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Stomachs
Stomach
Esophogus Intestine
Eats other fish
Marine fish
FreshwaterOmnivore
Stomachs
Stomach
IntestineEsophagusPlanktivore
Gizzard-Like Stomach
Gizzard Shad
Mullet
Parts of the Stomach
Cardiac StomachSecretes
Fundic StomachMuscular for Grinding
Fundic
Cardiac
Hydrochloric AcidHydrochloric Acid• decalcifies bones• decalcifies bones
Hydrochloric Acid
• decalcifies bones• breaks down
connective tissue
• decalcifies bones• breaks down
connective tissue
Hydrochloric Acid
•decalcifies bones•breaks down
connective tissue•hydrolyzes proteins
•decalcifies bones•breaks down
connective tissue•hydrolyzes proteins
Hydrochloric AcidHydrochloric Acid
• decalcifies bones• breaks down
connective tissue• hydrolyzes proteins• kills disease
organisms
• decalcifies bones• breaks down
connective tissue• hydrolyzes proteins• kills disease
organisms
Pepsin•Enzyme•Made by stomach glands
•Breaks down protein at low pH
Implications?
Large Intestine?
Variability in Intestine Design
Carp Catfish TroutSturgeon(Spiral Valve)
Stomach
Intestine
Cecae
Definitions
• Planktivore: Eats plankton• Piscivore: Eats fish• Herbivore: Eats plants• Omnivore: Eats a little of everything• Detritivore: Eats bottom goo• Insectivore: Eats insects• Carnivore: Meat (insects and fish too…)
IntestineLength
• Piscivores: 1 x body length
• Herbivores: 2 x body length
• Planktivores: 5-13 x body
• Omnivores: 2-4 x body
• Detritivores: 10-15 x body
Intestinal Secretions
•Bicarbonate to neutralize the acid
•Produces correct pH for other digestive enzymes that come from the…
Pancreas1. Endocrine: Insulin
for blood sugar control (Brockman bodies)
2. Exocrine: Digestive enzymes
Pancreatic Islet: Insulin
ZymogenGranules
ExocrinePancreas
Trypsin: proteinsLipases: fatsTrypsin: proteinsLipases: fats
Adipose Tissue
ExocrinePancreasExocrinePancreas
Trypsin: proteinsLipases: fatsAmylases: starches
Trypsin: proteinsLipases: fatsAmylases: starches
ExocrinePancreasExocrinePancreas
LiverGallBladder
= Liver cells
= Bile ducts
= Blood
Liver cells arranged in plates
= Liver cells
= Bile ducts
= Blood
Liver cells arranged in tubes
The LiverSecretes Bile
Fat Bile
Bile
•Exocrine Pancreas
•Bile•What else?
Liver Functions
• Vitamin storage: A (years worth!), D, B12 (months worth).
• Iron storage: Iron is needed to make hemoglobin and some enzymes. Free iron levels in the blood are kept very low to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
• Detoxification: Toxic compounds from food and blood are metabolized into nontoxic (hopefully!) compounds.
Liver Functions (metabolism)• Carbohydrate metabolism: Storage of sugar
as glycogen, production of sugar from other molecules, conversion of sugar types to other sugar types. Maintains blood sugar levels.
• Fat metabolism: Fat storage, conversion of carbos to fat, production of cholesterol,
• Protein metabolism: Produces plasma proteins (albumen, clotting, immune function), makes egg yolk (vitellogenin), amino acid conversion.
Glycogen Lipid
Liver Functions (energy storage)
Yikes !
Digestive System Design
•Lips•Teeth•Pharyngeal teeth•Gill rakers•Stomach design (acids and enzymes)
•Intestine length•Digestive enzyme emphasis (and
bicarb)
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