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Spartan Social Structure:
Spartiates: Perioeci: Helots:
•Conquered peoples or their descendents
•Owned by the city-state
•Treated like slaves
•Second Messenian War
Women
Spartan Social Structure:
Spartiates: Perioeci: Helots:
•Revolts
•Assigned to land (kleros) controlled by Spartiates
•½ of production to Spartiates
Women
Spartan Social Structure:
Spartiates: Perioeci: Helots:
•War officially declared on them each year
•Culling
Women
Spartan Social Structure:
Spartiates:
•Homoioi
•Serve in army
•Vote
•Full citizen rights
Perioeci: Helots: Women
Spartan Social Structure:
Spartiates: Perioeci:
•“neighbors/ outsiders”
•Freemen
•Artisans, craftsmen, merchants
•Could not own land
Helots: Women
Spartan Social Structure:
Spartiates: Perioeci:
•Could not marry a Spartiate
•No vote
•No army
•foreigners
Helots: Women
Spartan Social Structure:
Spartiates: Perioeci: Helots: Women:
•Few political rights
•Manage farms and households
•More independent
Reforms of Lycurgus:
• iron money instead of gold and silver
• requirement of eating in commons
• living (for unmarried men) in rough-hewn barracks
• destruction of the city walls to promote martial skill
Reforms of Lycurgus:
• re-dividing Spartan land, forcing it to be worked by Helots
• system of government that divided power between king, Spartan citizens, the gerousia, and the ephors
• educational system known as the agoge
5 Ephores = guardians
yearly elections yearly elections
Council of Elders Double kingship
Apella
Agiade EurypontideArmy/Religion28 plus 2 kings
Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai
Spartan Government
Mixed government:
• Not a democracy
• Not a monarchy
• Not an oligarchy
But:
It contains elements of all of the above
5 Ephores = guardians
yearly elections yearly elections
Council of Elders Double kingship
Apella
Agiade EurypontideArmy/Religion28 plus 2 kings
Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai
5 Ephores = guardians
yearly elections yearly elections
Council of Elders Double kingship
Apella
Agiade EurypontideArmy/Religion
Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai
28 plus 2 kings
Spartan Government
Kings (plural):
• Two kings at one time – one can always veto the other
• Hereditary kingship from Agiade and Eurypontide royal families
• Priestly responsibilities• Generals who lead the Spartan army• Sit on the gerousia council
Spartan Government
Kings (plural):
• Honorary duties:– Judges in many cases– Diplomatic appointments– Seat of honor including a double portion at
banquets– Consultation of the Oracle of Delphi– Adoptions, marriages, etc.
5 Ephores = guardians
Council of Elders Double kingship
Apella
Army/Religion28 plus 2 kings
Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai
Spartan Government
• Apella citizen’s assembly:
• every 30 year old Spartan male full citizen was entitled to attend the meetings
• five original villages of Sparta (Limnai, Mesoa, Kynosura, Pitane, and Amyklai)
• held at the time of each full moon
5 Ephores = guardians
Council of Elders Double kingship
Apella
Agiade EurypontideArmy/Religion28 plus 2 kings
Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai
Spartan Government
• The Gerousia Spartan senate:
• Council of Elders consisted of 28 members as well as the two kings
• members had to be over the age of 60 and were elected for life
• any Spartan citizen of the right age could stand but in practice members were selected from the most important aristocratic families
Spartan Government
• The Gerousia Spartan senate:
• Prepared motions, rhetrai, for the citizen assembly, the Apella, to vote on
• Could veto motions passed by the Apella• Consulted by the ephors in matters of
interpretation of the law • Role of a court to try murder cases - and had the
power to condemn, fine, or banish.
5 Ephores = guardians
yearly elections yearly elections
Council of Elders Double kingship
Apella
Agiade EurypontideArmy/Religion28 plus 2 kings
supervise supervise
Limnai Mesoa Kynosura Pitane Amyklai
supervise
Spartan Government
• The Ephors:
• Most powerful part of Spartan government• Elected each year• Controlled the agoge, all judges, and Generals
of the field• Dealt with foreign diplomats
Spartan Government
• The Ephors:
• Controlled the Krypteria• In charge of the apella• Could over rule decisions of the apella and
gerousia• End of the year tried by the people
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