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Spatial/ urban
background and context
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 1
background and context
(to our strategy)
RegenerationUrban RenewalPlanned gentrification
Urban development
Major Urban
RegenerationUrban RenewalPlanned gentrification
Urban development
Major Urban
Different Settings = Different InterventionsDifferent Settings = Different Interventions
New/Emerging/Existing
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 2
Secondary City &Large towns
Dense rural
Low density rural
Urban
Rural
Secondary City &Large towns
Dense rural
Low density rural
Urban
Rural
Existing-----------
Precinct
Area-wide
City-wide
Mun-wide----------
Mixed Character &
needs
The urban reality
• Spatial and housing issues:
– Urban South Africa is very low density by global
standards – thus pointing to in-built inefficiencies
– Need to overcome barriers to densification
– Housing not always well located (jobs, livelihood etc)
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 3
– Housing not always well located (jobs, livelihood etc)
• Infrastructure development & finance:
– Policy options and choices need to be sustainable
• Right money for the right things at the right time
• Investment for growth v/s consumption
– Choice of solutions (services) technology
• Solar v/s fossil fuel for energy
• Minimise waste (recycle and re-use optimal options)
Consider Spatial Geography…• Like other countries, South Africa is undergoing an
urban transition
• Migration is Cyclical and ‘quasi-permanent’
• Urbanisation and densification:
– Are inevitable
Generate productivity and economic growth
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 4
– Generate productivity and economic growth
• Apartheid tried to stop workers living close to jobs/
opportunities – stubborn spatial “legacy” remains
• Today Government provides housing for the poor,
though not necessarily close to jobs / opportunities
• Management of urban built environment big issue
Municipality Categories: Urban/ Rural View
Cape
Town
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Land Area
Population
GVA
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 5Data source: UNEP/ GRID
http://na.unep.net/globalpop/africa/
eThekwini
Johannesburg
Tshwane
Polokwane
Group 1
Municipalities
Group 2
Municipalities
Group 3
Municipalities
1960 Population DensityCape Town
Pretoria
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 6Data source: UNEP/ GRID
http://na.unep.net/globalpop/africa/
Durban
Johannesburg
Polokwane
Cape Town
Pretoria
1970 Population Density
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 7Data source: UNEP/ GRID
http://na.unep.net/globalpop/africa/
Durban
Johannesburg
Polokwane
Cape Town
Pretoria
1980 Population Density
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 8Data source: UNEP/ GRID
http://na.unep.net/globalpop/africa/
Durban
Johannesburg
Polokwane
Cape Town
Pretoria
1990 Population Density
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 9Data source: UNEP/ GRID
http://na.unep.net/globalpop/africa/
Durban
Johannesburg
Polokwane
Cape Town
Tshwane
2000 Population Density
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 10Data source: UNEP/ GRID
http://na.unep.net/globalpop/africa/
eThekwini
Johannesburg
Polokwane
Investment/ Development Potential
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 11
Informal Settlements in 45 Municipalities represent
approx 80% of Total
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 12
Group 1: 27 Municipalities
(Mostly urban)
– 80% of South Africa’s GVA! (economic activity)
– 52% of population
– 54% of infrastructure investment need
– 6% of land area
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 13
– Munis’ budgeting /spending capacity increasing sharply
– Most of SA’s municipal borrowing capacity
– Interesting to private sector lenders
– 60% of Informal Settlements are here!
Group 2: 140 local municipalities
(Mostly rural)
– 79% of land area! – very large land space
– 25% of population
– 20% of infrastructure investment need
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 14
– 20% of infrastructure investment need
– 15% of GVA (economic activity)
Large and small towns (Most commercial farming)
Municipal performance mixed
Primary target “destination step” for migrating households
Group 3: 70 local municipalities
(Also mostly rural)
– 5% of South Africa’s GVA - very little economic activity
– 27% of population
– 26% of investment need
– 16% of land area
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 15
Mostly rural (Subsistence farming)
Municipal performance mixed to low
Urban vs. rural is a false dichotomy
• One national economy - however unbalanced
• Transfers to rural areas largely financed by taxes
from urban areas (via national fiscus)
• Jobs for rural dwellers and their kids will
increasingly be in urban areas
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 16
increasingly be in urban areas
• Successful rural areas are generally close and
connected to successful urban centers
• Social outcomes can/ should be relatively flat
across spaces (regardless urban or rural)
• So, universal access to basic level of services!!!
Strategic issue: spatial and housing(human settlements)
• Issues:
– Legal and regulatory framework for spatial development perpetuates
apartheid-era approaches and
– continues to embed inefficiencies and high costs
– Governance and management of development
– Are we trying to reverse or stop urbanisation…?
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 17
• Possible solutions:
– Review legal and regulatory framework for planning to authorise/
encourage higher densities and greater efficiencies in urban areas
– Review housing policies to focus on household subsidies that are:
• portable in time (i.e. rentals) and
• Portable in space (citizens decide on space/location trade-offs)
– Support growth of Cities and make appropriate rural development choices
• NOTE: issue of “spatially blind policies”
What is our urban future…?
…
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 18
…
What future are we seeking for
our settlements…?
• Widespread informality?
• Inefficient and dysfunctional?
• Segregation by class, and in some cases, race?
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 19November 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 19
• Segregation by class, and in some cases, race?
• Conflict and contestations over access/ space?
• Lack of sustainable access to basic service?
• Squalor and inadequate shelter?
• Social and community collapse?
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 20
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 21
Rural area: Dispersed households. So type and form of infrastructure?
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 22
?
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 23
Implications of Urbanisation• Deforestation
• Rapid Land use changes:
– Loss of Agricultural production land
– Increased hard surface (paving) coverage – more runoff
• Pollution (Rivers/ open spaces/
• Waste Management – more & more landfill sites
December 2009 Human Settlements Dept. 24
• Waste Management – more & more landfill sites
• High probability for Floods (note recent floods)
• More Energy requirements: CO2….renewable… variety
• Complex Transport infrastructure and systems required
• Widespread Social and demographic changes
• Household-level food production lost
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