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8/14/2019 SPM Physics definitions
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LAWS/DEFINITION
1. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Sensitivity Ability of instrument to detectsmall change of quantitymeasured.
Accuracy Abili ty o f instrument t o givereading closer to actual value.
Co nsistency Ability of instrument to giveconstant reading every timethe measurement is made
Parallax error hen eyes is notperpendicular to the scalewhen take the reading
Zero error hen the instrument givereading when it is suppose tobe zero
2. FORCES AND MOTION
eight (N) Gravitational force (N)
Gravitational
acceleration, g (10ms
-2)
Accelerati on due to
gravitational force.
Elasticity Property of matter that enablesan object to turn to its originalsize and shape when the forcesacting on it are removed.
Inertia Tendency of object to remainat rest or moving withconstant velocity
Impulsive force Rate of change of momentum
Impulse Change of momentum
3. FORCES AND PRESSURE
Pressure Force acting normally to theunit of surface area.
ArchimedesPrinciples
A body th at is who lly orpartially immerse in liquid, thebuoyant force = weight ofliquid displaced
Bernoulli principle Pressure of the fluid is lowerwhen speed of the fluid ishigher
4. HEAT
Thermalequilibrium
hen net rate heat transferbetween two bodies is zero
Heat Type of energy
Temperature Degr ee of hotness
Specific heatcapacity
Energy required to incr ease theemperature of 1 kg substance
by 1
o
C.Heat capac it y Energy requi red to changeemperature of object by 1
oC
Thermalequilibrium
Net heat transfer between twobodies is zero.//temperature ofwo body touching each other
is equal.
5. LIGHT
Cr it ical angle Angle o f incidence when angleof refraction=90
o
Focal po in t Po in t t hat all par all el li gh t wit hprincipal axis are converge to.
Focal length oflens
Distance between focal pointand the optical center
Focal length ofconcave mirror
Distance between pole and theprincipal focal point
Snell law. Sin i------- = const antSin r
Ref rac ti ve i ndex Sin i-------Sin r
Refraction of light. Light change its speed anddirection when travel throughdifferent medium
6. WAVES
Monochromaticlight
Light that has one wavelengthonly
Constructiveinterference
hen trough meettrough//when crest meet crest
Destructive
interference
hen rough meet crest
Frequency Number of oscillation in 1s
avelength Distance between 2consecutive trough/crest/wavefront
Diffraction ave phenomenon when waveravel through obstacle of
gap/slitCoherent sources Two sources that have same
frequency and same phase.
7. ELECTRICITY
Ohms Law Curren t i s d irec tly pr opor ti onalo the voltage when physical
condition and temperature isconstant,
9V battery The battery supply 9J ofelectrical energy to tr ansfer 1Cof charge
9W, 12V bulb The bulb use 9J of elec tr icalenergy in 1s when connected to12V power supply
8A 8C of charges has been transferin 1s
Emf The work done by a source indriving a unit of charge arounda complete circuit.
Potentialdifference//voltage
ork done to transfer 1C ofcharge from one point toanother
Power Amount of energy use in 1C
8. ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagneticinduction
Production of induced currentin solenoid when the solenoidcut the magnetic field
Catapul t fi el d Non-uni fo rm magnet ic f iel d.
Electromagnet Soft i ron winding wi th solenoid,has magnetic field whencurrent flow through themagnet and lost it when nocurrent flow.
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Lenz Law Induced current produced inhe solenoid always oppose the
effect causing it
Determine thedirection of forceproduced bycurrent carryingconductor inmagnetic field
Use Fleming Left Hand Rule
Determine pol e ofsolenoid
Use right hand grip rule.
Determine thedirection ofcurrent producedby generator
Use Flemings Right Hand Rule.
9. ELECTRONICS
Thermionicemission
Electron release by a hot metalsurface
Logi c gates El ec tr on ic swi tch t hat have oneor more inputs but have onlyone output
10. RADIOACTIVITY
Radio isotope The i so tope w ith uns tab lenuclei that emit radioactiveradiations.
Nuclear fission A process of breaking up heavynucleus into lighter nucleus
Nuclear fusion A process of merging lighternuclei into heavy nucleus.
Half life Time taken for un-decay nucleibecome half from its originalamount.
Bet a par ti cle Fas t m ov ing el ec tr on .
Alpha par tic le Helium nucleus
Gamma ray An electromagnetic wave
==============================
Precautionary steps during experiment
Eye must be perpendicular to the scale ofammeter/voltmeter/meter ru le when take thereading.
All connection must be t igh t enough.
Take several reading and find t he average.
For each value of manipulated variable, takeseveral reading of r esponding variable and findthe average
Do not on the switch for longer time.
Turn off the switch when not take the reading.
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