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the situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh poultry meat pre annum.
Frequency of the sampling
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Other: Sampling of meat in the high-capacity establishments (establishmentsapproved for the intra-Community trade) /1 sample of meat per month.
At retail
Sampling takes place during the months February - June
Type of specimen taken
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Other: Fresh meat and mechanically separated meat
At retail
Fresh meat
Definition of positive finding
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Meat - sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has beenisolated from the sample.
At retail
A sample from which Salmonella has been isolated.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
At retail
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
Preventive measures in place
GMP, GHP, HACCPAt the moment food business operators introduce the system of additional labelling of poultrymeat which includes special warning to the customers to treat poultry meat at requestedtemperature before any use.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
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Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.Since product was no longer on the market at the time of receiving analytical results of samplestaken at the retail level in all cases in house control was required.
Notification system in place
Whenever zoonotic agent-Salmonella is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must beinformed.
Results of the investigation
Monitoring at slaughterhouse and cutting plantIn one (1) registered high-capacity slaughterhouse intended for turkey slaughter, 12 samples offresh meat and 14 samples of mechanically recovered meat were taken. Salmonella was notisolated from any sample.Monitoring at retailOnly 5 samples of turkey meat were analysed and all samples were negative.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Monitoring at slaughterhouse and cutting plantState regarding the occurrence of Salmonella in turkey meat in 2004 was identical to that in thepreceding year as in 2003 as well there were no positive samples detected.
D. Salmonella spp. in pig meat and products thereof
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Sampling is carried out regularly throughout the year at all the registeredslaughterhouses for porcine animals. Sampling includes 1 sample of meat per 2000 porcine animals slaughtered.Slaughterhouse official veterinarians carry out the sampling.
At retail
Annual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for theofficial control of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview overthe situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh red meat ( pig meat or bovine meat or meatfrom sheep or goat meat or soliped meat) per annum.
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Frequency of the sampling
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Other: 1 sample of meat per 2000 porcine animals slaughtered
At retail
Sampling takes place during the months May - August
Type of specimen taken
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Fresh meat
At retail
Fresh meat
Definition of positive finding
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Meat: sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has beenisolated from the sample.
At retail
A sample from which Salmonella has been isolated.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
At retail
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002
Preventive measures in place
GMP, GHP, HACCP
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Monitoiring at retailAdditional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.
Notification system in place
Whenever zoonotic agent-Salmonella is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must beinformed.
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Results of the investigation
Monitoring at slaughterhouse 188 samples of fresh meat of porcine animals were taken at the registered slaughterhouses.Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.Monitoring at retailResults show that all samples of fresh red meat (n=100) taken at the retail level were classifiedas satisfactory for Salmonella spp. Salmonella was not isolated.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Monitoring at slaughterhouse In 2003, 112 samples were taken. Salmonella was not isolated. Favourable situation continuedin 2004.
E. Salmonella spp. in food
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Monitoring at processing plants Sampling of milk products is carried out at all the registered dairy establishments.Sampling of wild boar meat is carried out in the registered establishments. Officialveterinarians carry out sampling throughout the year.Monitoring at retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: prepared dishes - 230 samples, cheeses - 70 samples, minced meat - 114samples, vegetables and fruits -100 samples, fishery products - 50 samples, juice - 18samples, spices and herbs - 50 samples, ice- cream - 170 samples, sandwiches - 40samples
Frequency of the sampling
Monitoring at processing plants Sampling of milk products in high-capacity establishments / 2 samples per monthSampling of milk products in low-capacity establishments (limited capacityestablishments) / 1 sample per month.Sampling of wild boar meat in high-capacity establishments (establishments approved forthe intra-Community trade) /1 sample of meat per 3 monthsSampling of wild boar meat in low-capacity establishments (establishments approved for
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placing of meat on the internal market of the Republic of Slovenia only) / 2 samples ofmeat per year at a 3-month interval.Monitoring at retailSampling takes place during the months.Prepared dishes: February - July Cheeses: March - June Minced meat, vegetables and fruits: May - AugustFishery products: July - AugustJuice: OctoberSpices and herbs, ice- cream: June - SeptemberSandwich: November
Definition of positive finding
Sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been isolated from thesample.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Bacteriological method: ISO 6579:2002; Cor.2004
Preventive measures in place
GMP, GHP, HACCP
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.
Notification system in place
Whenever zoonotic agent-Salmonella is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must beinformed.
Results of the investigation
Monitoring at processing plants188 samples of milk products and 9 samples of fresh meat of wild boars were taken andexamined. Salmonella was not isolated from any sample.Monitoring at retailA total of 842 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering. Salmonella was detected inone sample of minced meat.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Monitoring at processing plantsState regarding the detection of causative agent in milk products and in the fresh meat of wildboars is very favourable as the results of all samples examined in 2003 and 2004 were negative.
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Table 3.3.1 Salmonella sp. in meat and meat products
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
S. I
nfa
nti
s
Pig meat - - -fresh - - -
- at slaughter - sample 25g 188 0
Broiler meat - - -fresh - - -
- at slaughter - sample 25g 79 1 1
- at retail (1) - sample 25g/25ml 95 7 5 2
mechanically separatedmeat
- sample 25g 30 1 1
Turkey meat - - -fresh - - -
- at slaughter - sample 25g 12 0
- at retail (2) - sample 25g/25ml 5 0
mechanically separatedmeat
- sample 25g 14 0
Mixed meat - - -minced meat - - -
- at retail - sample 25g 114 1 1
Wild game meat - landmammals
- - -
fresh (3) - sample 25g 9 0
red meat -
fresh -
- at retail - sample 25g 100 0
(1) : Sample weight: 25ml-rinse(2) : Sample weight: 25ml-rinse(3) : Wild boar
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Table 3.3.2 Salmonella sp. in other food
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Dairy products - - -
ready-to-eat -
- at processing plant - batch 25g 188 0
ice-cream - sample 25g 170 0
Table eggs - - -
- at retail - sample 25g 50 0
Egg products - sample 25g 99 0
Fishery products - - -
- at retail - sample 25g 50 0
Cheeses - - -soft and semi soft - - -
- at retail - sample 25g 70 0
Other processed foodproducts
- - -
sandwich - - -- at retail - sample 25g 40 0
prepared dishes - - -- at retail - sample 25g 230 0
Juice - sample 25g 18 0
Fruits - - -
pre-cut - sample 25g 73 0
Vegetables - sample 25g 27 0
Spices and herbs - sample 25g 50 0
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2.1.4. Salmonella in animals
A. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for egg production andflocks of laying hens
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
Sampling shall be carried out in all breeding flocks including at least 250 birds.Animal owner or holder of activity of the hatchery shall at his own expense takesamples for analysis in order to detect the presence of Salmonella. Samplingshall be carried out at poultry breeding holdings or in hatcheries. Every eightweeks the sampling carried out by the holder of activity in the adult breedingflocks shall be substituted by the official sampling, carried out by the officialveterinarians.
Laying hens flocks
Sampling shall be carried out in all the flocks at holdings keeping laying hens,which include more than 200 birds. Sampling shall be carried out by theauthorised veterinary organisations within the scope of the prescribed regularmonitoring.
Frequency of the sampling
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Every flock is sampled
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
Other: At four weeks of age and two weeks prior to entering the laying phase.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
Every two weeks
Laying hens: Day-old chicks
Other: Sample of chicks found dead in a single day or of the bedding or faeces incase of the increased mortality (more than 0,5 % per day) upon arrival (on theintroduction of birds into the accommodation facilities).
Laying hens: Rearing period
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Other: Sample of chicks found dead in a single day or of the bedding or faeces incase of the increased mortality (more than 0,5 % per day) during the breedingperiod. Sample of chicks found dead in a single day or of the bedding or faecesin week 8 and 16 of age of the birds.
Laying hens: Production period
Other: Sample of hens found dead in a single day or of the bedding or faeces incase of the increased mortality (more than 0,5 % per day) during the layingperiod; sample of the bedding or faeces and a sample of table eggs (5 % or up toa maximum of 60 eggs) every 3 months in the laying phase.
Type of specimen taken
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Other: Sampling from the internal linings of the boxes in which the chicks havebeen delivered to the holding, and from the carcasses of chicks found dead onarrival.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
Other: Pooled faeces samples made up of separate samples of fresh faeces eachweighing not less than 1 g taken at random from a number of sites in the buildingin which the birds are kept, or, where the birds have free access to more than onebuilding on a particular holding, from each group of buildings on the holding inwhich the birds are kept.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
Other: Sample shall be taken in accordance with the prescribed scheme(Directive 92/117/EEC).
Laying hens: Day-old chicks
Other: Dead chicks or of the bedding or faeces.
Laying hens: Rearing period
Other: Dead chicks or of the bedding or faeces.
Laying hens: Production period
Other: Dead chicks or of the bedding or faeces and a sample of table eggs.
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
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In accordance with Council Directive 92/117/EEC.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
In accordance with Council Directive 92/117/EEC.
Breeding flocks: Production period
In accordance with Council Directive 92/117/EEC.
Laying hens: Day-old chicks
See Frequency of the sampling
Laying hens: Rearing period
See Frequency of the sampling
Laying hens: Production period
See Frequency of the sampling
Case definition
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Flock shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been identifiedin the confirmatory sample of the official sampling.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
See Breeding flocks: Day-old chicks
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
See Breeding flocks: Day-old chicks
Laying hens: Day-old chicks
The disease shall be considered officially confirmed where the bacteriologicalinvestigation results, upon the examination of the dead bird carcasses and/orbedding and feed after the reported suspicion of disease on the basis of clinicalsigns, or the bacteriological investigation results of the monitoring for thesalmonelloses in poultry have been positive; in the opposite case it shall beconsidered that the disease has officially been ruled out.
Laying hens: Rearing period
See Laying hens: Day-old chicks
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Laying hens: Production period
See Laying hens: Day-old chicks
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004
Laying hens: Day-old chicks
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004
Laying hens: Rearing period
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004
Laying hens: Production period
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004
Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come intodirect contact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must havethorough knowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof andtransmissibility to man, and in the regulations governing the protection against contagiousdiseases.Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potablewater and feed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining the requiredconditions of hygiene in the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the
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introduction into the breeding facilities of disease agents; implementing veterinarymeasures in the intensive animal rearing technology; handling as prescribed the animalcarcasses and other waste, waste waters, faeces and urine; providing for the preventivedisinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) in the facilities, on public surfacesand in the means of transport.
Laying hens flocks
See Breeding flocks
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
National control programme is carried out in accordance with the nationallegislation, on the basis of the Rules on the monitoring of zoonoses and zoonoticagents in poultry breeding flocks (transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC),and the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention and suppression ofsalmonellosis. The control programme envisages inter alia as follows:Immediately upon the reported suspicion of disease at the suspect holding, thefollowing shall be instituted on the basis of an expert instruction:banning the movements and alienation of animals susceptible to the disease;banning the issuing of health certificates for animals susceptible to the disease;banning the trade in eggs for consumption;banning the slaughter of animals susceptible to the disease;restricting the movements of persons coming into contact with the infectedanimal or animal suspected of being infected, and providing for and maintainingthe appropriate conditions of hygiene in the facilities.Measures shall be instituted as long as the suspicion of disease has not officiallybeen ruled out.
Laying hens flocks
National control programme is carried out in accordance with the nationallegislation, on the basis of the Instructions on measures for the detection,prevention and suppression of salmonellosis. The control programme envisagesinter alia as follows:Implementation of monitoring and immediate confirmation of the disease in caseof the suspected presence on the basis of clinical signs or detection of the diseasein other animals at the same holding, by taking samples for the diagnosticpurposes, epizootiological investigation, and instituting appropriate measuresimmediately upon suspecting the presence of disease at the suspect holding.Measures shall be instituted as long as the suspicion of disease has not officiallybeen ruled out.Instituting of supplementary measures in the infected holding.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
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Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at theholding in addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- incoming raw materials to constitute poultry feed shall be decontaminated by theappropriate procedure;- premises, instruments and tools in the places of poultry feed production and storageshall be disinfected by the appropriate disinfectant;- premises, installations, packaging and equipment in hatcheries and vehicles intended forthe transport of poultry and eggs shall be disinfected by the appropriate procedure anddisinfectant;- hatching eggs shall be disinfected by the bactericidal gas immediately upon collection,as well as the hatchers;- eggs placed in the hatcher on the same day shall be disinfected by the bactericidal gason day 18 or 19;- hatched poultry shall be disinfected by the bactericidal gas as long as it is still moist andin the hatcher;- unhatched eggs, deformed hatchlings and other hatching waste shall be harmlesslydisposed of;- DDD measures shall be carried out in the infected poultry breeding facilities and in thefacilities for the production of eggs and poultrymeat, and no later than the second dayafter disinfection, the bacteriological control of its efficiency shall be carried out;- manure shall be removed from the perimeter of the holding, packed and not used forthree months upon packing;- poultry shall be treated by an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on thebasis of antibiogram, and - other measures for sanitising the infected holding shall be implemented.Measures instituted at the infected holding shall be lifted:Where the results of bacteriological investigations, carried out on days 5 and 10 afterimplementation of measures and completion of treatment, are negative.
Laying hens flocks
On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at theholding in addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- incoming raw materials to constitute poultry feed shall be decontaminated by theappropriate procedure;- premises, instruments and tools in the places of poultry feed production and storageshall be disinfected by the appropriate disinfectant;- vehicles intended for the transport of poultry and eggs shall be disinfected by theappropriate procedure and disinfectant;- DDD measures shall be carried out in the infected poultry breeding facilities and in thefacilities for the production of eggs and poultrymeat, and no later than the second dayafter disinfection, the bacteriological control of its efficiency shall be carried out;- manure shall be removed from the perimeter of the holding, packed and not used forthree months upon packing;- poultry shall be treated by an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on the
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basis of antibiogram, and - other measures for sanitising the infected holding shall be implemented.Measures instituted at the infected holding shall be lifted:Where the results of bacteriological investigations, carried out on days 7 and 14 afterimplementation of measures and completion of treatment, are negative.
Notification system in place
Breeding flock: In case that by monitoring the presence of Salmonella in a breeding flock isdetected, the holder of the flock must officially notify VARS of the results. The laboratory mustsubmit the diagnostic test results to the Main Office of VARS. This method of reporting must becarried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules on the monitoring of zoonoses andzoonotic agents in poultry breeding flocks (transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC) since2004, and prior to that date, the method of reporting diseases was used as prescribed in theRules on contagious animal diseases.Laying hens: In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the relevant RegionalOffice of VARS, where the disease has been confirmed by the diagnostic test result. The reporton the occurrence of disease is to be submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a monthfor the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.
Results of the investigation
52 breeding flocks intended for egg production have been examined. All the flocks examinedwere negative: Salmonella was not isolated. In addition, 42 flocks of non-specified line wereexamined for the presence of Salmonella, which was confirmed in 1 adult breeding flock and S.Enteritidis was isolated.164 laying hen flocks in total were examined, where most flocks were examined in the layingphase, i.e. 112. Examined were also the following flock quantities: 3 flocks of day-old chicks,36 flocks immediately upon introduction into the production phase, and 16 flocks ofnon-specified phase. Salmonella was isolated in 4 flocks (2,4 %), and S. Enteritidis wasconfirmed in 1 adult flock.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
In 2004, the breeding flock status was identical to that of the preceding year, where Salmonellawas not detected in the flocks intended for egg production, and 1 non-specified flock was foundpositive in 2003 as well as in 2004.In 2003, a total of 88 laying hen flocks were examined, and thereof 4 flocks of day-old chicks,30 breeding flocks, 39 adult flocks, and 15 flocks without age category indication. Salmonellawas detected in 7 rearing flocks (23 % of rearing flocks examined, or 8 % of all flocksexamined), where S. Enteritidis was identified five times, and once S. Typhimurium.
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As compared to the preceding year, the state in 2004 regarding the prevalence was morefavourable. Nevertheless, some difference was observed in the occurrence of Salmonella at thedifferent stages of rearing, as in 2003 it was detected in rearing flocks only, whilst in 2004 itwas detected also in adult laying hen flocks.
B. Salmonella spp. in Gallus gallus - breeding flocks for meat productionand broiler flocks
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
In accordance with Annex III of Council Directive 92/117/EEC.
Broiler flocks
Twice a year, sampling shall be carried out in all the holdings rearing poultry forproduction-broilers. Sampling shall be carried out by the authorised veterinaryorganisations within the prescribed regular monitoring.
Frequency of the sampling
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Every flock is sampled
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
Other: Transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC (Annex III).
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
Other: Transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC (Annex III).
Broiler flocks: Before slaughter at farm
Other: Sample of bedding of the flocks, twice a year and at least 3 weeks prior toslaughter.
Type of specimen taken
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Other: Transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC (Annex III).
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Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
Other: Transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC (Annex III).
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
Other: Transposing Council Directive 92/117/EEC (Annex III).
Broiler flocks: Before slaughter at farm
Other: See frequency.
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
In accordance with Annex III of Council Directive 92/117/EEC.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
In accordance with Annex III of Council Directive 92/117/EEC.
Breeding flocks: Production period
In accordance with Annex III of Council Directive 92/117/EEC.
Broiler flocks: Before slaughter at farm
See frequency.
Case definition
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Flock shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been identifiedin the confirmatory sample of the official sampling.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
See Breeding flocks: Day-old chicks
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
See Breeding flocks: Day-old chicks
Broiler flocks: Day-old chicks
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The disease shall be considered officially confirmed where the bacteriologicalinvestigation results, upon the examination of the dead bird carcasses and/orbedding and feed after the reported suspicion of disease on the basis of clinicalsigns, or the bacteriological investigation results of the monitoring for thesalmonelloses in poultry have been positive; in the opposite case it shall beconsidered that the disease has officially been ruled out.
Broiler flocks: Rearing period
The disease shall be considered officially confirmed where the bacteriologicalinvestigation results, upon the examination of the dead bird carcasses and/orbedding and feed after the reported suspicion of disease on the basis of clinicalsigns, or the bacteriological investigation results of the monitoring for thesalmonelloses in poultry have been positive; in the opposite case it shall beconsidered that the disease has officially been ruled out.
Broiler flocks: Before slaughter at farm
The disease shall be considered officially confirmed where the bacteriologicalinvestigation results, upon the examination of the dead bird carcasses and/orbedding and feed after the reported suspicion of disease on the basis of clinicalsigns, or the bacteriological investigation results of the monitoring for thesalmonelloses in poultry have been positive; in the opposite case it shall beconsidered that the disease has officially been ruled out.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004.
Broiler flocks: Before slaughter at farm
Bacteriological method: Method in accordance with the OIE Manual, 5th ed.,2004.
Vaccination policy
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Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
See Breeding flocks for egg production.
Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
Broiler flocks
See flocks of laying hens.
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary)
See Breeding flocks for egg production.
Broiler flocks
See laying hens.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Day-old chicks
See Breeding flocks for egg production.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Rearing period
See Breeding flocks for egg production.
Breeding flocks (separate elite, grand parent and parent flocks whennecessary): Production period
See Breeding flocks for egg production.
Broiler flocks: Before slaughter at farm
On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at theholding in addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- incoming raw materials to constitute poultry feed shall be decontaminated by theappropriate procedure;- premises, instruments and tools in the places of poultry feed production and storageshall be disinfected by the appropriate disinfectant;- vehicles intended for the transport of poultry and eggs shall be disinfected by theappropriate procedure and disinfectant;- DDD measures shall be carried out in the infected poultry breeding facilities and in thefacilities for the production of eggs and poultrymeat, and no later than the second day
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after disinfection, the bacteriological control of its efficiency shall be carried out;- manure shall be removed from the perimeter of the holding, packed and not used forthree months upon packing;- poultry shall be treated by an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on thebasis of antibiogram, and - other measures for sanitising the infected holding shall be implemented.Measures instituted at the infected holding shall be lifted:Where the results of bacteriological investigations, carried out on days 7 and 14 afterimplementation of measures and completion of treatment, are negative.
Notification system in place
See Breeding flocks for egg production and flocks of laying hens.
Results of the investigation
Of a total of 35 flocks examined, the presence of Salmonella was detected in 2 adult flocks,where S. Enteritidis was isolated once. 20 adult breeding flocks of non-specified line wereexamined: one flock was found positive and S. Enteritridis was isolated.1146 broiler flocks were examined, and thereof 48 flocks of day-old chicks (1 flock was foundpositive), 868 flocks in production (6 positive flocks), and 230 flocks of non-specified phase (4flocks were found positive). S. Enteritidis was isolated three times (27 %), and S. Infantis, S.Saintpaul and S. Heidelberg once each.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
As compared to the preceding year, the number of positive breeding flocks in which S.Enteritridis was isolated, remained unchanged (1 flock). Taking into account the difference inthe number of adult flocks examined between 2003 and 2004, a single positive flock in 2004where 19 adult breeding flocks were examined, represents an increased percentage of positiveresults in comparison to the preceding year where 33 adult breeding flocks had been examined.As compared to 2003 where Salmonella had been isolated in 39 broiler flocks from a total ofmore than 673 examined, the state in 2004 was more favourable.
C. Salmonella spp in pigs
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Breeding herds
Disease is monitored on the basis of clinical signs and/or detection ofsalmonellosis in other animals in the same holding.
Multiplying herds
See Breeding herds
Fattening herds
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See Breeding herds
Type of specimen taken
Breeding herds
Other: See Methods of sampling
Multiplying herds
Other: See Methods of sampling
Fattening herds at farm
Other: See Methods of sampling
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
Breeding herds
Immediately upon suspicion of disease on the basis of clinical signs and/ordetection of salmonellosis in other animals in the same holding, the authorisedveterinary organisation must submit for investigation the dead animal carcasses,rectal swabs of suspect animals, samples of litter and feed.
Multiplying herds
See Breeding herds
Fattening herds at farm
See Breeding herds
Case definition
Breeding herds
The disease shall be considered officially confirmed on the basis of the clinical signsand/or positive bacteriological test results; in the opposite case it shall be considered thatthe disease has been ruled out.
Multiplying herds
See Breeding herds
Fattening herds at farm
See Breeding herds
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Breeding herds
Bacteriological method:
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Multiplying herds
Bacteriological method:
Fattening herds at farm
Bacteriological method:
Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
Breeding herds
Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come intodirect contact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must havethorough knowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof andtransmissibility to man, and in the regulations governing the protection against contagiousdiseases. Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providingpotable water and feed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining therequired conditions of hygiene in the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventingthe introduction into the breeding facilities of disease agents; implementing veterinarymeasures in the intensive animal rearing technology; handling as prescribed the animalcarcasses and other waste, waste waters, faeces and urine; providing for the preventivedisinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) in the facilities, on public surfacesand in the means of transport.
Multiplying herds
See Breeding herds
Fattening herds
See Breeding herds
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
Breeding herds
National control programme is carried out in accordance with the nationallegislation, on the basis of the Instructions on measures for the detection,prevention and suppression of salmonellosis. The control programme envisagesinter alia as follows: Immediate confirmation of the disease in case of suspected presence by takingsamples for the diagnostic purposes, epizootiological investigation, andinstituting appropriate measures immediately upon suspecting the presence ofdisease at the suspect holding. Measures shall be instituted as long as thesuspicion of disease has not officially been ruled out.Instituting of supplementary measures in the infected holding.
Multiplying herds
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See Breeding herds
Fattening herds
See Breeding herds
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at the holdingin addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- disinfection of incoming raw materials to constitute animal feed;- treatment of infected animals with an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on thebasis of antibiogram; - DDD measures;- other measures for sanitising the infected holding
Notification system in place
In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, where the disease has been confirmed by the diagnostic test result. The report on theoccurrence of disease is to be submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for theprevious month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.
Results of the investigation
In 2004, salmonellosis was not reported.
D. Salmonella spp. in bovine animals
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
CALVESDisease is monitored on the basis of clinical signs and/or detection of salmonellosis inother animals in the same holding.
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
Animals at farm
Immediately upon suspicion of disease on the basis of clinical signs and/ordetection of salmonellosis in other animals in the same holding, the authorised
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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veterinary organisation must submit for investigation the dead animal carcasses,rectal swabs of suspect animals, samples of litter and feed.
Case definition
Animals at farm
The disease shall be considered officially confirmed on the basis of the clinicalsigns and/or positive bacteriological test results; in the opposite case it shall beconsidered that the disease has been ruled out.
Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases. Animal holdersmust carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potable water and feed that are fitfor consumption; providing and maintaining the required conditions of hygiene in the animalbreeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the introduction into the breeding facilities ofdisease agents; implementing veterinary measures in the intensive animal rearing technology;handling as prescribed the animal carcasses and other waste, waste waters, faeces and urine;providing for the preventive disinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) in thefacilities, on public surfaces and in the means of transport.
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention and suppression ofsalmonellosis. The control programme envisages inter alia as follows: Immediate confirmation of the disease in case of suspected presence by taking samplesfor the diagnostic purposes, epizootiological investigation, and instituting appropriatemeasures immediately upon suspecting the presence of disease at the suspect holding.Measures shall be instituted as long as the suspicion of disease has not officially beenruled out.Instituting of supplementary measures in the infected holding.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases:On the official confirmation of disease, the following measures shall be instituted at the holdingin addition to those instituted at the suspected presence of disease:- disinfection of incoming raw materials to constitute animal feed;- treatment of infected animals with an appropriate antibiotic or chemotherapeutic agent on thebasis of antibiogram; - DDD measures;- other measures for sanitising the infected holding
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Notification system in place
In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, where the disease has been confirmed by the diagnostic test result. The report on theoccurrence of disease is to be submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for theprevious month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.
Results of the investigation
In 2004, salmonellosis was not reported.
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Table 3.2.1 Salmonella sp. in Poultry breeding flocks (Gallus gallus)
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Flo
cks
test
ed
Flo
cks
po
siti
ve
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
S. B
red
eney
Gallus gallus - - -
parent breeding flocks foregg production line
-
day-old chicks - flock 14 0
- during production period - flock 17 0
- during rearing period - flock 21 0
parent breeding flocks formeat production line
-
day-old chicks - flock 7 0
- during rearing period - flock 9 0
- during production period - flock 19 2 1 1
parent breeding flocks,unspecified
-
- during rearing period - flock 12 0
- during production period - flock 20 1 1
day-old chicks - flock 10 0
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Table 3.2.2 Salmonella sp. in other commercial poultry
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Flo
cks
test
ed
Flo
cks
po
siti
ve
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
S. I
nfa
nti
s
S. S
ain
tpau
l
S. H
eid
elb
erg
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
.
Gallus gallus - - -laying hens - - -
day-old chicks - flock 3 0
- during rearing period - flock 36 0
- during production period - flock 112 2 1 1
unspecified - flock 16 2 2
broilers - - -day-old chicks - flock 48 1 1
- during rearing period - flock 868 6 2 1 1 2
unspecified - flock 230 4 1 1 2
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Table 3.2.4 Salmonella sp. in animals ( non poultry)
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Solipeds -
horses - 1
Pet animals - - -
dogs - 1
Wildlife - - -
deer - 1
Zoo animals - - -
snakes - 2
Footnote
Units tested: not known
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2.1.5. Salmonella in feedstuffs
A. Salmonella spp. in feed
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
FeedinstuffsMonitoring system:- sampling strategy: target sampling (in accordance with the Programme of feed control in 2004)- frequency of the sampling: domestic feed material of plant and animal origin, imported feedmaterial of plant and animal origin, process control in feed mills - preventative measures: own controls by holders of activity (HACCP)- control programme: Program of feed control in 2004, in accordance with Article 34 of AnimalFeed Act (UL RS 97/04)- measures in case of positive findings: in accordance with Article 6 of the Rules on conditionsfor the health suitability of straight feedingstuffs, compound feedingstuffs, premixes and feedadditves (UL RS 18/04 as amended)- notification system in place: RASFF system and mutual notification between the competentauthorities in the sector of food safety, in accordance with Decree coordinating the operation ofministries and agencies within them that are competent for food safety at inclusion into the riskanalysis process (UL RS 56/03).
Additional information
Feedinstuffs- frequency of the sampling: domestic feed material of plant and animal origin (90 samples),imported feed material of plant and animal origin (50 samples), process control in feed mills(160 samples)- description of sampling techniques: in accordance with the Rules of the official methods ofsampling for the monitoring and inspection and control of animal feed, additives and premixes(UL RS 41/03)- definition of positive finding: analysis result (1 = positive, 0 = negative)- analytical methods used: ISO/FDIS 6579:2002 SOP 221
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Table 3.1.1 Salmonella sp. in feed material of animal origin
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Feed material of marineanimal origin
- - -
Fish meal - officalcontrol
production batch 125g 77 0
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Table 3.1.2 Salmonella sp. in feed of vegetable origin
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
Feed material of cerealgrain origin
- - -
other cereal grain derived - officalcontrol
25g 3 0
Feed material of oil seed orfruit origin
- - -
Soya (bean) derived - officalcontrol
25g 1 0
other feed material - officalcontrol
25g 31 0
Premixtures - officalcontrol
25g 1 0
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Table 3.1.3 Salmonella sp. in compound feedingstuff
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
S. E
nte
riti
dis
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m
S. L
on
do
n
S. C
arra
u
S. S
enft
enb
erg
Compound feedingstuffsfor cattle
- - -
Process control - productionbatch
25g 29 2 1 1
Compound feedingstuffsfor pigs
- - -
Final product - productionbatch
25g 53 1 1
Compound feedingstuffsfor poultry (non specified)
- - -
Process control - productionbatch
25g 82 0
Pet food - - -
Final product - productionbatch
25g 8 1 1
Compound feedingstuffsfor horses
- productionbatch
25g 2 0
Compound feedingstuffsfor fish
- productionbatch
25g 6 0
Compound feedingstuffsfor rabbits
- productionbatch
25g 3 0
Footnote
Official control
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 46
2.1.6. Salmonella serovars and phagetype distribution
The methods of collecting, isolating and testing of the Salmonella isolates are described in thechapters above respectively for each animal species, foodstuffs and humans. The serotype andphagetype distributions can be used to investigate the sources of the Salmonella infections inhumans. Findings of same serovars and phagetypes in human cases and in foodstuffs or animalsmay indicate that the food category or animal species in question serves as a source of humaninfections. However as information is not available from all potential sources of infections,conclusions have to be drawn with caution.
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Tab
le 3
.3.3
Sal
mo
nel
la s
ero
vars
in a
nim
als
Ser
ova
rs
Cattle (bovine animals)
Pigs
Gallus gallus
Other poultry
Other animals
So
urc
es o
f is
ola
tes
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
in t
he
lab
ora
tory
N
=
00
00
031
023
014
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
sero
typ
edN
=
00
00
031
023
014
- Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
per
typ
e
S. A
natu
m
1
14
S. A
rapa
hoe
1
S. B
rede
ney
1
S. D
unkw
a
2
S. E
nter
itidi
s
262
3
S. H
eide
lber
g
12
S. I
nfan
tis
1
S. K
aaps
tad
2
S. S
aint
paul
1
S. S
tanl
eyvi
lle
1
1
S. T
enne
ssee
1
S. T
yphi
mur
ium
14
S. e
nter
ica
subs
p. a
rizon
ae
2
othe
r se
rova
rs (
1)
1
To
tal o
f ty
ped
Sal
mo
nel
lais
ola
tes
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 48
(1)
: S.e
nter
ica
non
type
able
(w
ith s
era
avai
labl
e)
Foo
tnot
e
(*)
M :
Mon
itor,
C :
Clin
ical
Sour
ce o
f in
form
atio
n N
atio
nal V
eter
inar
y In
stitu
te
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Tab
le 3
.3.4
Sal
mo
nel
la s
ero
vars
in f
oo
d
Ser
ova
rs
Bovine meat
Pig meat
Broiler meat
Other poultry
Other products of animal origin
So
urc
es o
f is
ola
tes
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
M(*
)C
(*)
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
in t
he
lab
ora
tory
N
=
00
00
019
03
04
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
sero
typ
edN
=
00
00
019
03
04
- Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
per
typ
e
S. D
erby
13
S. E
nter
itidi
s
9
S. I
nfan
tis
10
S. R
isse
n
1
S. S
aint
paul
1
S. W
elte
vred
en
1
To
tal o
f ty
ped
Sal
mo
nel
lais
ola
tes
Foo
tnot
e
(*)
M :
Mon
itor,
C :
Clin
ical
Sour
ce o
f in
form
atio
n N
atio
nal V
eter
inar
y In
stitu
te
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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2.1.7. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolates
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of certain microorganisms to survive or grow in thepresence of a given concentration of antimicrobial agent that usually would kill or inhibit themicroorganism species in question. Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella strains may be transferredfrom animals or foodstuffs to humans.
A. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in cattle
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Frequency of the sampling
No monitoring.Research project: National Veterinary Institute.
Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing
Isolates were selected out of those available at the National Veterinary Institute, at leastone isolate from each epidemiological unit (no isolates in 2004).
Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates
Commercial biochemical kits:API 20E or API RAPID BIO MERIEU or CRYSTAL BBLSerotyping: Kaufmann White scheme
Laboratory used for detection for resistance
Antimicrobials included in monitoring
Disk diffusion method in accordance with NCCLS.Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 werecompare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprimSulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin
Control program/mechanisms
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Introduced monitoring of Salmonella including antimicrobial resistance sponsored byVeterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia in 2005.
B. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in pigs
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Frequency of the sampling
No monitoring.Research project: National Veterinary Institute.
Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing
Isolates were selected out of those available at the National Veterinary Institute, at leastone isolate from each epidemiological unit.
Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates
Commercial biochemical kits:API 20E or API RAPID BIO MERIEU or CRYSTAL BBLSerotyping: Kaufmann White scheme
Laboratory used for detection for resistance
Antimicrobials included in monitoring
Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 werecompare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprimSulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin
Control program/mechanisms
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Introduced monitoring of Salmonella including antimicrobial resistance sponsored by
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Veterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia in 2005.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Using a set of 14 antimicrobials we found the most multiresistant stains in pigs, namely S.Typhimurium, while S. Helerberg and S. Enteritidis, found in previous years not isolated in2004 any more.
Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (asa source of infection)
Pigs might be a source of highly multiresistant stains, but since such stains have not beenisolated from foodstuffs yet, it seems that for now the preventive measures against theirintroduction in the food chain are effective.
C. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in poultry
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Frequency of the sampling
No monitoring.Research project: National Veterinary Institute.
Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing
Isolates were selected out of those available at the National Veterinary Institute, at leastone isolate from each epidemiological unit.
Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates
Commercial biochemical kits:API 20E or API RAPID BIO MERIEU or CRYSTAL BBLSerotyping: Kaufmann White scheme
Laboratory used for detection for resistance
Antimicrobials included in monitoring
Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 werecompare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprim
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Sulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin
Control program/mechanisms
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Introduced monitoring of Salmonella including antimicrobial resistance sponsored byVeterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia in 2005.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Using a set of 14 antimicrobials the multiresistant stains in 2004 (maximum to 5 antimicrobialsin fowl or 4 in turkey) were less resistant than in years 2000-2003 (maximum to 9antimicrobials in 2001 or 8 in 2002).
Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (asa source of infection)
Poultry might be a source of multiresistant stains, but since such stains have not been isolatedfrom foodstuff yet (just 1 stain resistant to 3 antimicrobials, 1 to 2 and 5 to 1 out of 26 stains in2004), it seems that for now the preventive measures against their introduction in the food chainare effective.
D. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from cattle
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Frequency of the sampling
No monitoring.Research project: National Veterinary Institute.
Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing
Isolates were selected out of those available at the National Veterinary Institute, at leastone isolate from each epidemiological unit.
Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates
Commercial biochemical kits:API 20E or API RAPID BIO MERIEU or CRYSTAL BBLSerotyping: Kaufmann White scheme
Laboratory used for detection for resistance
Antimicrobials included in monitoring
Tests are performed using a disk diffusion method in accordance with NCCLS.Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 were
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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compare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprimSulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin
Control program/mechanisms
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Introduced monitoring of Salmonella including antimicrobial resistance sponsored byVeterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia in 2005.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Cattle currently are not considered to be an important source of multiresistant stains for humans.
E. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from pigs
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Frequency of the sampling
No monitoring.Research project: National Veterinary Institute.
Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing
Isolates were selected out of those available at the National Veterinary Institute, at leastone isolate from each epidemiological unit.
Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates
Commercial biochemical kits:API 20E or API RAPID BIO MERIEU or CRYSTAL BBLSerotyping: Kaufmann White scheme
Laboratory used for detection for resistance
Antimicrobials included in monitoring
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Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 werecompare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprimSulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin
Control program/mechanisms
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Introduced monitoring of Salmonella including antimicrobial resistance sponsored byVeterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia in 2005.
Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (asa source of infection)
Currently pigs are not considered to be an important source of multiresistant stains for humans,but since highly multiresistant stains were found the potential danger should not be neglected.
F. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in foodstuff derived from poultry
Sampling strategy used in monitoring
Frequency of the sampling
No monitoring.Research project: National Veterinary Institute.
Procedures for the selection of isolates for antimicrobial testing
Isolates were selected out of those available at the National Veterinary Institute, at leastone isolate from each epidemiological unit.
Laboratory methodology used for identification of the microbial isolates
Commercial biochemical kits:API 20E or API RAPID BIO MERIEU or CRYSTAL BBLSerotyping: Kaufmann White scheme
Laboratory used for detection for resistance
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Antimicrobials included in monitoring
Set of 14 antimicrobials tested in 2000-2003, with which the stains isolated in 2004 werecompare with:TetracyclinChloramphenicolFlorfenicolAmpicillinCefotaximCiprofloxacinEnrofloxacinNalidixic acidTrimethoprim + SulfamethoxazolTrimethoprimSulfonamide (3S)StreptomycinGentamicinKanamycin
Control program/mechanisms
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Introduced monitoring of Salmonella including antimicrobial resistance sponsored byVeterinary Administration of the Republic of Slovenia in 2005.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Some multiresistant stains of S. Typhimurium (to 7 antimicrobials) were isolated in 2002 and2003), which most probably spread from same primary source, but not in 2004. So poultryshould be considered as a possibly important source of multiresistant stains for humans. Itseems that in 2004 we managed to eliminate the source of poultry stains is needed.
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Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. A
nat
um
in G
allu
s g
allu
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Ana
tum
-G
allu
s ga
llus
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
100%
100
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s(1)
10
100
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
110
010
0
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
110
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
(1)
: 100
% >
35
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Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Anatum - qualitative data
S. Anatum Turkeys
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
15
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 15 100%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 15 0%
Florfenicol 15 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
15 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 15 0%
Enrofloxacin 15 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 15 6,67%
Trimethoprim 15 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 15 6,67%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 15 46,67%
Gentamicin 15 0%
Kanamycin 15 100%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
15 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 15 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
resistant to 3antimicrobials
15 86,67%
resistant to >4antimicrobials
15 13,33%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 59
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. A
nat
um
in T
urk
eys
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Ana
tum
-T
urke
ysIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
14
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 14
100%
867
7
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
14
07
217
147
2114
7
Flo
rfen
icol
14
07
1421
1421
77
7
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 14
014
147
77
1436
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
140
1414
714
714
29
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 14
07
217
77
147
217
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 14
77
77
721
2114
77
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
140%
77
77
1421
77
21
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 14
77
77
147
77
1429
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
1443
2914
2114
147
Gen
tam
icin
14
07
1414
1421
217
7
Kan
amyc
in
1410
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
140%
2114
1436
77
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
140
721
2114
1414
7
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 60
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Apeyeme - qualitative data
S. Apeyeme all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 61
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Arapahoe - qualitative data
S. Arapahoe Reptiles
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 100%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
resistant to 1antimicrobial
1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 62
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. B
red
eney
in T
urk
eys
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Bre
dene
y-
Tur
keys
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
100
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 63
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Bredeney - qualitative data
S. Bredeney Turkeys
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 100%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
resistant to 1antimicrobial
1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 64
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Carrau - qualitative data
S. Carrau all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 100%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
resistant to 1antimicrobial
1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 65
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. D
erb
y in
Mix
ed m
eat
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Der
by-
Mix
ed m
eat
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
3
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 3
0%33
,366
,3
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
3
033
,333
,333
,3
Flo
rfen
icol
3
033
,366
,6
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 3
033
,366
,6
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
1)
30
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 3
033
,366
,6
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 3
033
,333
,333
,3
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
30%
66,6
33,3
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 3
066
,633
,3
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
333
,333
,333
,333
,3
Gen
tam
icin
3
033
,333
,333
,3
Kan
amyc
in
30
33,3
33,3
33,3
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es(2
)
30%
33,3
33,3
33,3
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
30
33,3
33,3
33,3
(1)
: 33,
3% =
35, 6
6,6%
>35
(2
) : 3
3,3
>35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 66
Foo
tnot
e
Mix
ed m
eat:
pork
and
bee
f
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 67
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Derby - qualitative data
S. Derby all foodstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
4
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 4 25%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 4 0%
Florfenicol 4 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
4 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 4 0%
Enrofloxacin 4 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 4 0%
Trimethoprim 4 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 4 25%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 4 50%
Gentamicin 4 0%
Kanamycin 4 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
4 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 4 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 4 50%
resistant to 1antimicrobial
4 25%
resistant to 2antimicrobials
4 0%
resistant to 3antimicrobials
4 25%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 68
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. D
erb
y in
Tu
rkey
mea
t -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Der
by-
Tur
key
mea
t Is
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
100%
100
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
1)
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
100
100
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
110
010
0
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
(1)
: 100
% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 69
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. D
un
kwa
in R
epti
les
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Dun
kwa
-R
eptil
esIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
2
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 2
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
2
050
50
Flo
rfen
icol
2
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s(1)
20
5050
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
20
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 2
050
50
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 2
050
50
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
20%
5050
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e(2)
2
050
50
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
20
5050
Gen
tam
icin
2
5050
Kan
amyc
in
20
5050
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
20%
5050
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
20
5050
(1)
: 50%
>35
(2
) : 5
0% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 70
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Dunkwa - qualitative data
S. Dunkwa Reptiles
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
2
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 2 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 2 0%
Florfenicol 2 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
2 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 2 0%
Enrofloxacin 2 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 2 0%
Trimethoprim 2 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 2 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 2 0%
Gentamicin 2 0%
Kanamycin 2 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
2 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 2 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 2 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 71
Table 3.2.5.2 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Enteritidis in animals
S. Enteritidis Cattle (bovine
animals) Pigs Gallus gallus Turkeys Wildlife - wild
birds - falcon Zoo animals -swan
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no no no no no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
0 0 27 2 2 1
-Antimicrobials: N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R
Tetracycline 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
Florfenicol 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 27 7,41% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 27 62,96% 2 0% 2 100% 1 0%
Trimethoprim 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
Gentamicin 27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
Neomycin 0% 0%
Kanamycin 27 7,41% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 27 7,41% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 27 37,04% 2 100% 2 0% 1 100%
resistant to 1antimicrobial
27 48,15% 2 0% 2 100% 1 0%
resistant to 2antimicrobials
27 7,41% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
resistant to 3antimicrobials
27 7,41% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
resistant to 4antimicrobials
27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
resistant to >4antimicrobials
27 0% 2 0% 2 0% 1 0%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 72
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in Z
oo
an
imal
s -
swan
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-Z
oo a
nim
als
- sw
anIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 73
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in W
ildlif
e -
wild
bir
ds
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-W
ildlif
e -
wild
bird
sIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
2
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 2
0%50
50
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
2
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
2
050
50
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s(1)
20
5050
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
20
5050
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 2
050
50
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 2
100
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
20%
5050
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 2
050
50
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
20
100
Gen
tam
icin
2
050
50
Kan
amyc
in
20
5050
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
20%
5050
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
20
5050
(1)
: 50%
>35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 74
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in T
urk
eys
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-T
urke
ysIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
2
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 2
0%50
50
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
2
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
2
050
50
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 2
050
50
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
20
5050
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 2
050
50
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 2
050
50
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
20%
5050
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 2
050
50
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
20
5050
Gen
tam
icin
2
050
50
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
20%
5050
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
20
5050
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 75
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in G
allu
s g
allu
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-G
allu
s ga
llus
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
26
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 26
0%3,
87,
73,
87,
711
,526
,919
,27,
73,
87,
7
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
26
03,
87,
73,
83,
83,
815
,415
,415
,411
,511
,53,
83,
8
Flo
rfen
icol
25
08
424
124
812
128
4
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s(1)
260
3,8
7,7
3,8
7,7
11,5
3,8
26,9
34,6
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
2)
260
3,8
3,8
3,8
3,8
11,5
7,7
11,5
7,7
3,8
3,8
11,5
11.5
15,3
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 26
7,7
3,8
3,8
3,8
3,8
11,5
7,7
15,4
7,7
3,8
3,8
7,7
7,7
7,7
7,7
3,8
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 26
65,4
65,4
11,5
7,7
7,7
7,7
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
260%
3,8
7,7
11,5
3,8
7,7
7,7
26,9
7,7
15,4
7,7
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e(3)
26
03,
819
,211
,53,
87,
73,
811
,53,
815
,411
,53,
83,
8
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
260
3,8
7,7
53,8
26,9
3,8
3,8
Gen
tam
icin
26
03,
83,
83,
83,
87,
734
,626
,911
,53,
8
Kan
amyc
in
267,
77,
73,
83,
83,
819
,230
,815
,411
,53,
8
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es(4
)
260%
3,8
7,7
3,8
3,8
3,8
11,5
3,8
23,1
7,7
7,7
23,1
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
267,
77,
77,
73,
87,
711
,57,
715
,47,
723
,13,
83,
84,
0
(1)
: 34,
6% >
35
(2)
: 15,
3: 3
,8%
=35
, 11,
5% >
35
(3)
: 3,8
>35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 76
(4)
: 23,
1%: 7
,7%
=35
, 15,
4% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 77
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. E
nte
riti
dis
in P
ou
ltry
mea
t -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Ent
eriti
dis
-P
oultr
y m
eat
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
9
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 9
0%11
,111
,122
,233
,322
,2
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
9
022
,211
,111
,144
,411
,1
Flo
rfen
icol
9
011
,122
,211
,111
,122
,222
,2
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s(1)
90
11,1
11,1
88,8
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
2)
90
11,1
11,1
88,8
Enr
oflo
xaci
n(3)
9
011
,122
,211
,133
,322
,2
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 9
11,1
11,1
11,1
22,2
22,2
22,2
11,1
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
90%
22,2
44,4
22,2
11,1
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 9
011
,133
,311
,133
,311
,1
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
90
11,1
33,3
33,3
22,2
Gen
tam
icin
9
055
,522
,222
,2
Kan
amyc
in
90
33,3
22,2
11,1
11,1
11,1
11,1
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es(4
)
90%
11,1
11,1
22,2
33,3
22,2
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
911
,111
,111
,122
,233
,322
,2
(1)
: 88,
8% >
35
(2)
: 88,
8% >
35
(3)
: 22,
2% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 78
(4)
: 22,
2% >
35
Foo
tnot
e
Poul
try
mea
t and
live
r
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 79
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Havana - qualitative data
S. Havana all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
5
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 5 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 5 0%
Florfenicol 5 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
5 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 0%
Enrofloxacin 5 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 5 0%
Trimethoprim 5 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 5 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 5 0%
Gentamicin 5 0%
Kanamycin 5 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
5 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 5 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 5 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 80
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. H
eid
elb
erg
in T
urk
eys
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Hei
delb
erg
-T
urke
ysIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
2
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 2
100%
100
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
2
050
50
Flo
rfen
icol
2
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 2
050
50
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
20
5050
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 2
050
50
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 2
100
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
20%
5050
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 2
050
50
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
210
010
0
Gen
tam
icin
2
050
50
Kan
amyc
in
20
5050
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
20%
5050
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
210
010
0
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 81
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Heidelberg - qualitative data
S. Heidelberg Turkeys
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
3
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 3 100%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 3 0%
Florfenicol 2 50%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
3 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 3 0%
Enrofloxacin 3 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 3 100%
Trimethoprim 3 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 3 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 3 100%
Gentamicin 3 0%
Kanamycin 3 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
3 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 3 100%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
resistant to 4antimicrobials
3 66,67%
resistant to >4antimicrobials
3 33,33%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 82
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. H
eid
elb
erg
in G
allu
s g
allu
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Hei
delb
erg
-G
allu
s ga
llus
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
100%
100
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
100
100
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
100
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
110
010
0
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
110
010
0
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 83
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. I
nfa
nti
s in
Tu
rkey
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Inf
antis
-T
urke
ysIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 84
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Infantis - qualitative data
S. Infantis Turkeys
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 85
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. I
nfa
nti
s in
Po
ult
ry m
eat
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Inf
antis
-P
oultr
y m
eat
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
10
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 10
0%10
2010
2020
1010
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
10
010
6010
20
Flo
rfen
icol
10
010
3030
2010
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s(1)
100
1090
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
100
2010
70
Enr
oflo
xaci
n(2)
10
020
1010
60
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 10
010
1010
2040
10
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
100%
1040
1010
1020
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 10
010
3020
3010
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
100
1010
3040
10
Gen
tam
icin
10
010
7010
10
Kan
amyc
in
100
2040
3020
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es(3
)
100%
1020
4030
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
1010
1020
1040
20
(1)
: 90%
>35
(2
) : 6
0% >
35
(3)
: 10%
= 3
5, 2
0% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 86
Foo
tnot
e
Poul
try
mea
t and
live
r
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 87
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Infantis - qualitative data
S. Infantis all foodstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
10
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 10 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 10 0%
Florfenicol 10 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
10 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 10 0%
Enrofloxacin 10 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 10 0%
Trimethoprim 10 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 10 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 10 0%
Gentamicin 10 0%
Kanamycin 10 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
10 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 10 10%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 10 90%
resistant to 1antimicrobial
10 10%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 88
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. K
aap
stad
in T
urk
eys
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Kaa
psta
d-
Tur
keys
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
2
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 2
50%
5050
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
2
050
50
Flo
rfen
icol
2
050
50
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 2
050
50
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
20
5050
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 2
050
50
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 2
050
50
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
20%
5050
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 2
050
50
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
250
5050
Gen
tam
icin
2
050
50
Kan
amyc
in
250
5050
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
20%
5050
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
20
100
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 89
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Kingston - qualitative data
S. Kingston Turkeys
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
2
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 2 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 2 0%
Florfenicol 2 50%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
2 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 2 0%
Enrofloxacin 2 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 2 0%
Trimethoprim 2 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 2 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 2 0%
Gentamicin 2 0%
Kanamycin 2 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
2 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 2 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 2 50%
resistant to 1antimicrobial
2 50%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 90
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Livingstone - qualitative data
S. Livingstone all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
2
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 2 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 2 0%
Florfenicol 2 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
2 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 2 0%
Enrofloxacin 2 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 2 0%
Trimethoprim 2 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 2 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 2 0%
Gentamicin 2 0%
Kanamycin 2 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
2 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 2 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 2 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 91
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. London - qualitative data
S. London all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 92
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. R
isse
n in
Tu
rkey
mea
t -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Ris
sen
-T
urke
y m
eat
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s(1)
10
100
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
2)
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
100
100
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
110
010
0
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
(1)
: 100
% >
35
(2)
: 100
% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 93
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Rissen - qualitative data
S. Rissen Turkey meat
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 100%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 100%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
resistant to 2antimicrobials
1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 94
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. S
ain
tpau
l in
Gal
lus
gal
lus
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Sai
ntpa
ul-
Gal
lus
gallu
sIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
100%
100
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
100
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 95
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Saintpaul - qualitative data
S. Saintpaul Gallus gallus
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 100%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
resistant to 1antimicrobial
1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 96
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. S
ain
tpau
l in
Tu
rkey
mea
t -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Sai
ntpa
ul-
Tur
key
mea
t Is
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
100
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
Foo
tnot
e
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 97
turk
ey m
eat=
turk
ey li
ver
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 98
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Saintpaul - qualitative data
S. Saintpaul Turkey meat - fresh
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 100%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
resistant to 1antimicrobial
1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 99
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Schwarzengrund - qualitative data
S. Schwarzengrund all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
6
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 6 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 6 0%
Florfenicol 5 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
6 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 6 0%
Enrofloxacin 6 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 6 0%
Trimethoprim 6 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 6 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 6 16,67%
Gentamicin 6 0%
Kanamycin 6 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
6 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 6 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 6 83,34%
resistant to 1antimicrobial
6 16,65%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 100
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Senftenberg - qualitative data
S. Senftenberg all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
5
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 5 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 5 0%
Florfenicol 5 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
5 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 0%
Enrofloxacin 5 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 5 0%
Trimethoprim 5 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 5 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 5 0%
Gentamicin 5 0%
Kanamycin 5 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
5 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 5 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 5 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 101
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. S
tan
leyv
ille
in G
allu
s g
allu
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Sta
nley
ville
-G
allu
s ga
llus
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
1)
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
(1)
: 100
% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 102
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. S
tan
leyv
ille
in Z
oo
an
imal
s -
ante
lop
e -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Sta
nley
ville
-Z
oo a
nim
als
- an
telo
peIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 103
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Stanleyville - qualitative data
S. Stanleyville Gallus gallus Zoo animals - antelope
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1 1
-Antimicrobials: N %R N %R
Tetracycline 1 0% 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0% 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0% 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0% 1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0% 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0% 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0% 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0% 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0% 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0% 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0% 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0% 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0% 1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0% 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 1 100% 1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 104
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
enn
esse
e in
Gal
lus
gal
lus
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Ten
ness
ee-
Gal
lus
gallu
sIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 105
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Tennessee - qualitative data
S. Tennessee Gallus gallus
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 106
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Tennessee - qualitative data
S. Tennessee all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
5
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 5 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 5 0%
Florfenicol 5 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
5 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 5 0%
Enrofloxacin 5 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 5 0%
Trimethoprim 5 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 5 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 5 0%
Gentamicin 5 0%
Kanamycin 5 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
5 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 5 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 5 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 107
Table 3.2.5.3 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S.Typhimurium in animals
S. Typhimurium Cattle
(bovineanimals)
Pigs Gallusgallus
Turkeys Fur animals- chinchilla
Pigeons -feral
Wildlife -wild birds -night heron
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no no no no no no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
0 1 0 1 2 1 1
-Antimicrobials: N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R
Tetracycline 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 100% 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 1 0% 1 100% 2 100% 1 0% 1 100%
resistant to 1antimicrobial
1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 100% 1 0%
resistant to 2antimicrobials
1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
resistant to 3antimicrobials
1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
resistant to 4antimicrobials
1 0% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
resistant to >4antimicrobials
1 100% 1 0% 2 0% 1 0% 1 0%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 108
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
wild
bir
ds
- W
ildlif
e -
nig
ht
her
on
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a[D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Wild
life
- w
ild b
irds
- ni
ght h
eron
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 109
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Pig
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Pig
sIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
100%
100
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
100
100
Flo
rfen
icol
1
100
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
100
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
100
100
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
110
010
0
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
110
010
0
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 110
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Tu
rkey
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Tur
keys
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 111
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Pig
eon
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Pig
eons
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
1)
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m(2
) 1
0%10
0
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
110
010
0
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es(3
)
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
(1)
: 100
% >
35
(2)
: 100
% >
35
(3)
: 100
% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 112
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. T
yph
imu
riu
m in
Fu
r an
imal
s -
chin
chill
a -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Typ
him
uriu
m-
Fur
ani
mal
s -
chin
chill
aIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
2
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 2
0%50
50
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
2
050
50
Flo
rfen
icol
2
050
50
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 2
050
50
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
1)
250
50
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 2
050
50
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 2
050
50
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
20%
5050
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 2
050
50
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
20
5050
Gen
tam
icin
2
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
20
5050
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
20%
5050
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
20
5050
(1)
: 50%
>35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 113
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. W
elte
vred
en in
Mix
ed m
eat
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
n m
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. Wel
tevr
eden
-M
ixed
mea
tIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s(1)
10
100
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
2)
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
110
0
Gen
tam
icin
1
100
Kan
amyc
in
10
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
(1)
: 100
% >
35
(2)
: 100
% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 114
Foo
tnot
e
Mix
ed m
eat:
pork
and
bee
f
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 115
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Weltevreden - qualitative data
S. Weltevreden Mixed meat
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 116
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. Westhampton - qualitative data
S. Westhampton all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 1 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 117
Tab
le 3
.2.5
.1 A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
. in
an
imal
s (P
art
A)
S
alm
onel
la s
pp.
C
attl
e(b
ovi
ne
anim
als)
Pig
s G
allu
sg
allu
s T
urk
eys
Rep
tile
s P
et a
nim
als
- tu
rtle
s F
ur
anim
als
- ch
inch
illa
Zo
o a
nim
als
- an
telo
pe
Wild
life
-w
ild b
ird
s -
falc
on
Pig
eon
s -
fera
l
Isol
ates
out
of a
mon
itorin
g pr
ogra
m
nono
nono
nono
nono
nono
Num
ber
of is
olat
esav
aila
ble
in th
ela
bora
tory
01
3123
31
21
21
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
RN
%R
N%
RN
%R
N%
RN
%R
N%
RN
%R
N%
RN
%R
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
100%
316,
45%
2373
,91%
30%
10%
20%
110
0%2
0%1
0%
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
100%
310%
230%
30%
10%
20%
10%
20%
10%
Flo
rfen
icol
1
100%
283,
57%
220%
30%
10%
20%
10%
20%
10%
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 0
0%31
0%23
0%3
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
00%
310%
230%
30%
10%
20%
10%
20%
10%
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 0
0%31
6,45
%23
0%3
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
100%
3161
,29%
2317
,39%
30%
10%
20%
110
0%2
100%
10%
Trim
etho
prim
0
0%31
0%23
0%3
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
100%
310%
234,
35%
30%
10%
20%
10%
20%
10%
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
110
0%31
6,45
%23
34,7
8%3
33.3
3%1
0%2
0%1
0%2
0%1
100%
Gen
tam
icin
0
0%31
0%23
0%3
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%
Kan
amyc
in
00%
319,
68%
2268
,18%
30%
10%
20%
10%
20%
10%
Trim
etho
prim
+su
lfona
mid
es
00%
310%
230%
30%
10%
20%
10%
20%
10%
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
110
0%31
9,68
%23
8,70
%3
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%
-
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 118
Nu
mb
er o
f m
ult
ires
ista
nt
iso
late
sfu
lly s
ensi
tives
0
0%31
35,4
8%23
21,7
4%3
66,6
6%1
100%
210
0%1
0%2
0%1
0%
resi
stan
t to
1an
timic
robi
al
00%
3145
,16%
234,
35%
333
,33%
10%
20%
10%
210
0%1
100%
resi
stan
t to
2an
timic
robi
als
00%
316,
45%
2334
,78%
30%
10%
20%
110
0%2
0%1
0%
resi
stan
t to
3an
timic
robi
als
00%
319,
68%
2326
,09%
30%
10%
20%
10%
20%
10%
resi
stan
t to
4an
timic
robi
als
00%
310%
2313
,04%
30%
10%
20%
10%
20%
10%
resi
stan
t to
>4
antim
icro
bial
s 1
100%
313,
23%
230%
30%
10%
20%
10%
20%
10%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 119
Tab
le 3
.2.5
.1 A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
Sal
mo
nel
la s
pp
. in
an
imal
s (P
art
B)
S
alm
onel
la s
pp.
Z
oo
an
imal
s -
snak
es
Zo
o a
nim
als
- sw
an
Wild
life
- w
ild b
ird
s -
nig
ht
her
on
Isol
ates
out
of a
mon
itorin
g pr
ogra
m
nono
no
Num
ber
of is
olat
esav
aila
ble
in th
ela
bora
tory
21
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
RN
%R
N%
R
Tet
racy
clin
e 2
0%1
0%1
0%
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
2
0%1
0%1
0%
Flo
rfen
icol
2
0%1
0%1
0%
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 2
0%1
0%1
0%
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin
20%
10%
10%
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 2
0%1
0%1
0%
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 2
0%1
0%1
0%
Trim
etho
prim
2
0%1
0%1
0%
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 2
0%1
0%1
0%
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
20%
10%
10%
Gen
tam
icin
2
0%1
10%
Kan
amyc
in
20%
10%
10%
Trim
etho
prim
+su
lfona
mid
es
20%
10%
10%
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
20%
10%
10%
- Nu
mb
er o
f m
ult
ires
ista
nt
iso
late
sfu
lly s
ensi
tives
2
100%
110
0%1
100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 120
resi
stan
t to
1an
timic
robi
al
20%
10%
10%
resi
stan
t to
2an
timic
robi
als
20%
10%
10%
resi
stan
t to
3an
timic
robi
als
20%
10%
10%
resi
stan
t to
4an
timic
robi
als
20%
10%
10%
resi
stan
t to
>4
antim
icro
bial
s 2
0%1
0%1
0%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 121
Table 3.2.5.5 Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. in food
Salmonella spp. Broiler meat Turkey meat Other poultry
meat Pig meat Bovine meat Mixed meat
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no no no no no no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
19 3 0 0 0 4
-Antimicrobials: N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R N %R
Tetracycline 19 0% 3 33,33% 4 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
Florfenicol 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
Enrofloxacin 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 19 5,26% 3 33,33% 4 0%
Trimethoprim 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 19 0% 3 66,67% 4 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 19 0% 3 66,67% 4 25%
Gentamicin 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
Kanamycin 19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 19 10,53% 3 0% 4 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 19 84,21% 3 33,33% 4 75%
resistant to 1antimicrobial
19 15,79% 3 33,33% 4 25%
resistant to 2antimicrobials
19 0% 3 33,33% 4 0%
resistant to 3antimicrobials
19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
resistant to 4antimicrobials
19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
resistant to >4antimicrobials
19 0% 3 0% 4 0%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 122
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella spp. - qualitative data
Salmonella spp. all feedingstuffs
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
28
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 28 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 28 0%
Florfenicol 27 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
28 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 28 0%
Enrofloxacin 28 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 28 0%
Trimethoprim 28 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 28 3,57%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 28 3,57%
Gentamicin 28 0%
Kanamycin 28 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
28 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 28 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 28 92,86%
resistant to 1antimicrobial
28 7,41%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 123
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
S. e
nte
rica
su
bsp
. ari
zon
ae in
Zo
o a
nim
als
- q
uan
tita
tive
dat
a [D
iffu
sio
nm
eth
od
]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-S
. ent
eric
a su
bsp.
ariz
onae
-Z
oo a
nim
als
Iso
late
s o
ut
of
a m
on
ito
rin
gp
rog
ram
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
2
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 2
0%50
50
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
2
050
50
Flo
rfen
icol
2
050
50
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s(1)
20
5050
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
2)
20
5050
Enr
oflo
xaci
n(3)
2
050
50
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 2
050
50
Tri
met
ho
pri
m(4
) 2
0%50
50
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 2
050
50
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
20
5050
Gen
tam
icin
2
050
50
Kan
amyc
in
20
100
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es(5
)
20%
5050
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
20
5050
(1)
: 50%
>35
(2
) : 5
0% >
35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 124
(3)
: 50%
>35
(4
) : 5
0% >
35
(5)
: 50%
>35
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 125
Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. enterica subsp. arizonae - qualitativedata
S. enterica subsp. arizonae Zoo animals - snakes
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
2
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 2 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 2 0%
Florfenicol 2 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
2 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 2 0%
Enrofloxacin 2 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 2 0%
Trimethoprim 2 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 2 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 2 0%
Gentamicin 2 0%
Kanamycin 2 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
2 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 2 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 2 100%
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 126
Tab
le A
nti
mic
rob
ial s
usc
epti
bili
ty t
esti
ng
of
No
t ty
pea
ble
in Z
oo
an
imal
s -
qu
anti
tati
ve d
ata
[Dif
fusi
on
met
ho
d]
Per
cen
tag
e o
f re
sist
ant
iso
late
s (R
%)
and
per
cen
tag
e o
f is
ola
tes
wit
h t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
(µ
l/ml)
or
zon
e (m
m)
of
inh
ibit
ion
eq
ual
to
-N
ot ty
peab
le-
Zoo
ani
mal
sIs
ola
tes
ou
t o
f a
mo
nit
ori
ng
pro
gra
m
no
Nu
mb
er o
f is
ola
tes
avai
lab
lein
th
e la
bo
rato
ry
1
- An
tim
icro
bia
ls:
N%
R
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Tet
racy
clin
e 1
0%10
0
Am
ph
enic
ols
Chl
oram
phen
icol
1
010
0
Flo
rfen
icol
1
010
0
Cep
hal
osp
ori
n3r
d ge
nera
tion
ceph
alos
porin
s 1
010
0
Flu
oro
qu
ino
lon
esC
ipro
floxa
cin(
1)
10
100
Enr
oflo
xaci
n 1
010
0
Qu
ino
lon
esN
alid
ixic
aci
d 1
010
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m
10%
100
Su
lfo
nam
ides
Sul
fona
mid
e 1
010
0
Am
ino
gly
cosi
des
Str
epto
myc
in
10
100
Gen
tam
icin
1
010
0
Kan
amyc
in
110
0
Tri
met
ho
pri
m +
sulf
on
amid
es
10%
100
Pen
icill
ins
Am
pici
llin
10
100
(1)
: 100
% >
35
Foo
tnot
e
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 127
S. e
nter
ica
non
typa
ble
(with
ser
a av
aila
ble)
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Table Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Not typeable - qualitative data
Not typeable Zoo animals
Isolates out of amonitoring program
no
Number of isolatesavailable in thelaboratory
1
-Antimicrobials: N %R
Tetracycline 1 0%
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 1 0%
Florfenicol 1 0%
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
1 0%
FluoroquinolonesCiprofloxacin 1 0%
Enrofloxacin 1 0%
QuinolonesNalidixic acid 1 0%
Trimethoprim 1 0%
SulfonamidesSulfonamide 1 0%
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 1 0%
Gentamicin 1 0%
Kanamycin 1 0%
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides
1 0%
PenicillinsAmpicillin 1 0%
-Number of multiresistant isolates
fully sensitives 1 100%
Footnote
S.enterica non typable (with sera available)
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Table 3.2.6 Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in Animals
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
- NCCLS
- CASFM
Subject to quality control
-Salmonella Standard for
breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range tested
concentration (microg/ml)disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracycline 30 19 14
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 30 18 12
Florfenicol 30 20 16Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin 5 21 15
Enrofloxacin 5 20 16Quinolones
Nalidixic acid 30 19 13
Trimethoprim 5 16 10
SulfonamidesSulfonamide(1) 250 17 12
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 10 15 11
Gentamicin 10 15 12
Neomycin
Kanamycin 30 18 13
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides(2)
1,25 16 10
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
30 23 14
PenicillinsAmpicillin 10 17 13
(1) : Dics content 250-300(2) : Disc content 1,25 and 23,75
Footnote
Breakpoint: Intermediate is the zone diameter between zone diameter susceptible and resistant.E.g. zone diameter susceptible >= 19, intermediate 15-18, resistant <=14
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Table 3.2.6 Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in Food
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
- NCCLS
- CASFM
Subject to quality control
-Salmonella Standard for
breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range tested
concentration (microg/ml)disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracycline 30 19 14
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 30 18 12
Florfenicol 30 20 16Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin 5 21 15
Enrofloxacin 5 20 16Quinolones
Nalidixic acid 30 19 13
Trimethoprim 5 16 10
SulfonamidesSulfonamide(1) 250 17 12
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 10 15 11
Gentamicin 10 15 12
Neomycin
Kanamycin 30 18 13
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides(2)
1,25 16 10
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
30 23 14
PenicillinsAmpicillin 10 17 13
(1) : Disc content 250-300(2) : Disc content 1,25 and 23,75
Footnote
Breakpoint: Intermediate is the zone diameter between zone diameter susceptible and resistant.E.g. zone diameter susceptible >= 19, intermediate 15-18, resistant <=14
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Slovenia 2004 131
Table 3.2.6 Breakpoints for antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in Feedingstuff
Test Method Used
- Disc diffusion
- Agar dilution
- Broth dilution
- E-test
Standards used for testing
- NCCLS
- CASFM
Subject to quality control
-Salmonella Standard for
breakpointBreakpoint concentration (microg/ml) Range tested
concentration (microg/ml)disk content breakpoint Zone diameter (mm)
Susceptible<=
Intermediate Resistant>
lowest highest microg Susceptible>=
Intermediate Resistant<=
Tetracycline 30 19 14
AmphenicolsChloramphenicol 30 18 12
Florfenicol 30 20 16Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin 5 21 15
Enrofloxacin 5 20 16Quinolones
Nalidixic acid 30 19 13
Trimethoprim 5 16 10
SulfonamidesSulfonamide(1) 250 17 12
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin 10 15 11
Gentamicin 10 15 12
Neomycin
Kanamycin 30 18 13
Trimethoprim +sulfonamides(2)
1,25 16 10
Cephalosporin3rd generationcephalosporins
30 23 14
PenicillinsAmpicillin 10 17 13
(1) : Disk content 250-300(2) : Disk content 1,25 and 23,75
Footnote
Breakpoint: Intermediate is the zone diameter between zone diameter susceptible and resistant.E.g. zone diameter susceptible >= 19, intermediate 15-18, resistant <=14
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2.2. CAMPYLOBACTERIOSIS
2.2.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Thermophilic Campylobacter General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
HumansNumber of notifications decreases. The incidence is estimated from data on notifications.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
HumansDecreasing number of sporadic and outbreak cases.Campylobacter infections according to number of notifications decrease. The real burden ofdisese shall be estimated in study.Zoonotic agent in foodMonitoring at slaughterhousesIn 2003, C. jejuni was isolated from 1 sample (2 %) of fresh meat, whilst no positive cases weredetected in the mechanically recovered meat - Campylobacter was not isolated. In comparisonto the preceding year, the situation in 2004 got worse as the percentage of positive samples ofmechanically recovered meat increased to 20 %, and the same percentage of positive cases wasdetected in the fresh meat.At retaliIn 2004, 39% samples of fresh poultry meat were positive on presence of thermophylicCampylobacter. Detailed evaluation of data shows that 34% (87% of all positive samples) ofthem were positive on presence of Campylobacter jejuni.Results show that all samples of cheese (n=70) taken at the retail level were classified assatisfactory for thermophilic Campylobacter. Campylobacter was not isolated from any sample.
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2.2.2. Campylobacteriosis in humans
A. Thermophilic Campylobacter in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
Campylobacter cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctorsnotify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.
Case definition
According to definition of commission of the EU communities.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Serologic and biochemical identification on CCDA medium, Hyppurat test, Cephalotin andnalidixic acid resistance test.
Notification system in place
Campylobacter cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctorsnotify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged tonotify). Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R.Slovenia. Medical doctors also report outbreaks of campylobacter infections. Notification since1977.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
The number of notified cases was decreasing in years 1997 to 2003. In 2004 number ofnotifications increased for 19,4% (compared to 2003). No outbreaks were registered. The realburden of disease is not known. (The incidence is estimated from data on notifications).
Results of the investigation
Decreasing number of sporadic and outbreak cases.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
In 2004 number of notifications increased for 19,4% (compared to 2003). No outbreaks wereregistered. (The real burden of disese shall be estimated in study).
Relevance as zoonotic disease
Poulty and eggs remain source of infection.
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Slovenia 2004 134
Tab
le 6
.3.A
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
rio
sis
in m
an -
sp
ecie
s/se
roty
pe
dis
trib
uti
on
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
Au
toch
ton
e ca
ses
Au
toch
ton
e In
cIm
po
rted
cas
esIm
po
rted
Inc
un
kno
wn
sta
tus
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
r10
3751
00
00
1037
C. c
oli
C. j
ejun
i10
3751
,910
37
C. u
psal
iens
is
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 135
Tab
le 6
.3.B
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
rio
sis
in m
an -
ag
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
C. c
oli
C. j
eju
ni
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
r sp
p.
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
F
<1
year
72
4032
1 to
4 y
ears
25
613
911
7
5 to
14
year
s 18
711
671
15 to
24
year
s 14
069
71
25 to
44
year
s 17
388
85
45 to
64
year
s 12
767
60
65 y
ears
and
old
er
8240
42
Age
unk
now
n 0
00
To
tal :
0
0 0
1037
55
9 47
8 0
0 0
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 136
Tab
le 6
.3.C
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
rio
sis
in m
an -
sea
son
al d
istr
ibu
tio
n
C. c
oli
C. j
eju
ni
C. u
psa
lien
sis
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
r sp
p.
Mo
nth
Cas
esC
ases
Cas
esC
ases
Janu
ary
40
Feb
ruar
y 23
Mar
ch
41
Apr
il 55
May
81
June
13
8
July
11
7
Aug
ust
161
Sep
tem
ber
124
Oct
ober
11
5
Nov
embe
r 85
Dec
embe
r 57
not k
now
n 0
To
tal :
0
1037
0
0
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 137
2.2.3. Campylobacter in foodstuffs
A. Thermophilic Campylobacter in Broiler meat and products thereof
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Monitoring is carried out in accordance with the Compulsory instructions on thetaking of official samples for zoonoses.Official veterinarians carry out the sampling of meat and mechanically recoveredmeat at all the registered poultry slaughterhouses.
At retail
Annual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for theofficial control of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more andnumber of samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview overthe situation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: 100 samples of fresh poultry meat per annum (Broiler meat: n=95,Turkey meat: n=5)
Frequency of the sampling
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Other: Sampling of meat in the high-capacity establishments (establishmentsapproved for the intra-Community trade) /1 sample of meat per month
At retail
Sampling takes place during the months February - June
Type of specimen taken
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Other: Fresh meat and mechanically separated meat
At retail
Fresh meat
Definition of positive finding
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Slovenia 2004 138
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Meat: sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has beenisolated from the sample.
At retail
A sample from which Campylobacter has been isolated.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
At slaughterhouse and cutting plant
Bacteriological method: ISO 10272:1995
At retail
Bacteriological method: ISO 10272:1995
Preventive measures in place
GMP, GHP, HACCPAt the moment food business operators introduce the system of additional labelling of poultrymeat which includes special warning to the customers to treat poultry meat at requestedtemperature before any use.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.Since product was no longer on the market at the time of receiving analytical results of samplestaken at the retail level in all cases in house control was required.
Notification system in place
Whenever zoonotic agent-Campylobacter is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities mustbe informed.
Results of the investigation
Monitoring at slaughterhouses81 samples of fresh meat and 30 samples of mechanically recovered meat were taken atslaughterhouses. Presence of Campylobacter was detected in 16 samples of fresh meat (20 %)and in 6 samples of mechanically recovered meat (20 %). C. jejuni was isolated in all thepositive cases.Monitoring at retailOut of 100 samples of poultry meat taken (Broiler meat 95 and Turkey meat 5), 39% werepositive on presence of thermophylic Campylobacter. Positive samples: 1x Turkey meat and 38xBroiler meat. Detailed evaluation of data shows that 34% (87% of all positive samples) of themwere positive on presence of Campylobacter jejuni.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 139
Monitoring at slaughterhousesIn 2003, C. jejuni was isolated from 1 sample (2 %) of fresh meat, whilst no positive cases weredetected in the mechanically recovered meat - Campylobacter was not isolated. In comparisonto the preceding year, the situation in 2004 got worse as the percentage of positive samples ofmechanically recovered meat increased to 20 %, and the same percentage of positive cases wasdetected in the fresh meat.
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Table 6.2 Thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in food
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
C. c
oli
C. l
ari
C. u
psa
lien
sis
C. j
eju
ni
Cam
pyl
ob
acte
r sp
p.
Broiler meat - - -fresh - - -
- at slaughter (2) - sample 25 81 16 16
- at retail - sample 25 95 5 33 38
mechanically separatedmeat
- sample 25 30 6 6
Turkey meat - - -fresh - - -
- at slaughter (3) - sample 25 12 1 1
- at retail - sample 25 5 1 1
mechanically separatedmeat
- sample 25 14 1 1
Cheeses - - -soft and semi soft - - -
- at retail - sample 25 70 0
(1) : Sample weight: 25g or 25ml-rinse(2) : Sample weight: 25g or 20cm2 -surface(3) : Sample weight: 25g or 20cm2 -surface
Footnote
Sample weigh in g
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Slovenia 2004 141
2.2.4. Campylobacter in animals
2.2.5. Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter isolates
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2.3. LISTERIOSIS
2.3.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Listeriosis general evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
HumansIn last 5 years 0 to 7 cases annually were notified.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
HumansMost patients had meningitis.
Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)
Milk and milk products are mostly pasteurised in Slovenia.
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
epidemiological surveillance
Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken
no suggestions
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Slovenia 2004 143
2.3.2. Listeriosis in humans
A. Listeriosis in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
Listeriosis cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify).Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Notification since 1977.
Case definition
According to definition of commission of the EU communities.
Notification system in place
Human cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors are obligedto notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.
Results of the investigation
Rare diseases (according to notifications). Among years 1999 - 2004 were registered from 1 to 7cases annualy.
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Tab
le 7
.2.A
Lis
teri
osi
s in
man
- s
pec
ies/
sero
typ
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
Lis
teri
a1
0
List
eria
spp
.1
0,05
cong
enita
l cas
es
deat
hs
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 145
Tab
le 7
.2.B
Lis
teri
osi
s in
man
- a
ge
dis
trib
uti
on
L. m
on
ocy
tog
enes
Lis
teri
a sp
p.
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
FA
llM
F
<1
year
1 to
4 y
ears
5 to
14
year
s
15 to
24
year
s
25 to
44
year
s
45 to
64
year
s 1
1
65 y
ears
and
old
er
Age
unk
now
n
To
tal :
0
0 0
1 0
1
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 146
2.3.3. Listeria in foodstuffs
A. Listeria spp. in food
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
At the production plantMonitoring is carried out in accordance with the Compulsory instructions on the taking ofofficial samples for zoonoses.Official veterinarians carry out the sampling of mechanically recovered meat at all theregistered poultry slaughterhouses. Sampling of milk products is carried out at all theregistered dairy establishments. Official veterinarians carry out sampling throughout theyear. At retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation. Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme:Delicatessen 240 samples /yearSweets 150 samples /yearCheeses 70 samples /yearProcessed food - ready to eat: 30 samples /yearVegetables: 127 samples /yearSmoked fish: 40 samples /yearMeat products: 100 samples /yearMinced meat: 114 samples /yearFruits: 73 samples /yearIce-cream : 170 samples /year
Frequency of the sampling
At the production plant
Other: Sampling of mechanically recovered meat: 1 sample of MRM per month.Sampling of milk products in high-capacity establishments / 2 samples permonth. Sampling of milk products in low-capacity establishments (limitedcapacity establishments) / 1 sample per month.
At retail
Sampling takes place during the months Delicatessen: April - November,Sweets: February - September, Cheeses: March - June, Processed food - ready to
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 147
eat: October - November, Vegetables: March - August, Smoked fish: July -October, Meat products: April - October, Minced meat: May - August, Fruits:May - August, Ice-cream: June - September
Definition of positive finding
At the production plant
Meat: sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has beenisolated from the sample.
At retail
A sample from which Listeria monocytogenes has been isolated.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
At the production plant
Bacteriological method: ISO 11290- 1:1996 (E):1996, 1998
At retail
Bacteriological method: ISO 11290- 1:1996 :1996, 1998
Preventive measures in place
GMP, GHP, HACCP
Measures in case of the positive findings
At retailAdditional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.
Notification system in place
Whenever zoonotic agent-Listeria monocytogenes is detected in samples taken, relevantauthorities must be informed.
Results of the investigation
At the production plantA total of 44 samples of mechanically recovered poultrymeat were taken and tested atslaughterhouses. Listeria monocytogenes was detected in 9 samples (20,5 %). The causativeagent was detected in the samples of poultrymeat only, whilst all the samples of turkey meatwere negative. 188 samples of dairy products were taken and examined. Listeria monocytogeneswas not isolated from any sample.At retailA total of 1114 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering. Among all samples taken 1 sample of ice - cream (n=170), 2 samples of smoked fish (n=40) andmeat products (n =100), 5 samples of vegetables (n= 127) and 9 samples of sweets (n=150)were unsuitable due to presence of L. monocytogenes.
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Out of 240 samples of delicatessen taken, 9,2% were positive on presence of L. monocytogenes.In year 2004, the highest prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes was in samples of minced meat36,8%.All samples of cheeses, fruit and ready to eat food were negative.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
At the production plantIn 2003 there were 8,3 % of positive cases - Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from thesamples of mechanically recovered poultrymeat. In comparison to the preceding year, thesituation in 2004 was less favourable as the percentage of positive samples was higher. Stateregarding the detection of causative agent in milk products is very favourable as the results ofall samples examined in 2003 and 2004 were negative.
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 149
Table 7.1 Listeria monocytogenes in food
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Def
init
ion
use
d
Un
its
test
ed
<100
cfu
/g
>100
cfu
/g
L. m
on
ocy
tog
enes
Cheeses - - -
- at retail - sample 25g Absence in 25g 70 0
Dairy products - - -other products - - -
ready-to-eat - - -- at processing plant - batch 25g/1g Absence in
25g/1g188 0
ice-cream - sample 25g Absence in 25g 170 1
Fishery products - - -fish - - -
smoked - - -- at retail - sample 25g Absence in 25g 40 2
Broiler meat - - -mechanically separatedmeat
- - -
- at processing plant - sample 25g Absence in 25g 30 9
Turkey meat - - -mechanically separatedmeat
- - -
- at processing plant - sample 25g Absence in 25g 14 0
Other processed foodproducts
- - -
ready-to-eat - sample 25g Absence in 25g 30 0
Fruits - - -
pre-cut - sample 25g Absence in 25g 73 0
Mixed meat - - -meat products - - -
- at retail - sample 25g Absence in 25g 100 2
minced meat - - -- at retail - sample 25g CFU 114 42
Vegetables - sample 25g Absence in25g/CFU
127 5
Delicatessen - sample 25g Absence in 25g 240 22
Sweets - sample 25g Absence in 25g 150 9
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2.4. VEROCYTOTOXIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
2.4.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections general evaluation
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
HumansVery rare infection in R. Slovenia.
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2.4.2. Verocytotoxic Escherichia coli in humans
A. Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infections in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
E.coli cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notify caseson daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public health notify diseaseto Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.
Case definition
According to definition of commission of the EU communities.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Serologic and biochemical identification.
Notification system in place
E.coli cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notify caseson daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify). Localinstitutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Medicaldoctors also report outbreaks of E.coli infections. Notification since 1977.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Number of notifications decreases. The incidence is estimated from data on notifications.
Results of the investigation
Decreasing number of sporadic and outbreak cases.
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Tab
le 1
1.3.
A V
ero
cyto
toxi
c E
sch
eric
hia
co
li in
fect
ion
s in
man
- s
pec
ies/
sero
typ
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
Au
toch
ton
e ca
ses
Au
toch
ton
e In
cIm
po
rted
cas
esIm
po
rted
Inc
Pat
ho
gen
icE
sch
eric
hia
co
li
HU
S
- cl
inic
al c
ases
- la
b. c
onfir
med
case
s
- ca
used
by
O15
7(V
T+
)
- ca
used
by
othe
rV
TE
C
E.c
oli i
nfec
t.(e
xcep
t HU
S)
149
7,4
- la
bora
tory
conf
irmed
149
7,4
- ca
used
by
0157
(VT
+)
- ca
used
by
othe
rV
TE
C
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 153
Tab
le 1
1.3.
B V
ero
cyto
toxi
c E
sch
eric
hia
co
li in
fect
ion
s in
man
- a
ge
dis
trib
uti
on
(P
art
A)
Ver
oto
xig
enic
E. c
oli
(VT
EC
)E
nte
rop
ath
og
enic
E.
coli
(EP
EC
)E
nte
roto
xig
enic
E.
coli
(ET
EC
)E
nte
roin
vasi
ve E
. co
li(E
IEC
)E
sch
eric
hia
sp
p.
VT
EC
O 1
57:H
7
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
F
<1
year
5
23
22
00
00
84
4
1 to
4 y
ears
5
32
76
10
00
2514
11
5 to
14
year
s 6
24
11
00
00
84
4
15 to
24
year
s 1
01
31
21
01
85
3
25 to
44
year
s 5
41
62
42
11
148
6
45 to
64
year
s 2
11
11
01
10
63
3
65 y
ears
and
old
er
73
47
34
10
117
413
Age
unk
now
n 0
00
00
00
00
00
0
To
tal :
0
0 0
31
15
16
27
16
11
5 2
3 86
42
44
0
0 0
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Tab
le 1
1.3.
B V
ero
cyto
toxi
c E
sch
eric
hia
co
li in
fect
ion
s in
man
- a
ge
dis
trib
uti
on
(P
art
B)
VT
EC
no
n-O
157
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
F
<1
year
1 to
4 y
ears
5 to
14
year
s
15 to
24
year
s
25 to
44
year
s
45 to
64
year
s
65 y
ears
and
old
er
Age
unk
now
n
To
tal :
0
0 0
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2.4.3. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in foodstuffs
A. Verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) in food
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
At retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs. The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme:Red meat: 100 samples /yearMinced meat: 140 samples /year Vegetables and fruits: 100 samples /yearJuice: 18 samples /year
Frequency of the sampling
Sampling takes place during the months:Red meat: May - AugustMinced meat: May - AugustVegetables and fruits: May - AugustJuice: October
Definition of positive finding
A sample from which VTEC O157: H7 has been isolated.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Bacteriological method: ISO 16654: 2001
Preventive measures in place
GMP, GHP, HACCP
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Additional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.
Notification system in place
Whenever zoonotic agent-VTEC is detected in samples taken, relevant authorities must be
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informed.
Results of the investigation
A total 332 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering. VTEC was not detected fromany sample.
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Table 11.2 Verocytotoxic Escherchia coli in food
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
VT
EC
O 1
57
VT
EC
O 1
57:H
7
Juice - sample 25g 18 0
Fruit & Vegetables - sample 25g 100 0
red meat - - -fresh - - -
- at retail - sample 25g 100 0
Mixed meat - - -minced meat - - -
- at retail - sample 25g 114 0
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2.4.4. Pathogenic Escherichia coli in animals
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2.5. TUBERCULOSIS
2.5.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Tuberculosis General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
HumansRegistry of TBC cases of Slovenia was founded in 1954 and has been functioning since then inHospital in Golnik.It is updated regularly. In 1995 it was updated -reorganized according to demands of WHO andEuro TB.In Slovenia there are no human cases of M. bovis.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Since year 2000 the annual incidence of TBC in Slovenia was lower than 20/100 000inhabitants.
Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)
In Slovenia there are no human cases of M. bovis.
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2.5.2. Tuberculosis in humans
A. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
1. Registry of TBC cases of Slovenia was founded in 1954 and has been functioning since thenin Hospital in Golnik.It is updated regularly. In 1995 it was updated -reorganized according to demands of WHO andEuro TB.2. Registry on TBC encounters: personnal data of TBC cases,clinical data of TBC cases, data on diagnostic procedures, therapy, data on antimicrobial resistence;data on diagnostics of TBC contacts, HIV patients..;data on BCG vaccination from 2005 on.3. Data on suspected (laboratory unconfirmed) TBC cases are also collated and sent to tbcregistry.Further diagnostic procedures are done to confirm new cases.Epidemiological investigations of contacts of suspected cases are also performed. 4. Data on TBC cases in Slovenia are sent to WHO and Euro TB.
Case definition
Tbc case is defined as a person with laboratory confirmed TBC in lungs or other organs.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Laboratory confirmation of TBC in Slovenia. Mycobacteria are mostly isolated from: (induced)sputum, bronchoscop.,gastric lavage, gastric juice.Rarely bacteria are confirmed in exudates, liquor, biopsy specimen, blood, bone marrow..Ziehl-Neelson and (auramin dyes in autofluorescent microscope) are used. Lowenstein-Jensen solid medium and MGIT Bactec liquid medium are used.Antimicrobial activity is tested on same media. Identification of types is done with combination of microbiological, molecular and biochemicalmethods.
Notification system in place
Reporting system: medical doctors and laboratories are obliged by law to notify the confirmedTBC cases within one week.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Since year 2000 the annual incidence of TBC in Slovenia was lower than 20/100 000inhabitants.
Results of the investigation
In Slovenia there are no human cases of M. bovis.
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National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Since year 2000 the annual incidence of TBC in Slovenia was lower than 20/100 000inhabitants.
Additional information
Registry on tbc encounters: personnal data of tbc cases,clinical data of tbc cases, data on diagnostic procedures, therapy, data on antimicrobial resistence;data on diagnostics of tbc contacts, HIV patients..;data on BCG vaccination from 2005 on.
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Tab
le 1
.2.A
Tu
ber
culo
sis
in m
an -
sp
ecie
s/se
roty
pe
dis
trib
uti
on
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
Au
toch
ton
e ca
ses
Au
toch
ton
e In
cIm
po
rted
cas
esIm
po
rted
Inc
Myc
ob
acte
riu
m26
513
265
130
0
M. b
ovis
00
00
00
M. t
uber
culo
sis
265
13,3
265
13,3
00
reac
tivat
ion
ofpr
evio
us c
ases
391,
9339
1,93
00
Foo
tnot
e
In S
love
nia
ther
e ar
e no
hum
an c
ases
of
M.b
ovis
.
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Tab
le 1
.2.B
Tu
ber
culo
sis
in m
an -
ag
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
M. b
ovi
s
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
F
<1
year
0
00
1 to
4 y
ears
2
11
5 to
14
year
s 3
21
15 to
24
year
s 16
115
25 to
44
year
s 66
4026
45 to
64
year
s 71
5318
65 y
ears
and
old
er
107
4463
Age
unk
now
n 0
00
To
tal :
26
5 15
1 11
4
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2.5.3. Mycobacterium in animals
A. Mycobacterium bovis in Bovine Animals
Status as officially free of bovine tuberculosis during the reporting year
The entire country free
The request for the recognition of status of the entire country was submitted on October22nd 2004.
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
All animals over 6 weeks of age, compulsory post- mortem examination of all bovines atslaughter.
Frequency of the sampling
Two- year interval
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
Intradermal TB testing accordance with Council Directive 64/432/EEC.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Diagnostic proceduresMycobacterium bovis shall be confirmed by:1. direct microscopic examination of smears of suspect tissues (Ziehl-Neelsen staining,auramine-rodamine staining),2. detecting the characteristic pathohistological changes in the modified tissues (caseousnecroses, epitheloid macrophagues, giant cells),3. immunoperoxidase technique, 4. investigation on cell culture:a. homogenisation, decontamination and concentration of material under examination,cultivation, and selective cell cultures (Lowenstein/Jensen, Stonebrink, Middlebrook7H10 or 11, MGIT or Middlebrook 7H12),b. cell cultures must be incubated for a minimum of 8 weeks (in the interim, the sedimentshall be kept at -20°C),c. isolate determination is carried out on the basis of the physical and biochemicalcharacteristics, and on the basis of the characteristics of the nucleic acids,d. strain typing is possible by the method of spoligotyping or by the RFLP method,5. detection of the presence of characteristic nucleic acids:a. by the PCR method (AMPLICOR, detection IS6110 or 16s rRNA)b. by the TMA method (GEN-PROBE).TB diagnostics in live animals is based on tuberculin tests.Tuberculin tests must be carried out in accordance with the Regulation No.1226/2002/EC, which is in compliance with the OIE "Manual of standards for diagnostic
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tests and vaccines, 4th edition, 2000".Under Regulation No. 1226/2002/EC, the maximum number of contaminated animalsmay also be determined on the basis of the gamma interferon test, as detailed in the OIE"Manual of standards for diagnostic tests and vaccines, 4th edition, 2000".In the NVI Laboratory of Bacteriology and Mycology, the methods are used that areindicated under items 1, 4a, b, c and 5 above. NVI Lab. is planning to introduce thetyping of the M. bovis strains, or to cooperate with the reference laboratories that arecarrying it out. At the same time, NVI Lab. intends to follow the new methods in thediagnostics, in particular in the field of confirmation of nucleic acids, and tosimultaneously develop new methods on the basis of the quantitative PCR technique. In 2005, NVI Lab. intends to apply for accreditation.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Measures at suspected presence of TBWhen upon a sensitisation test with the bovine tuberculin TB is suspected in animals, thefollowing measures shall apply:- prohibiting the issuing of animal health certificates,- listing all suspect animals,- isolating animals,- restricting the procreation of animals,- banning the trade in milk and milk products,- prohibiting the removal of animal feed,- prohibiting the removal of manure,- ordering the compulsory packaging of manure for at least 21 days,- prohibiting the use of common watering points,- carrying out tests with the bovine and avian tuberculins at the holding, and repeating the testsupon 6 weeks .In case of a positive reaction to the repeated test, the animal shall be intended for slaughter, theviscera thereof shall be removed and submitted for investigation to the authorised laboratory. When at slaughter the presence of TB is suspected in the bovine animals, the modified viscerashall be submitted for investigation to the authorised laboratory. The meat of slaughteredanimals shall be assessed by the official veterinarian as unfit for human consumption, whenchanges are identified on several organs or parts of carcass, when increased temperature hasbeen established in the animal prior to slaughter, and when upon slaughter TB-characteristicchanges have been established. When TB-characteristic changes are localised on some organs orparts of carcass and pertaining lymph nodes, only the affected parts of carcass or organs with thepertaining lymph nodes shall be considered unfit for human consumption.Measures at confirmed presence of TB:Epizootiological investigation shall be carried out.The following measures shall apply at the holding, where TB has been detected:- slaughter of contaminated bovine animals at least within 30 days upon detection,- cleaning and disinfection of stables, farmyard, watering points and other places, where thesuspect or diseased animals have been kept, as well as of items and installations that have beenin contact with such animals,- other measures to sanitise the holding.The official veterinarian at the slaughterhouse shall enter the data on the slaughtered animal inthe CRBA, cancelling it from the register.
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Cessation of disease:It shall be considered that the disease has ceased, when all the measures required have beencarried out, and when the next simultaneous tuberculin test upon at least 6 weeks has shownnegative results in all animals at the holding.The expenses for diagnostic testing are covered from the budget as well as compensation forculled animals (Rules on the compensations in the veterinary field - Ur. l. RS. st. 37/02). Otherexpenses for the sanitation of the herd are on the owner of the animals.
Notification system in place
Veterinary Practice Act (Ur. l. RS, st. 33/01, 45/04) provides a general classification of thecontagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventive measuresneed to be implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, into the Groups A, B and C,in accordance with the OIE International Animal Health Code, and in accordance with therelevant epizootiological situation. The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (Ur. l. RS, st. 54/02,63/03 in 28/04), where TB is classified among the compulsorily notifiable animal diseases. In the case of an outbreak of contagious animal disease or when signs of disease have beenestablished, constituting reasonable doubt that an animal has taken ill with or died of acontagious disease, the holder of the animal in question must immediately and in the prescribedway notify thereof the veterinary organisation (Veterinary Practice Act, Article 12, point 1).In the case of a suspected presence of TB, the relevant veterinary organisation shall notifythereof the Regional Office of the VARS, which shall perform all the necessary measures toprevent the possible spread of the disease. A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared once a month by the tenth day in themonth, for the past month and sent to the VARS HQ.In the case of a zoonosis, the official veterinarian shall notify of the suspected presence ofdisease also the competent public health services.
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Table 1.1.3 Tuberculosis in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
M. b
ovi
s
M. t
ub
ercu
losi
s
Pigs - animal 7 0 0 0
Zoo animals - animal 8 1 1 0
Sheep - animal 1 0 0 0
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1.1.1 Bovine tuberculosis
MANDATORY CATTLENumber of herds under officialcontrol:
46.041 Number of animals underofficial control:
470.807
OTF bovine herds OTF bovine herds with statussuspended
Bovine herds infected withtuberculosis
Status of herds at year end (a): 47.525 8 0
New cases notified during the year (b):
0 0
Units tested Units suspected Units positiveRoutine tuberculin test (c) -data concerning herds:
47.053 0
Routine tuberculin test (c) -data concerning animals:
402.514 38 0
Animals slaughtered Animals suspected Animals positiveRoutine post-mortemexamination (d):
155.780 2 0
Herds suspected Herds confirmedFollow up of suspected cases in post-mortem examination (e): 0
Follow-up investigation of suspected cases: trace, contacts (f): 0
Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther routine investigations:exports (g): Other routine investigations:tests at AI stations (h):
All animals Positives ContactsAnimals destroyed (i): Animals slaughtered (j):
VOLUNTARY CATTLE
Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther investigations:imports (k):
Herds tested Herds suspected Herds positiveOther investigations:farms at risk (l):
Samples tested M. bovisisolatedBacteriologicalexamination (m):
0
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1.1.2 Tuberculosis in farmed deer
MANDATORY FARMED DEERNumber of herds under officialcontrol:
- Number of animals underofficial control:
-
"OTF" herds "OTF" herds with statussuspended
Herds infected withtuberculosis
Status of herds at year end (a):
New cases notified during theyear (b):
Units tested Units suspected Units positiveRoutine tuberculin test (c) -data concerning herds: Routine tuberculin test (c) -data concerning animals:
Animals slaughtered Animals suspected Animals positiveRoutine post-mortemexamination (d):
Herds suspected Herds confirmedFollow up of suspected cases in post-mortem examination (e): Follow-up investigation of suspected cases: trace, contacts (f):
Herds tested Herds suspected Herds positiveOther routine investigations:exports (g): Other routine investigations:tests at AI stations (h):
All animals Positives ContactsAnimals destroyed (i): Animals slaughtered (j):
VOLUNTARY FARMED DEER
Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther investigations:imports (k):
Herds tested Herds suspected Herds positiveOther investigations:farms at risk (l):
Samples tested M. bovisisolatedBacteriologicalexamination (m):
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2.6. BRUCELLOSIS
2.6.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Brucellosis General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
HumansBrucellosis is not endemic in our country.AnimalsBrucelosis in bovine animals was eradicated in 1961. The disease in goat has been eradicatedalready in 1955.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
HumansAll cases in last 5 years were imported.
Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)
Source of infection was in most cases milk, cheese, and milk products.
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Epidemiological and laboratory investigation of all cases.
Suggestions to the Community for the actions to be taken
Epidemiological surveillance.
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2.6.2. Brucellosis in humans
A. Brucellosis in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
Brucellosis is notifiable by national law on infectious diseases.
Case definition
The same definition as of EU comunities.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Laboratory of Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia does not analyse specimen for brucella.(Methods are described in brucella in animals).
Notification system in place
Brucellosis is notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. The last law was issued in 1995,but brucellosis has been notifiable for more than 50 years. Medical practitioners/laboratoriesnotify infectious diseases on daily basis to local Institutes of Public Health. Institutes of PublicHealth notify infectious diseases to Institute of Public Health of R Slovenia.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Brucellosis is not endemic in our country.
Results of the investigation
All cases of brucellosis are imported.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Human brucellosis is not considered as epidemiological problem for a long time (more than 20years).
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Tab
le 2
.3.A
Bru
cello
sis
in m
an -
sp
ecie
s/se
roty
pe
dis
trib
uti
on
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
Au
toch
ton
e ca
ses
Au
toch
ton
e In
cIm
po
rted
cas
esIm
po
rted
Inc
Bru
cella
00
00
00
B. a
bort
us0
0
B. m
elite
nsis
00
B. s
uis
00
occu
patio
nal c
ases
Foo
tnot
e
In S
love
nia
ther
e ar
e no
hum
an c
ases
of
Bru
cella
.
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Tab
le 2
.3.B
Bru
cello
sis
in m
an -
ag
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
B. a
bo
rtu
sB
. mel
iten
sis
Bru
cella
sp
p.
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
F
<1
year
0
00
00
00
00
1 to
4 y
ears
0
00
00
00
00
5 to
14
year
s 0
00
00
00
00
15 to
24
year
s 0
00
00
00
00
25 to
44
year
s 0
00
00
00
00
45 to
64
year
s 0
00
00
00
00
65 y
ears
and
old
er
00
00
00
00
0
Age
unk
now
n 0
00
00
00
00
To
tal :
0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Foo
tnot
e
In S
love
nia
ther
e ar
e no
hum
an c
ases
of
Bru
cella
.
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2.6.3. Brucella in foodstuffs
2.6.4. Brucella in animals
A. Brucella abortus in Bovine Animals
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
All animals over 12 months of age.
Frequency of the sampling
Yearly
Type of specimen taken
Blood
Vaccination policy
Vaccination prohibited
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Instructions on the detection, prevention and eradication of brucellosis (Ur. l. RS, st. 30/99)Measures at suspected presence of brucellosisAt suspected presence of brucellosis, the authorised veterinary organisation shall immediatelyconfirm or reverse the suspicion, and immediately notify thereof the relevant Regional Office ofthe VARS, and the NVI. Measures to be implemented at suspect holding include:- laboratory examination of carcasses and blood samples;- epidemilogical investigation;- harmless diaposal of dead animals - quarantine of the infected holding- census of all animals on the holding, susceptible for the disease, affected, suspected to beinfected and dead; census shall be up to date, all newborn animals, and animals died during theinfection have to be registered;- isolation of animals susceptible for the disease,- ban on movement of susuceptible animals inside the holding, taking into account possiblevectors of the disease;- ban on movement on and from the holding;- ban on movement of all animals and stuff by which the disease can be transmitted; The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Measures at confirmed presence of brucellosisOnce brucellosis is officially confirmed the following measures are introduced (beside theabove mentioned):- ban on trade with animals, animal products, b-products, waste, feeding stuff and all other stuffby which the disease can be transmitted;- slaughter of infected acattle;
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- harmless disposal of dead and culled animals, aborted foetuses, placentas and ovarial fluids;- hrmless disposal of waste, manure, litter, by which the disease can be transmitted; - testing of all susceptible animals on the holding;- ban on use of milk from the infected holding;- ban on use of animals from the infected holding in breeding purposes;- DDD; The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Cessation of diseaseIt shall be considered that the disease has ceased, when the serological investigation of animalsupon three examinations in an interval of 3 months has shown negative results, and when all theprescribed measures have been implemented.Procedures applicable to the fresh meat and visceraThe meat and viscera of seropositive or suspect animals shall not be fit for human consumption,when pathoanatomical changes have established and the agent of disease has been confirmed.When pathoanatomical changes have not been established and the agent of disease has not beenconfirmed, the udder, blood and genital organs shall not be fit for human consumption.
Notification system in place
In 1995, bovine brucellosis was classified among the contagious diseases under the thenapplicable Veterinary Practice Act, prescribing the implementation of the general and specificmeasures. These measures included also the compulsory notification in case of a suspectedpresence of brucellosis.The new Veterinary Practice Act (Ur. l. RS, st. 33/01, 45/04) provides a general classification ofthe contagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventivemeasures need to be implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, into the Groups A,B and C, in accordance with the OIE International Animal Health Code, and in accordance withthe relevant epizootiological situation.The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (Ur. l. RS, st. 54/02,63/03 in 28/04), where bovine brucellosis is classified among the compulsorily notifiablecontagious animal diseases. In case of an outbreak of contagious animal disease or when signsof disease have been established, constituting reasonable doubt that an animal has taken ill withor died of a contagious disease, the holder of the animal in question must immediately and in theprescribed way notify thereof the veterinary organisation (Veterinary Practice Act, Article 12,point 1).In case of a suspected presence of bovine brucellosis, the relevant veterinary organisation shallnotify thereof the Regional Office of the VARS only when the disease has been confirmed bythe result of diagnostic investigation. A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared oncea month by the tenth day in the month, for the past month.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Brucelosis was eradicated in 1961.
B. Brucella melitensis in Goat
Status as officially free of caprine brucellosis during the reporting year
The entire country free
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Commission decision 2005/179/EC
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
All holdings with more than 10 animals, animals older than 6 months, random sampling;the sampling plan is a part of a regular monitoring system.
Type of specimen taken
Blood
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
- Rose Bengal test- Complement fixation test- Elisa
Vaccination policy
Vaccination forbidden
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Measures at suspected presence of brucellosisAt suspected presence of brucellosis, the authorised veterinary organisation shall immediatelyconfirm or reverse the suspicion, and immediately notify thereof the relevant Regional Office ofthe VARS, and the NVI. Measures to be implemented at suspect holding include:- laboratory examination of carcasses and blood samples;- epidemilogical investigation;- harmless diaposal of dead animals; - quarantine of the infected holding- census of all animals on the holding, susceptible for the disease, affected, suspected to beinfected and dead; census shall be up to date, all newborn animals, and animals died during theinfection have to be registered;- isolation of animals susceptible for the disease,- ban on movement of susuceptible animals inside the holding, taking into account possiblevectors of the disease;- ban on movement on and from the holding;- ban on movement of all animals and stuff by which the disease can be transmitted; The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Measures at confirmed presence of brucellosisOnce brucellosis is officially confirmed the following measures are introduced (beside theabove mentioned):- ban on trade with animals, animal products, b-products, waste, feeding stuff and all other stuffby which the disease can be transmitted;- slaughter of infected acattle;
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- harmless disposal of dead and culled animals, aborted foetuses, placentas and ovarial fluids;- hrmless disposal of waste, manure, litter, by which the disease can be transmitted; - testing of all susceptible animals on the holding;- ban on use of milk from the infected holding;- ban on use of animals from the infected holding in breeding purposes;- DDD; The same measures can be introduced also for the holdings, which are suspected to be infected.Cessation of diseaseIt shall be considered that the disease has ceased, when the serological investigation of animalsupon three examinations in an interval of 3 months has shown negative results, and when all theprescribed measures have been implemented.Procedures applicable to the fresh meat and visceraThe meat and viscera of seropositive or suspect animals shall not be fit for human consumption,when pathoanatomical changes have established and the agent of disease has been confirmed.When pathoanatomical changes have not been established and the agent of disease has not beenconfirmed, the udder, blood and genital organs shall not be fit for human consumption.
Notification system in place
The Veterinary Practice Act (UL RS 33/01 and 45/04) provides a general classification of thecontagious animal diseases, in relation to which the general and specific preventive measuresneed to be implemented, and other measures prescribed in the Act, into the Groups A, B and C,in accordance with the OIE International Animal Health Code, and in accordance with therelevant epizootiological situation. The classification is detailed in the Rules on the contagious animal diseases (UL RS 54/02,63/03 and 28/04), where brucellosis in ovine and caprine animals is classified among thecompulsorily notifiable contagious animal diseases. In the case of an outbreak of contagiousanimal disease or when signs of disease have been established, constituting reasonable doubtthat an animal has taken ill with or died of a contagious disease, the holder of the animal inquestion must immediately and in the prescribed way notify thereof the veterinary organisation(Veterinary Practice Act, Article 12, point 1).In the case of a suspected presence of brucellosis, the relevant veterinary organisation shallnotify thereof the Regional Office of the VARS, which shall perform all the necessary measuresto prevent the possible spread of the disease. A report on the outbreak of disease shall be prepared once a month by the tenth day in themonth, for the past month. In the case of zoonosis, the official veterinarian shall notify of the suspected presence of diseasealso the competent public health services.
Additional information
The diesease has been eradicated already in 1955. Ever since the compulsory monitoringprogramme has been in place. Accdording to EU legislation the request for recognition of OF status of the country wassubmitted in autumn 2004.
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Table 2.1.3 Brucellosis in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
B. m
elit
ensi
s
B. a
bo
rtu
s
B. s
uis
Pigs - animal 5619 0 0 0 0
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2.1.1 Bovine brucellosis
MANDATORY CATTLENumber of herds under officialcontrol:
46.041 Number of animals underofficial control:
470.807
OBF bovine herds OBF bovine herds with statussuspended
Bovine herds infected withbrucellosis
Status of herds at year end (a): 47.525 4 0
New cases notified during theyear (b):
0 0 0
Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveNotification of clinical cases,including abortions (c):
Units tested Units suspected Units positiveRoutine testing (d1) -data concerning herds:
45.946 0 0
Routine testing (d2) -number of animals tested:
312.622 0 0
Routine testing (d3) - numberof animals tested individually:
312.622 0 0
Herds suspected Herds confirmedFollow-up investigation of suspected cases: trace, contacts (e):
Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther routine investigations:exports (f): Other routine investigations:tests at AI stations (g):
All animals Positives ContactsAnimals destroyed (h): Animals slaughtered (i):
VOLUNTARY CATTLE
Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther investigations:imports (k):
Herds tested Herds suspected Herds positiveOther investigations:farms at risk (l):
Samples tested Brucella isolatedBacteriologicalexamination (m):
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2.1.2 Ovine and caprine brucellosis
MANDATORY SHEEP AND GOATSNumber of holdings underofficial control:
5.281 Number of animals underofficial control:
148.321
OBF ovine and caprineholdings
OBF ovine and caprineholdings with statussuspended
OBF ovine and caprineholdings infected withbrucellosis
Status of herds at year end (a):
New cases notified during theyear (b):
Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveNotification of clinical cases,including abortions (c):
Units tested Units suspected Units positiveRoutine testing (d) -data concerning holdings:
529 0 0
Routine testing (d) -data concerning animals:
5.982 0 0
Holdings suspected Holdings confirmedFollow-up investigation of suspected cases: trace, contacts (e):
Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther routine investigations:exports (f):
All animals Positives ContactsAnimals destroyed (g): Animals slaughtered (h):
VOLUNTARY SHEEP AND GOATS
Animals tested Animals suspected Animals positiveOther investigations:imports (i):
Holdings tested Holdings suspected Holdings positiveOther investigations:farms at risk (j):
Samples tested Brucella isolatedBacteriologicalexamination (k):
Footnote
NO OF HOLDINGS WITH SHEEP AND GOATS STANDS JUST FOR SHEEP. THE NUMBER OFGOAT-HOLDINGS IS 3.974
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2.7. YERSINIOSIS
2.7.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Yersinia entercolitica general evaluation
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
HumansRare disease in R. Slovenia.
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2.7.2. Yersiniosis in humans
A. Yersinosis in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
Yersinia enterocolitica are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctorsnotify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.
Case definition
According to definition of commission of the EU comminuties.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Serological and biochemical identificatin.
Notification system in place
Yersinia enterocolitica cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medicaldoctors notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories areobliged to notify). Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health ofRSlovenia. Medical doctors also report outbreaks of campylobacter infections. Notificationsince 1977.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Diseases coused by Yersinia enterocolitica are rare.
Results of the investigation
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Number of real cases are probably underestimated, further studies are needed to asses the realburden of disease.
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Tab
le 8
.3.A
Yer
sin
iosi
s in
man
- s
pec
ies/
sero
typ
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
Au
toch
ton
e ca
ses
Au
toch
ton
e In
cIm
po
rted
cas
esIm
po
rted
Inc
Yer
sin
ia38
10
00
0
Y. e
nter
ocol
itica
381,
9
Y. e
nter
ocol
itica
O:3
Y. e
nter
ocol
itica
O:9
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Tab
le 8
.3.B
Yer
sin
iosi
s in
man
- a
ge
dis
trib
uti
on
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
aY
ersi
nia
sp
p.
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
FA
llM
F
<1
year
1
01
1 to
4 y
ears
9
36
5 to
14
year
s 11
56
15 to
24
year
s 7
52
25 to
44
year
s 4
04
45 to
64
year
s 5
41
65 y
ears
and
old
er
10
1
Age
unk
now
n 0
00
To
tal :
38
17
21
0
0 0
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Tab
le 8
.3.C
Yer
sin
iosi
s in
man
- s
easo
nal
dis
trib
uti
on
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
a Y
ersi
nia
sp
p.
Mo
nth
Cas
esC
ases
Janu
ary
2
Feb
ruar
y 6
Mar
ch
6
Apr
il 2
May
5
June
1
July
2
Aug
ust
3
Sep
tem
ber
3
Oct
ober
5
Nov
embe
r 3
Dec
embe
r 0
not k
now
n 0
To
tal :
38
0
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2.7.3. Yersinia in foodstuffs
A. Yersinia spp. in food
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
At the production plantMonitoring is carried out in accordance with the Compulsory instructions on the taking ofofficial samples for zoonoses.Sampling of milk products is carried out at all the registered dairy establishments; officialveterinarians carry out sampling throughout the year. At retailAnnual monitoring programme was prepared with respect to the results ofprogramme/controls carried out in the previous year, epidemiological situation,Commission Recommendation concerning a coordinated programme for the officialcontrol of foodstuffs.The majority of samples were taken in cities with 10000 inhabitants or more and numberof samples taken was proportional with the population in the region. There were taken at the retail level where sampling could give an overview over thesituation.Sampling carried out by health inspectors.Programme: Red meat: 100 samples /yearDelicatessen: 240 samples /yearSweets: 150 samples /year
Frequency of the sampling
At the production plantSampling of milk products in high-capacity establishments / 2 samples per monthSampling of milk products in low-capacity establishments (limited capacityestablishments) / 1 sample per month.At retailSampling takes place during the months:Red meat: May - August Delicatessen: April - NovemberSweets: February - September
Definition of positive finding
Sample shall be considered positive where the causative agent has been isolated from thesample.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Bacteriological method: ISO 10273:1994
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Preventive measures in place
GMP, GHP, HACCP
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
At retailAdditional sampling was carried out and other necessary enforcement actions.
Results of the investigation
At the production plant 188 milk products samples were taken and examined. Salmonella was not isolated from anysample.At retailA total 490 samples were taken at restaurants, retail and catering. Among all samples taken 2 samples of red meat (n=100) and sweets (n =150), 8 samples ofdelicatessen (n= 240) were unsuitable due to presence of Yersinia enterocolitica. Altogether Y. enterocolitica was detected in 2,4% of food in retail.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
At the production plantState regarding the detection of causative agent in milk products is very favourable as the resultsof all samples examined in 2003 and 2004 were negative
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Table 8.2 Yersinia enterocolitica in food
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Sam
ple
wei
gh
t
Un
its
test
ed
Un
its
po
siti
ve
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
a
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
a O
:3
Y. e
nte
roco
litic
a O
:9
Dairy products -ready-to-eat - - -
- at processing plant - batch 25g/20g/1g 188 0
red meat - - -fresh - - -
- at retail - sample 100 2 2
Delicatessen - sample 240 8 8
Sweets - sample 150 2 2
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2.7.4. Yersinia in animals
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2.8. TRICHINELLOSIS
2.8.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Trichinellosis General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
HumansNo cases of trichinellosis in 2004.AnimalsWildelife: The last case of trichinellosis prior to 2004 was confirmed in a wild boar in 1996.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
HumansOne or two cases annually in last five years.AnimalsPigs: The last case of trichinellosis was confirmed in 1989.Horses: In the past 15 years in Slovenia, no case of trichinellosis in equidae has been confirmed.
Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)
In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in animals, the possibility of transmission of thedisease to humans is negligible.
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2.8.2. Trichinellosis in humans
A. Trichinellosis in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
Human cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors, laboratoriesare obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes ofpublic health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.
Case definition
According to definition of commission of the EU communities.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Not available in laboratory of Institute of Public Health of the R. Slovenia. Available in otherlabs in Slovenia
Notification system in place
Human cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors are obligedto notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Trichinellosis is rare disease (according to notifications). No cases of trichinellosis in 2004; oneor two cases annually in last five years. In last ten years most cases in 1996, 7 notifications.
Results of the investigation
Rare disease.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Rare disease.
Relevance as zoonotic disease
In the moment not relevant.
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Tab
le 4
.2.A
Tri
chin
ello
sis
in m
an -
sp
ecie
s/se
roty
pe
dis
trib
uti
on
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
Au
toch
ton
e ca
ses
Au
toch
ton
e In
cIm
po
rted
cas
esIm
po
rted
Inc
Tri
chin
ella
00
00
00
Tric
hine
lla s
pp.
00
00
00
Foo
tnot
e
In S
love
nia
ther
e ar
e no
cas
es o
f T
rich
inel
la.
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Tab
le 4
.2.B
Tri
chin
ello
sis
in m
an -
ag
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
Tri
chin
ella
sp
p.
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
F
<1
year
1 to
4 y
ears
5 to
14
year
s
15 to
24
year
s
25 to
44
year
s
45 to
64
year
s
65 y
ears
and
old
er
Age
unk
now
n
To
tal :
0
0 0
Foo
tnot
e
In S
love
nia
ther
e ar
e no
hum
an c
ases
of
Tri
chin
ella
.
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2.8.3. Trichinella in animals
A. Trichinella in pigs
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
The disease, the larval stage of the agent of disease, is monitored within the scope ofcompulsory veterinary ante- and post-mortem examination of animals at slaughter.Fresh meat of all porcine animals is systematically inspected for Trichinella atslaughterhouses. Likewise, any holder of a tourist farm activity must provide for theinspection of meat obtained from the on-farm slaughtered porcine animals for thepresence of larvae. Epidemiological unit is the animal.
Frequency of the sampling
Every slaughtered animal is sampled
Type of specimen taken
Other: In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: samples are takenfrom the diaphragm, from the lingual muscle or the jaw muscle or from the abdominalmuscles, as appropriate.
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: Trichinoscopy: thecompression method, the artificial digestion method.
Case definition
The disease shall be considered officially confirmed by identifying the agent of disease;in the opposite case it shall be considered that the disease has officially been ruled out.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Parasitological identification of the agent of disease. In accordance with CouncilDirective 77/96/EEC.
Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases.Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potable water andfeed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining the required conditions of hygienein the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the introduction into the breedingfacilities of disease agents; implementing veterinary measures in the intensive animal rearingtechnology; handling as prescribed the animal carcasses and other waste, waste waters, faeces
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and urine; providing for the preventive disinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) inthe facilities, on public surfaces and in the means of transport.
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Rules on examination for trichinae and meat freezing procedure in orderto destroy trichinae (transposing Council Directive 77/96/EEC), the Rules on conditionsfor production and processing the foodstuffs of animal origin at the farm for direct sale tothe ultimate consumer, and the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention andsuppression of trichinellosis. The control programme envisages inter alia as follows: Holder of a tourist farm activity shall at least 48 hours prior to slaughtering porcineanimals notify an official veterinarian of the relevant Regional Office of VARS, whoshall carry out the ante-mortem examination of animals prior to slaughter and apost-mortem examination of the meat upon slaughter. Holder of activity shall provide forthe examination of porcine meat for the presence of trichinae.Where the meat is intended for placing on the market it shall be ensured that the freshmeat, in case it has not been examined for trichinae in accordance with Annex I toDirective 77/96/EEC, is subjected to freezing process.In case of a suspected presence of disease, the disease shall be confirmed or ruled out.Measures for the detection, prevention and suppression of disease.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
At the infected holding there shall be:- instituted an epizootiological investigation;- provided and maintained the required conditions of hygiene in the facilities;- banned the trade in and movements of animals, except for slaughter and provided that thehealth certificate includes an indication that the holding is suspected of being infected bytrichinellosis;- provided that the meat and parts of trichinae-infested animals do not come into contact withhumans and animals, and shall be harmlessly destroyed;- instituted the compulsory examination for trichinae of all on-farm slaughtered animals;- carried out the DDD and other measures in order to sanitise the infected holding.Measures shall be instituted at the infected holding as long as the final DDD measures have notbeen carried out.Meat of the trichinae-infested animals shall be assessed as unfit for human consumption.
Notification system in place
In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, withinthe area of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is tobe submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office for
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Contagious Animal Diseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante- and post-mortem examinations conductedby the official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseasescommunicable to man.Where a case of disease is established, the data on the case are reported as soon as possible tothe veterinary organisation, duly licensed in accordance with the act governing the veterinarysector, which is supervising the herd of origin of the affected animal. This method of reportingis carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules on contagious animal diseases(applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has been compulsory since 1996.
Results of the investigation
In 2004, no case of trichinellosis in porcine animals was confirmed.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The last case of trichinellosis was confirmed in 1989. According to data, the positive animal wasnot of Slovenian origin.
Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (asa source of infection)
In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in porcine animals, the possibility of transmissionof the disease to humans is negligible.
B. Trichinella in horses
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
The disease, the larval stage of the agent of disease, is monitored within the scope ofcompulsory veterinary ante- and post-mortem examination of animals at slaughter.Systematic examinations for trichinae of the fresh meat of equidae are carried out atslaughterhouses. Epidemiological unit is the animal.
Frequency of the sampling
Every slaughtered animal is sampled
Type of specimen taken
Other: In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: samples are takenfrom the diaphragm, from the lingual muscle or the jaw muscle or from the abdominalmuscles, as appropriate.
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: Trichinoscopy: thecompression method, the artificial digestion method
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Case definition
The disease shall be considered officially confirmed by identifying the agent of disease;in the opposite case it shall be considered that the disease has officially been ruled out.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Parasitological identification of the agent of disease. In accordance with CouncilDirective 77/96/EEC
Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases.Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potable water andfeed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining the required conditions of hygienein the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the introduction into the breedingfacilities of disease agents; implementing veterinary measures in the intensive animal rearingtechnology; handling as prescribed the animal carcasses and other waste, waste waters, faecesand urine; providing for the preventive disinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) inthe facilities, on public surfaces and in the means of transport.
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Rules on examination for trichinae and meat freezing procedure in orderto destroy trichinae (transposing Council Directive 77/96/EEC), the Rules on conditionsfor production and processing the foodstuffs of animal origin at the farm for direct sale tothe ultimate consumer, and the Instructions on measures for the detection, prevention andsuppression of trichinellosis. Where the meat is intended for placing on the market it shall be ensured that the freshmeat, in case it has not been examined for trichinae in accordance with Annex I toDirective 77/96/EEC, is subjected to freezing process.In case of a suspected presence of disease, the disease shall be confirmed or ruled out.Measures for the detection, prevention and suppression of disease.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
At the infected holding there shall be:- instituted an epizootiological investigation;- provided and maintained the required conditions of hygiene in the facilities;- banned the trade in and movements of animals, except for slaughter and provided that thehealth certificate includes an indication that the holding is suspected of being infected bytrichinellosis;- provided that the meat and parts of trichinae-infested animals do not come into contact withhumans and animals, and shall be harmlessly destroyed;
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- instituted the compulsory examination for trichinae of all on-farm slaughtered animals;- carried out the DDD and other measures in order to sanitise the infected holding.Measures shall be instituted at the infected holding as long as the final DDD measures have notbeen carried out.Meat of the trichinae-infested animals shall be assessed as unfit for human consumption.
Notification system in place
In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, withinthe area of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is tobe submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante- and post-mortem examinations conductedby the official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseasescommunicable to man.Where a case of disease is established, the data on the case are reported as soon as possible tothe veterinary organisation, duly licensed in accordance with the act governing the veterinarysector, which is supervising the herd of origin of the affected animal.This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.
Results of the investigation
In 2004, no case of trichinellosis in equidae was confirmed.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
In the past 15 years in Slovenia, no case of trichinellosis in equidae has been confirmed.
Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (asa source of infection)
In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in equidae, the possibility of transmission of thedisease to humans is negligible.
C. Trichinella spp. in animal - Wildlife
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
The disease, the larval stage of the agent of disease, is monitored within the scope ofcompulsory veterinary post-mortem examination of killed wild game.Compulsory is the examination of wild boars and other animals, which may be carriers oftrichinae and the meat whereof is intended for public consumption.
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Frequency of the sampling
See Sampling strategy.
Type of specimen taken
Other: In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: samples are takenfrom the diaphragm, from the lingual muscle or the jaw muscle or from the abdominalmuscles, as appropriate.
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
In accordance with Council Directive 77/96/EEC: Annex I: Trichinoscopy: thecompression method, the artificial digestion method.
Case definition
The disease shall be considered officially confirmed by identifying the agent of disease;in the opposite case it shall be considered that the disease has officially been ruled out.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Parasitological identification of the agent of disease. In accordance with CouncilDirective 77/96/EEC.
Control program/mechanisms
The control program/strategies in place
National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Rules on examination for trichinae and meat freezing procedure in orderto destroy trichinae (transposing Council Directive 77/96/EEC), and the Rules onconditions for the collection of killed wild game, veterinary inspection, production ofmeat and placing on the market of the meat of killed wild game. The control programmeenvisages inter alia as follows:Wild game or wild game meat may be placed on the market only after the killed animalshave visually been inspected by the official veterinarian and where the meat has beenobtained from wild game that has been subjected to a post-mortem examination(compulsory examination for trichinae) carried out by an official veterinarian, or by ahunter acting as the veterinary auxiliary and supervised by the official veterinarian.In case of a suspected presence of disease, the disease shall be confirmed or ruled out.VARS shall monitor the possible detection of contagious diseases in the individualhunting grounds. In case of detecting a contagious disease, measures appropriate to thetype of disease shall be taken.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Meat of the trichinae-infested animals shall be assessed as unfit for human consumption.
Notification system in place
Where a zoonosis is detected in wild game, the official veterinarian must notify thereof the
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relevant Regional Office of VARS that is supervising the hunting ground of killing theparticular wild animal, and that Regional Office must take the appropriate measures asprescribed.Other See Monitoring in porcine animals.
Results of the investigation
In 2004, trichinellosis was detected in a single wild boar.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The last case of trichinellosis prior to 2004 was confirmed in a wild boar in 1996. According todata, the positive animal was not of Slovenian origin.In 1998, a single positive case was detected in a wild animal. No positive cases were detected inthe period 1999-2003. In 2004, trichinellosis was detected in a single animal.
Relevance of the findings in animals to findings in foodstuffs and to human cases (asa source of infection)
In Slovenia, taking into account the findings in animals, the possibility of transmission of thedisease to humans is negligible.
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Table 4.1 Trichinella in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
An
imal
s te
sted
An
imal
s p
osi
tive
Pigs -
- at slaughter - animal 443513 0
Solipeds -horses - -
-
- at slaughter - animal 857 0
Wildlife - -
-
wild boars (1) - animal 5472 1
(1) : animal tested :hunting season 2003/2004 (Statistical office of the Republic of Slovenia)
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2.9. ECHINOCOCCOSIS
2.9.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Echinococcus spp general evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
HumansRare disease (according to notifications). One to three cases annually in last ten years.AnimalsHydatid cysts are detected from time to time by the compulsory ante- and post-mortemexaminations at slaughterhouses.
Relevance of the findings in animals, feedingstuffs and foodstuffs to human cases (asa source of infection)
HumansRare disease, mostly imported. The risk of acquiring echinococcosis is considered low.
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2.9.2. Echinococcosis in humans
A. Echinococcus spp in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
Human cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors, laboratoriesare obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes ofpublic health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.
Case definition
According to definition of commission of the EU communities.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Not available in laboratory of Institute of Public Health or the RSlovenia. Available in otherlabs in Slovenia
Notification system in place
Human cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors are obligedto notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since 1977.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Rare disease (according to notifications). One to three cases annually in last ten years. In 199146 cases.
Results of the investigation
Rare disease, mostly imported.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Rare disease.
Relevance as zoonotic disease
In the moment not relevant.
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Tab
le 9
.2.A
Ech
ino
cocc
osi
s in
man
- s
pec
ies/
sero
typ
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
Au
toch
ton
e ca
ses
Au
toch
ton
e In
cIm
po
rted
cas
esIm
po
rted
Inc
Ech
ino
cocc
us
10
00
00
E. g
ranu
losu
s
E. m
ultil
ocul
aris
Ech
inoc
occu
s sp
p.1
0,05
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Tab
le 9
.2.B
Ech
ino
cocc
osi
s in
man
- a
ge
dis
trib
uti
on
E. g
ran
ulo
sus
E. m
ult
ilocu
lari
sE
chin
oco
ccu
s sp
p.
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
FA
llM
FA
llM
F
<1
year
1 to
4 y
ears
5 to
14
year
s
15 to
24
year
s
25 to
44
year
s
45 to
64
year
s 1
1
65 y
ears
and
old
er
Age
unk
now
n
To
tal :
0
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 1
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2.9.3. Echinococcus in animals
A. Echinococcus spp. in animal
Monitoring system
Sampling strategy
Monitored are all slaughter animals and wild game intended for human consumption, andexamined by the official veterinarians at slaughterhouses or wild game processing houseswithin the scope of the compulsory veterinary ante- and/or post-mortem examination.
Frequency of the sampling
Post-mortem examination of all animals and/or meat and organs upon slaughter or killing.
Type of specimen taken
Other: Visual examination of the slaughtered/killed animal and its organs, and palpationof the liver.
Methods of sampling (description of sampling techniques)
Visual examination of the slaughtered/killed animal and its organs, and palpation of theliver.
Case definition
Detection of hydatid cysts in the liver, the lungs and some other organs of theslaughtered, killed or dead animals (porcines, small ruminants, bovines, equidae, andsome wild game species).
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Macroscopic (visual) examination of organs
Other preventive measures than vaccination in place
Persons, who in carrying out a registered activity of breeding or production come into directcontact with animals, foodstuffs, raw materials, products or waste, must have thoroughknowledge in contagious animal diseases, the prevention thereof and transmissibility to man,and in the regulations governing the protection against contagious diseases.Animal holders must carry out preventive measures as for instance: providing potable water andfeed that are fit for consumption; providing and maintaining the required conditions of hygienein the animal breeding and auxiliary facilities; preventing the introduction into the breedingfacilities of disease agents; implementing veterinary measures in the intensive animal rearingtechnology; handling as prescribed the animal carcasses and other waste, waste waters, faecesand urine; providing for the preventive disinfection, disinsectisation and deratisation (DDD) inthe facilities, on public surfaces and in the means of transport.
Control program/mechanisms
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The control program/strategies in place
National control programme is carried out in accordance with the national legislation, onthe basis of the Rules on veterinary conditions for the production and placing on themarket of fresh meat (transposing Council Directive 64/433/EEC), Rules on conditionsfor the collection of killed wild game, veterinary inspection, production of meat andplacing on the market of the meat of killed wild game, and the Instructions on measuresfor the detection, prevention and suppression of echinococcosis. The control programmeenvisages inter alia as follows: The meat and/or wild game may be placed on the market after the slaughtered/killedanimals have visually been inspected by the official veterinarian, or by a hunter acting asthe veterinary auxiliary and supervised by the official veterinarian.Systematic dehelminthisation of dogs along with anti-rabies vaccinationMeasures for the detection, prevention and suppression of the disease.
Measures in case of the positive findings or single cases
Harmless disposal of hydatid cysts. In the areas, where the disease is enzootic, double dehelminthisation of dogs.
Notification system in place
In case of disease, the veterinary organisation must notify the Regional Office of VARS, withinthe area of which the disease has been diagnosed. The report on the occurrence of disease is tobe submitted on a monthly basis by the tenth day in a month for the previous month.The authorised laboratory submits the diagnostic test results to the relevant Regional Office ofVARS, and to the consigner of samples.Once a month and no later than the 20th day in the month, the authorised laboratories andRegional Offices of VARS must report on the diagnostic test results to the Office forContagious Animal Diseases within VARS. The Main Office of VARS collects the results of ante- and post-mortem examinations conductedby the official veterinarians, and applies them in relation to the diagnoses of diseasescommunicable to man.This method of reporting is carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Rules oncontagious animal diseases (applicable since 2002), and the reporting as such has beencompulsory since 1996.
Results of the investigation
In 2004, a hydatid cyst was detected in 1 bovine animal of 144.884 bovine animals slaughtered,and in 234 porcine animals (0,05 %) of 443.513 porcine animals slaughtered. No hydatid cystswere detected in the slaughtered small ruminants.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
Hydatid cysts are detected from time to time by the compulsory ante- and post-mortemexaminations at slaughterhouses. Of 141.629 bovine animals slaughtered in 2001, hydatid cysts were detected in 7 animals (0.005%). Of 442.570 porcine animals slaughtered, 116 animals (0.026 %) were positive, and nopositive animals were detected of 7.631 small ruminants slaughtered.
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Hydatid cysts were not detected in the slaughtered small ruminants. In 2003, hydatid cysts weredetected in bovine animals in 11 cases, and in porcine animals in 117 cases. In comparison to2003, the number of hydatid cysts detected in porcine animals doubled in 2004. In bovineanimals, on the contrary, there are less and less positive cases detected from year to year.
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Table 9.1 Echinococcus sp. in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
Ep
idem
iolo
gic
al u
nit
Un
its
test
ed
Ech
ino
cocc
us
spp
.
E. m
ult
ilocu
lari
s
E. g
ran
ulo
sus
Cattle (bovine animals) - 144884 1
Pigs - 443513 234
Solipeds -
horses - 857 0
Sheep and goats - 7183 0
Footnote
Epidemiological unit: animal
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2.10. TOXOPLASMOSIS
2.10.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Toxoplasmosis general evaluation
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
HumansRare disease in R. Slovenia.
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2.10.2. Toxoplasmosis in humans
A. Toxoplasmosis in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
Toxoplasma cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify).Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Notification since 1977.
Case definition
According to definition of commission of the EU communities.
Notification system in place
Toxoplasma cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors notifycases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. (Also laboratories are obliged to notify).Local institutes of public health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.Medical doctors also report outbreaks of campylobacter infections. Notification since 1977.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Number of notifications decreases.
Results of the investigation
Regular screening of pregnant women in Slovenia.
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Tab
le 1
0.2.
A T
oxo
pla
smo
sis
in m
an -
sp
ecie
s/se
roty
pe
dis
trib
uti
on
Cas
esC
ases
Inc
To
xop
lasm
a23
0
Tox
opla
sma
spp.
23
cong
enita
l cas
es
1
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Tab
le 1
0.2.
B T
oxo
pla
smo
sis
in m
an -
ag
e d
istr
ibu
tio
n
To
xop
lasm
a sp
p.
Ag
e D
istr
ibu
tio
nA
llM
F
<1
year
2
11
1 to
4 y
ears
0
00
5 to
14
year
s 0
10
15 to
24
year
s 5
14
25 to
44
year
s 15
114
45 to
64
year
s 2
02
65 y
ears
and
old
er
00
0
Age
unk
now
n 0
00
To
tal :
24
4
21
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2.10.3. Toxoplasma in animals
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2.11. RABIES
2.11.1. General evaluation of the national situation
A. Rabies General evaluation
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
Dog-mediated rabies was eradicated soon after World War II, when compulsory vaccination ofdogs against rabies came into force (1947). Since that time all dogs in Slovenia are compulsorilyvaccinated against rabies.The last case of human rabies was in 1950.Wildlife-mediated rabies has been present since 1973, when the first rabid animal (red fox) wasdetected in the NW of Slovenia. It had progressively spread trough the territory of themunicipalities of Murska Sobota and Lendava, but it has never crossed the natural barrier of theMura River.The second wave of sylvatic rabies reached Slovenia in 1979 from Austria. From there it hasbeen spread throughout the country and has persisted until the present.Due to the inconvenient epizootiological situation regarding rabies in the 1980-ies, theVeterinary Administration decided to implement the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies. In1988, when the pilot project of the manual distribution of baits (so-called Tübingen Model withthe SAD type) was started, vaccination was conducted in a small part of Slovenia only.Thereafter, two vaccination campaigns (in spring and autumn) were performed as the strategy ofpushing rabies from west to east. At that time, 40,000 to 60,000 baits were distributed in eachcampaign in a rate of 16 to 20 baits per km2. In a few years that followed, the whole territory ofSlovenia was covered three times. It was found that if only a certain region was covered at onetime, the success rate was poor. And this was the reason that in 1995, we started with a new strategy to combat rabies. Theaircraft distribution of baits has been perfomed twice per year - spring and autumn. The GPSwas used to support bait distribution and is still used today as a prevailing strategy. Each year,640,000 baits were deposited (320,000 per campaign, 20 baits/km2). The follow upinvestigations such as anti-body and marker investigations, have been carried out. Specificsoftware has been developed in order to analyse data received from the computer (connected tothe GPS). The results of new strategy were very encouraging. The number of rabies casesdecreased from 1089 (996 foxes) in 1995 to only 6 cases (5 foxes) in 1999. All cases weredetected near the border with Croatia.In 2000, the number of cases increased again. Because of new tax policy the OVF budgetdecreased and at the same time there was a deteriorating situation regarding rabies in South -Eastern neighbourhood. Therefore, the distribution pattern was changed again. The vaccination was not performed in theNW part of Slovenia, where rabies hasn't occurred for several years. For the first time, inautumn 2000 we used the "cross - flights", by which we increased the density and moreover, thedispersion of baits near the eastern and southern border. In 2001, 135 cases were positive. But in 2002, as the result of new strategy, only 15 cases werepositive. The situation was very encouraging also in 2003, when only 8 cases were detected, all near theSE border. In this year additional 210.000 baits were purchased in the frame of PHARE
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
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Twinning Light project and in the frame of its Follow-up, additional 250.000 baits in 2004 weresubmitted. With this additional amount of baits the "cross-fligths" strategy has been expanded tothe whole 30 km belt along the Croatian border, and the density increased to 30 per km2. In 2004, only 2 positive animals (foxes) were detected. Both cases were on the SE border. Thus we managed to avoid the spread of the disease outside the vaccination area. Nevertheless,the fear that rabies might spread over the vaccination area, even to the rabies-free (EU)countries, still remains present.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
The current situation regarding rabies is very favourable.
Recent actions taken to control the zoonoses
Oral vaccinnation of foxes - two campaigns - spring and autumn - per year.
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2.11.2. Rabies in humans
A. Rabies in humans
Reporting system in place for the human cases
Rabies cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors, laboratoriesare obliged to notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes ofpublic health notify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia.No human cases in Slovenia since 1950.
Case definition
According to definition of commission of the EU communities.
Diagnostic/analytical methods used
Not available in laboratory of Institute of Public Health or the R. Slovenia. Available in otherlabs in Slovenia
Notification system in place
Rabies cases are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases. Medical doctors are obligedto notify cases on daily basis to local institutes of public health. Local institutes of public healthnotify disease to Institute of Public Health of R. Slovenia. Notification since second World War.
History of the disease and/or infection in the country
From 1946 to 1950 13 human rabies cases-deaths were recorded.
Results of the investigation
No human cases since 1950.
National evaluation of the recent situation, the trends and sources of infection
No human cases since 1950.
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2.11.3. Lyssavirus (rabies) in animals
Table 5.1 Rabies in animals
- -
So
urc
e o
f in
form
atio
n
Rem
arks
An
imal
s te
sted
An
imal
s p
osi
tive
Cattle (bovine animals) - 20 0
Sheep - 9 0
Goats - 7 0
Pigs - 1 0
Solipeds - 1 0
Wildlife - -
-
bats - 0 0
foxes - 1324 2
other - 106 0
all - 1430 2
Pet animals - -
-
dogs - 65 0
cats - 79 0
other - 0 0
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3. INFORMATION ON SPECIFIC INDICATORS OF ANTIMICROBIALRESISTANCE
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3.1. E. COLI INDICATORS
3.1.1. General evaluation of the national situation
3.1.2. Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolates
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4. FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS
Foodborne outbreaks are incidences of two or more human cases of the same disease or infectionwhere the cases are linked or are probably linked to the same food source. Situation, in which theobserved human cases exceed the expected number of cases and where a same food source issuspected, is also indicative of a foodborne outbreak.
A. Foodborne outbreaks
System in place for identification, epidemological investigations and reporting offoodborne outbreaks
An outbreak of foodborne illness may be defined as two or more linked cases of the same illnessor the situation, where the observed number of cases exceeds the expected number.Oubreaks of foodborne infections are notifiable by national law on infectious diseases issued in1995. Public health professionals in regional institutes are requested to report regularly allinvestigated outbreaks of infectious intestinal diseases to the Institute of public health of theRepublic Slovenia, using a preliminary notification form.At the end of investigation a final report is also forwarded by the lead investigator.
Description of the types of outbreaks covered by the reporting:
An outbreak of foodborne illness may be defined as two or more linked cases of the same illnessor the situation, where the observed number of cases exceeds the expected number.Type of outbreaks: family, general, international... Causative agents; Salmonella, Cl. perfringens, Staphyloccocus a., Calicivirus, rotavirus,Astrovirus..
National evaluation of the reported outbreaks in the country:
Trends in numbers of outbreaks and numbers of human cases involved
During 2004 in Slovenia 37 outbreaks of food intoxication (FI), resulting in at least 1075people becoming ill (38% of all people ill in outbreaks), and 118 hospitalized, werereported.The average number of outbreaks of food intoxication (FI) in last 5-year period was 35(from 27 in year 2001 to 42 in year 2003). The most frequent causative agent of FI outbreaks was Salmonella Enteritidis (31outbreaks or 84%). Other agents were Staphyloccocus aureus (2), Clostridium perfringens(1); and other unknown agents. Most outbreaks were small in size, 5 of them were greater(more than 50 people were ill). Also 41 outbreaks of infectious gastrointestinal diseases (IGI) with contact spread andone outbreak with waterborne spread (Calicivirus) were reported. The average number of outbreaks of (IGI) with contact spread in last 5-year period was31 (from 23 in year 2000 to 41 in year 2004). The most notable feature of analysis of the IGI with contact spread outbreak data in thelast 5 years is increase in the number of outbreaks, either confirmed or suspected to bedue to viruses (Noroviruses), which caused at least 13 or 30% IGI outbreaks in 2004.
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The reason for many Norovirus outbreaks are characteristics of virus. A virus has a lowinfectious dose, it can survive in environment and is easily transmitted from person toperson. Congregate and enclosed settings on example Kindergarten, health care settingsare perfect environments for the virus to spread. Other agents of IGI outbreaks with contact spread were rotaviruses (11 outbreaks),Salmonella Enteritidis (2 outbreaks), hepatitis A (1) and other unknown agents.
Relevance of the different causative agents, food categories and the agent/foodcategory combinations
Salmonella is mostly isolated from chicken, eggs.Noroviruses are mostly spread with contacts in congregate settings.
Relevance of the different type of places of food production and preparation inoutbreaks
Most outbreaks were small in size and occured mostly in Kindergarten, homes for theelderly and self service restaurants. Many of them were family outbreaks.
Evaluation of the severity and clinical picture of the human cases
Most Norovirus infections have a short and mild course. More severe clinical pictures are caused by salmonellae.No death cases were identified during outbreaks of foodborne infections in 2004.
Descriptions of single outbreaks of special interest
Two outbreaks occured in summer camps for children in Croatia. The causative agent was Salmonella Enteritidis.
Control measures or other actions taken to improve the situation
Hospitalizations of severe cases;general hygienic measures in Kindergartens, homes for the elderly, kitchens.. were implemented;control of HACCP system..
Suggestions to the community for the actions to be taken
Intersectoral collaboration of health, veterinary and other authorities.
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Tab
le 1
2. F
oo
db
orn
e o
utb
reak
s in
hu
man
s
Cau
sati
ve a
gen
tG
ener
alo
utb
reak
F
amily
ou
tbre
ak
To
tal N
um
ber
inp
erso
ns
So
urc
eT
ype
of
evid
ence
Lo
cati
on
of
exp
osu
reC
on
trib
uti
ng
fact
ors
ill
died
in hospital
Suspected
Confirmed
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
un
know
n x
561
unkn
own
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cere
side
nce
for
stud
ents
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Sal
mon
ella
x
128
carr
ier
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
ceki
nder
gart
enun
know
n
Sal
mon
ella
x
253
mea
t pat
e'x
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
hom
eun
know
nS
alm
onel
la -
S. E
nter
itidi
s x
288
ice
crea
mx
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
chin
ese
rest
aura
ntbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
PS
alm
onel
la -
S. E
nter
itidi
s(1)
x
312
unkn
own
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cesu
mm
er c
amp
unkn
own
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x30
2ve
hicl
e in
volv
edx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
kind
erga
rten
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Sta
phyl
ococ
cus
- S
. aur
eus
x7
0co
ttage
che
ese
xla
bora
tory
con
firm
edho
tel
unkn
own
Clo
strid
ium
- C
. per
frin
gens
x
550
unkn
own
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cere
sice
nce
for
pens
ione
run
know
n
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x21
3ha
zel n
ut c
ake
xla
bora
tory
con
firm
edho
tel
the
cake
was
prep
ared
at h
ome
and
brou
ght i
n ho
tel.
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ro
tavi
rus
x18
8ca
rrie
rx
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
kind
erga
rten
unkn
own
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x14
133
diffe
rent
type
of f
ood
xab
orat
ory
conf
irmed
coun
try
rest
aura
ntbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
PF
ood
born
e vi
ruse
s -
rota
viru
s x
54ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
resi
cenc
e fo
rpe
nsio
ner
unkn
own
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
79ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
resi
cenc
e fo
rpe
nsio
ner
unkn
own
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
73ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
re
sice
nce
for
pens
ione
run
know
n
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x10
ice
crea
m c
ake
xla
bora
tory
con
firm
edho
me
hom
e m
ade
ice
crea
mca
keS
alm
onel
la -
S. E
nter
itidi
s x
302
carr
ier
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
ceki
nder
gart
enun
know
n
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
3022
carr
ier
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cepa
tient
s in
hos
pita
lun
know
n
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
35ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
resi
cenc
e fo
rpe
nsio
ner
unkn
own
Sta
phyl
ococ
cus
- S
. aur
eus
x3
unkn
own
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
ceho
me
unkn
own
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 224
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x11
3ca
nelo
nix
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
rest
oura
ntbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
P
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
282
carr
ier
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cesc
hool
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
21ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
sum
mer
cam
p fo
rch
ildre
nun
know
n
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x36
4m
eat
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
ceto
uris
t exc
ursi
onbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
P
Sta
phyl
ococ
cus
- S
. aur
eus
x3
unkn
own
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
ceho
me
unkn
own
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x11
3ka
nelo
ni w
ithm
ayon
nais
ex
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
cant
een
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
282
carr
ier
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cesc
hool
unkn
own
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- as
trov
irus
x9
8ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
hosp
ital
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x36
hom
e m
ade
cake
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cere
sice
nce
for
pens
ione
run
know
n
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ro
tavi
rus
x15
4ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
kind
erga
rten
unkn
ow
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
15ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
kind
erga
rten
unkn
own
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x13
1fo
od b
roug
ht fr
omn
near
piz
zeria
xla
bora
tory
con
firm
edho
spita
lbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
P
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x6
egg
crea
mx
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
resi
cenc
e fo
rpe
nsio
ner
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x28
3un
know
nx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
slov
enia
n pu
pils
insu
mm
er c
amp
inC
roat
ia
unkn
own
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x3
3cr
eam
cak
e bo
ught
in th
e co
nfet
ione
r'ssh
op
xla
bora
tory
con
firm
edho
me
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- as
trov
irus
x20
carr
ier
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cere
side
ncef
orst
uden
tbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
P
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x22
8cr
eam
cak
ex
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
cake
stor
e-re
stou
rant
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
21ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
kind
erga
rten
unkn
own
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ro
tavi
rus
x9
1ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
kind
erga
rten
unkn
own
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ro
tavi
rus
x11
2ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
kind
erga
rten
unkn
own
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ro
tavi
rus
x21
2ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
kind
erga
rten
unkn
own
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x21
food
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cere
sice
nce
for
pens
ione
rbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
P
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 225
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x7
3eg
gsx
labo
rato
ry c
onfir
med
kind
erga
rten
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x14
5fo
odx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
scho
olun
know
n
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x25
3m
eat p
ate'
xla
bora
tory
con
firm
edho
me
unad
egua
te s
tore
age
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x16
2be
af s
teak
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
ceco
untr
y re
stou
rant
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x30
1un
know
nx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
slov
enia
n ch
ildre
n in
sum
mer
cam
p in
Cro
atia
unkn
own
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x9
grill
ed p
ork
mea
tx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
coun
try
rest
oura
ntun
suita
ble
stor
eage
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x46
4ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
scho
olbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
P
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x14
1ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
hosp
ital
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x28
mix
ed s
alat
with
may
onna
ise
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cem
unic
ipal
par
tyun
suita
ble
stor
eage
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x4
3cr
eam
cak
e w
ithst
rous
barr
yx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
hom
eun
suita
ble
stor
eage
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ro
tavi
rus
x53
carr
ier
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cere
sice
nce
for
pens
ione
rbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
P
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x17
9cr
eam
cak
ex
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
hom
eun
suita
ble
stor
eage
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x19
7cr
eam
cak
ex
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
hom
eun
suita
ble
stor
eage
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x17
8cr
eam
cak
e, e
ggs
xla
bora
tory
con
firm
edpi
cnic
lunc
hun
suita
ble
stor
eage
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ro
tavi
rus
x34
6ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
kind
erga
rten
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
80dr
inki
ng w
ater
xla
bora
tory
con
firm
edfa
ctor
yun
know
n
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x16
1m
eat p
ate'
xla
bora
tory
con
firm
edpi
cnic
lunc
hun
suita
ble
stor
eage
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ro
tavi
rus
x67
4ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
resi
cenc
e fo
rpe
nsio
ner
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ro
tavi
rus
x20
carr
ier
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cere
sice
nce
for
pens
ione
rbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
P
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x30
3fo
od -
unk
now
nw
hich
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
cesc
hool
can
teen
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Sal
mon
ella
- S
. Ent
eriti
dis
x12
3fo
od -
unk
now
nw
hich
xep
idem
iolo
gica
lev
iden
ceco
untr
y re
stou
rant
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
43ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
resi
cenc
e fo
rpe
nsio
ner
brea
kdow
n H
AC
CP
Foo
d bo
rne
viru
ses
- ca
liciv
irus
(incl
udin
g no
rovi
rus)
x
13ca
rrie
rx
epid
emio
logi
cal
evid
ence
resi
cenc
e fo
rdi
sabl
esbr
eakd
own
HA
CC
P
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 226
(1)
: im
port
ed c
ase
Slovenia 2004 Report on trends and sources of zoonoses
Slovenia 2004 227
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