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Social Learning Theory
By: Albert Bandura
Bandura’s Early Life
1925-present
Definition of Social Learning Theory
“According to social learning theory, behavior is learned symbolically through central processing of response information before it is performed. By observing a model of the desired behavior, an individual forms an idea of how response components must be combined and sequenced to produce the new behavior.” p. 35
Important Words to Know…
Social Modeling Self Efficacy Differential Reinforcement Response Consequences
Functions of Social Learning
Motivational Informative Reinforcing
Modeling
“…most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action.” p. 22
Bobo Doll Experiment
Reinforcement
“Reinforcement does play a role in observational learning, but mainly as an antecedent rather than a consequent influence.” p. 37
Processes of Social Learning Theory
Attentional Processes Retention Processes Motor Reproduction Processes Motivational Processes
How to Shoot a Basketball
Social Learning theory can be applied to everyday activities!
Attentional Processes
Question as the teacher: Where do I point my student’s focus?
1. Fingertips not palm 2. Elbow 90 degrees 3. Bend knees Up and Over!
Retention Processes
Convert instruction to symbols Imagery Example: Picture what a perfect shot
looks like Verbal Example: Remember “fingertips, elbow
straight, knees, up and over.”
Motor Reproduction Processes
Convert symbols into performance Continual correction Practice until perfection
Motivational Processes
Do what works, ignore what’s right Incorrect form of a basketball shot Who cares if it looks correct? It only matters if I
make it.
Everyday Applications
Individual Stages of Modeling
Instantaneous reproduction vs. Delayed Reproduction Evil Eye Baby
Maturation of component functions, not just cognitive abilities
Example of Continuation students vs. Average High School Student
Types of Social Modeling
observational-verbal-written symbolic- TV. abstract modeling-moral judgments creative modeling other
Developmental Analysis of Self-Efficacy
self-knowledge of one's capabilities "accurate appraisal of one's own capabilities is
highly advantageous and often essential for effective functioning.“
Adults watch children through early stages where lack of knowledge of their capabilities presents potential hazards.
Causal efficacy- baby moves objects- becomes aware of self familial sources peer group
School: an Agency for Cultivating Cognitive Self-Efficacy
primary setting for the cultivation and social validation of cognitive competencies
Creating learning environments conducive to the development of cognitive skills rest on the talents and self-efficacy of teachers. Self-appraisals of less able students suffer most when the
whole group studies the same material and teachers make frequent comparative evaluations. Rosenholtz and
Rosenholtz 1981---no child left behind
Stages of Life
Adolescence- learning to assume responsibility Insulation from problematic situations leaves one ill
prepared to deal with adversity. Impoverished, high-risk environments
Adulthood relationships, parenthood, and career
Reappraisals of self-efficacy with advancing age Declining abilities, retirement, relocation,
loss of friends and spouses
Learning Theories and Models
Skinner Bandura
What is Learning? Learning- behavior change acquisition of internal codes
What is the role of the environment?
E B one of three interacting, influential parts in reciprocal determinism
What is the role of the learner?
unknowing participant
4 processes
interacts with the environment produces a behavior an active participant makes decisions
What is the major mechanism through which learning occurs?
operant conditioning
Stimulus-- response -reinforcement
observational learning
Are there other factors which must be considered when applying this
mechanism?
past reinforcement history
skills repertoire of the individual
particular characteristics inherited by the individual
readiness for learning, motivation
control of environmental stimuli
schedule of reinforcement
characteristics of the model
4 processes necessary for learning: attention, retention, motor reproduction & motivation
type of model – live, symbol
self-efficacy
self-regulation
What classroom/instructional applications stem
from this theory?
teachers introduce stimuli and reinforcement to invoke proper response
transfer of learning
developing a positive classroom climate
programmed instruction
classroom management is very important – controlling stimuli
no theory of instruction
appropriate modeling – use of symbols
outcomes of learning are visual & verbal codes
establishing functional value of behavior
guide learners internal processing
shape personal efficacy & self-regulatory skills
learning extends outside the classroom
Pros and Cons
Skinner’s Behaviorism Pros: “Scientific”
observable, measurable phenomena
Rigorous methodology
Con: Ignores the things that make humans “human” Cognitions Emotions “Free Will”
Albert Bandura’s Social Learning Theory Pros: put the “person” back into
personality
Con: based on inferred drives/needs/etc., which cannot be tested- ignore conscious cognitions- situational influences
Summary
We acquire, maintain, and modify behaviors that we see others perform.
We decide which behaviors to keep, and when to use them, by using: symbolic thought (“what are my long term goals?”) emotion (“damn that Bobo doll!!!”) self-regulation (“I really want to scream at the prof, but
I need an A, so…”) Social Learning Theorists put the “person” back into
personality by stressing the interplay of personal factors, environmental factors, on behavior.
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