SOL USII.4

SOL USII.4SOL USII.4

Urbanization Urbanization

And And

IndustrializationIndustrialization

Westward MigrationWestward Migration

New opportunities New opportunities and technological and technological advances led to advances led to westward expansion westward expansion following the Civil following the Civil War. War.

Reasons for Westward ExpansionReasons for Westward Expansion

Opportunities for land Opportunities for land ownershipownership

Technological advances, Technological advances, including the including the Transcontinental RailroadTranscontinental Railroad

Possibility of wealth Possibility of wealth created by the discovery created by the discovery of gold and silverof gold and silver

AdventureAdventure A new beginning for A new beginning for

former slavesformer slaveshttp://content.lib.washington.edu/laroche/image/273.jpg

Reasons for Increased ImmigrationReasons for Increased Immigration

Hope for better opportunityHope for better opportunity Religious freedomReligious freedom Escape from oppressive governmentsEscape from oppressive governments AdventureAdventure

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Development of CitiesDevelopment of Cities

Population changes, Population changes, growth of cities, and new growth of cities, and new inventions produced inventions produced interaction and often interaction and often conflict between different conflict between different cultural groups.cultural groups.

Population changes, Population changes, growth of cities, and new growth of cities, and new inventions produced inventions produced problems in urban areas. problems in urban areas.

TransportationTransportation

Cable cars invented by Andrew HallidieCable cars invented by Andrew Hallidie Electric trolley railways invented by Frank Electric trolley railways invented by Frank

Sprague and used in Richmond, VirginiaSprague and used in Richmond, Virginia Invention of the gas powered automobile in 1893Invention of the gas powered automobile in 1893

http://www.cable-car-guy.com/images/tacoma_003.jpghttp://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/01/auto_bday/image/car_right.jpg

CommunicationsCommunications

The development of The development of the telegraph by the telegraph by Samuel MorseSamuel Morse

Lighting and Lighting and mechanical uses of mechanical uses of electricity by Thomas electricity by Thomas EdisonEdison

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CommunicationsCommunications

Telephone service Telephone service developed by developed by Alexander Graham Alexander Graham BellBell

Typewriter and Typewriter and adding machineadding machine

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Reasons Why Cities DevelopedReasons Why Cities Developed Specialized industries Specialized industries

including steel including steel (Pittsburgh), meat (Pittsburgh), meat packing (Chicago)packing (Chicago)

Boston (textiles), New Boston (textiles), New York City (clothing), York City (clothing), Cleveland (steel), Cleveland (steel), Philadelphia Philadelphia (shipbuilding)(shipbuilding)

Immigration from other Immigration from other countriescountries

Movement of Americans Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas from rural to urban areas for job opportunitiesfor job opportunities

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Challenges Faced by CitiesChallenges Faced by Cities

Rapid industrialization Rapid industrialization and urbanization led and urbanization led to overcrowded to overcrowded immigrant immigrant neighborhoods and neighborhoods and tenementstenements

Tenements and Tenements and ghettosghettos

Political corruption Political corruption (political machines)(political machines)

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InventionsInventions

Inventions had both Inventions had both positive and negative positive and negative effects on society.effects on society.

Inventions contributed Inventions contributed to great change and to great change and industrial growth. industrial growth.

Manufacturing and ProcessingManufacturing and Processing

Bessemer process of Bessemer process of mass producing steelmass producing steel

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Manufacturing and ProcessingManufacturing and Processing

Production of steel by Andrew CarnegieProduction of steel by Andrew Carnegiehttp://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=42711&rendTypeId=4

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Manufacturing and ProcessingManufacturing and Processing

The division of labor The division of labor that resulted from Eli that resulted from Eli Whitney’s Whitney’s development of development of interchangeable partsinterchangeable parts

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Manufacturing and ProcessingManufacturing and Processing

Oil refining by Samuel Oil refining by Samuel Kier in PennsylvaniaKier in Pennsylvania

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ArchitectureArchitecture

Suspension bridges Suspension bridges and skyscrapersand skyscrapers

Efforts to Solve Immigration Efforts to Solve Immigration ProblemsProblems

Settlement houses, Settlement houses, such as Hull House, such as Hull House, founded by Jane founded by Jane Addams Addams

Political machines Political machines that gained power by that gained power by attending to the attending to the needs of new needs of new immigrants (i.e., jobs, immigrants (i.e., jobs, housing)housing)

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Interaction & Conflict Between Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural GroupsDifferent Cultural Groups

Indian policies and warsIndian policies and wars Reservations (public land set aside by the Reservations (public land set aside by the

government to be used for a certain group of government to be used for a certain group of people)people)

Interaction & Conflict Between Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural GroupsDifferent Cultural Groups

Battle of Little BighornBattle of Little Bighorn

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Interaction & Conflict Between Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural GroupsDifferent Cultural Groups

Chief JosephChief Joseph

When Chief Joseph When Chief Joseph surrendered, he surrendered, he declared “Hear me declared “Hear me my chiefs! I am tired! my chiefs! I am tired! My heart is sick and My heart is sick and sad. From where the sad. From where the sun now stands, I will sun now stands, I will fight no more forever!”fight no more forever!”

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Interaction & Conflict Between Interaction & Conflict Between Different Cultural GroupsDifferent Cultural Groups

Discrimination against Discrimination against immigrants (Chinese immigrants (Chinese and Irish)and Irish)

Nativists were Nativists were American citizens American citizens who believed who believed immigrants were immigrants were inferiorinferior

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DiscriminationDiscrimination Discrimination against African Discrimination against African

Americans continued after Americans continued after Reconstruction.Reconstruction.

““Jim Crow” laws Jim Crow” laws institutionalized a system of institutionalized a system of legal segregation.legal segregation.

Other groups experienced Other groups experienced discrimination. Groups such discrimination. Groups such as the American Protective as the American Protective Association was made up of Association was made up of Nativists who did not trust Nativists who did not trust immigrants as well as other immigrants as well as other American citizens. American citizens. http://www.africanamericans.com/images2/JimCrowSegregated.jpg

Racial SegregationRacial Segregation

Based on raceBased on race Directed primarily against African Americans, but Directed primarily against African Americans, but

other groups were also kept segregatedother groups were also kept segregated ““Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate

against African Americansagainst African Americans

““Jim Crow” LawsJim Crow” Laws

Made discrimination Made discrimination practices legal in practices legal in many communities many communities and statesand states

Were characterized Were characterized by unequal by unequal opportunities in opportunities in housing, work, housing, work, education, and education, and governmentgovernmenthttp://literacyrules.com/Black%20History/TheJimCrowLaws-Front.jpg

African Americans differed in African Americans differed in their responses to their responses to

discrimination and “Jim Crow.” discrimination and “Jim Crow.”

How did African Americans How did African Americans Respond? Respond?

Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington Believed equality could be Believed equality could be

achieved through vocational achieved through vocational education; accepted social education; accepted social separationseparation

Atlanta Compromise: 1895, Atlanta Compromise: 1895, Booker T. Washington gave a Booker T. Washington gave a speech in which he stated that speech in which he stated that African Americans should African Americans should accept the “separate but accept the “separate but equal” doctrine and learn equal” doctrine and learn trades to improve their lives. trades to improve their lives.

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How did African Americans How did African Americans Respond?Respond?

W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois Believed in full political, Believed in full political,

civil, and social rights for civil, and social rights for African Americans. He African Americans. He believed those rights believed those rights should be given to African should be given to African Americans immediately.Americans immediately.

Niagara Movement: in Niagara Movement: in 1905, Du Bois and others 1905, Du Bois and others demanded an end to demanded an end to racial segregation. racial segregation.

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Move to IndustryMove to Industry

Between the Civil War and World War I, the Between the Civil War and World War I, the United States was transformed from an United States was transformed from an agricultural to an industrial nation. agricultural to an industrial nation.

Reasons for Rise and Prosperity of Reasons for Rise and Prosperity of Big BusinessBig Business

National markets created National markets created by transportation by transportation advancesadvances

Captains of industry Captains of industry (John D. Rockefeller, oil; (John D. Rockefeller, oil; Andrew Carnegie, steel, Andrew Carnegie, steel, Henry Ford, automobile)Henry Ford, automobile)

AdvertisingAdvertising Lower-cost productionLower-cost production

Factors Resulting in the Growth of Factors Resulting in the Growth of IndustryIndustry

Access to raw materials and energyAccess to raw materials and energy Availability of work forceAvailability of work force InventionsInventions Financial resourcesFinancial resources

Examples of Big BusinessExamples of Big Business

RailroadsRailroadsSteelSteelOilOil

Examples of Big BusinessExamples of Big Business

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Postwar Changes in Farm and City Postwar Changes in Farm and City LifeLife

Mechanization (i.e., the Mechanization (i.e., the reaper) had reduced farm reaper) had reduced farm labor needs and labor needs and increased productionincreased production

Industrial development in Industrial development in cities created increased cities created increased labor needslabor needs

Industrialization provided Industrialization provided access to consumer access to consumer goods (i.e., mail order)goods (i.e., mail order)

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Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

The effects of industrialization led The effects of industrialization led to the rise of organized labor and to the rise of organized labor and

important workplace reforms. important workplace reforms.

Progressive Movement Workplace Progressive Movement Workplace ReformsReforms

Improved safety Improved safety conditionsconditions

Reduced work hoursReduced work hours Placed restrictions on Placed restrictions on

child laborchild labor

Negative Effects of IndustrializationNegative Effects of Industrialization

Child laborChild labor Low wages, long hoursLow wages, long hours Unsafe working conditionsUnsafe working conditions

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Rise of Organized LaborRise of Organized Labor Formation of union: American Formation of union: American

Federation of LaborFederation of Labor Strikes: Homestead StrikeStrikes: Homestead Strike Legislation was passed and Legislation was passed and

reforms became a reality that reforms became a reality that eliminated child labor, unsafe eliminated child labor, unsafe working conditions, excessive working conditions, excessive hours of work, and created hours of work, and created worker management worker management arbitration (discussing arbitration (discussing problems and reaching an problems and reaching an agreement)agreement)

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Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage

Increased educational Increased educational opportunitiesopportunities

Attained voting rights: Attained voting rights: Women gained the Women gained the right to vote with the right to vote with the passage of the 19passage of the 19thth Amendment; Susan Amendment; Susan B. Anthony worked for B. Anthony worked for women’s suffrage.women’s suffrage.

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Temperance MovementTemperance Movement Composed of groups Composed of groups

opposed to the making opposed to the making and consumption of and consumption of alcohol. The rationale alcohol. The rationale was that liquor caused was that liquor caused poverty and social poverty and social disorder.disorder.

Supported the 18Supported the 18thth Amendment which Amendment which prohibited the prohibited the manufacture, sale, and manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol.transport of alcohol.

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