Study of Biology - Augusta County Public Schools of Biology copyright cmassengale. 2 What is...

Study of Biology

copyright cmassengale

What is Biology?

Biology is the study of all living things

Living things are called organisms Organisms include bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, & animals

All Living Things Share Common Characteristics

1. Basic Unit is the Cell

2. They Reproduce

3. All Based On Universal Genetic Code (DNA)

4. Grow & Develop

Common Characteristics

5. Obtain & Use Materials & Energy

6. Respond To Their Environment 7. Maintain A Stable Internal

Environment 8. AS A GROUP, Living Things

Evolve, That Is They Change Over Time

Characteristics of Organisms

All Organisms are made of Cells

Facts About Cells Cells are the smallest living unit of an organism

All cells contain living material called cytoplasm

All cells are surrounded by a cell membrane that controls what enters & leaves the cell

More Cell Facts Cells are complex & highly organized

Cells have parts called organelles that do different jobs

e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars

More Cell Facts The simplest cells are called Prokaryotes

These cells DO NOT have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

Bacteria are examples

More Cell Facts More complex cells are called Eukaryotes

These cells DO have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Plants, animals, protists, & fungi are examples

Organisms are Grouped by their Number of Cells

Unicellular Organisms – Living Organism Made Up Of One

Multicellular Organisms – Living Organism Made Up Of

Many, Specialized Cells

Organisms Reproduce to Pass on their Genetic

Traits

Two Types of Reproduction

Sexual Reproduction Involves 2 parents

Egg fertilized by sperm to make a ZYGOTE

Offspring DIFFERENT from parents

Two Types of Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction Involves a single organism or cell

Cell divides

Offspring IDENTICAL to parent

Cells Have a Genetic Code

Genetic Code

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) carries the genetic code for all organisms

All organisms contain DNA

DNA codes for the proteins that make up cells & do all the work

Organisms Grow & Develop

Growth & Development

Organisms grow by producing MORE CELLS & by cell ENLARGEMENT

Organisms develop as they mature into an adult organism

Cells Require Food & Energy

Food Requirements Autotrophs can make their own food

Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make food (photosynthesis)

Chemoautotrophs use chemicals such as iron & sulfur as their energy

Food Requirements

Heterotrophs can NOT make their own food

They must consume other organisms

Herbivores eat plants

Carnivores eat meat

Omnivores eat plants & animals

Metabolism

Sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism

All require energy

Sunlight is the ultimate energy for life on Earth

Metabolism

Cellular Respiration

– Cells releasing the chemical energy stored in foods

6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O

Organisms Respond to Stimuli

Organisms Respond to stimuli (Temperature, Water, Food Supplies, etc.) In Order To Survive & Reproduce

Homeostasis

Keeping The Internal Environment (Homeostasis) Of The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges Required For Life Stable internal conditions of pH, temperature, water balance, etc.

Living Things Evolve

Groups Of Organisms (Not Individuals) Change Over Time In Order To Survive Within Changing Environments. Fossil records show changes in groups of organisms

Life is Organized on Several Levels

Levels Atoms Molecules Organelles Cells – life starts here Tissues Organs System Organism

Levels

Population

Community

Ecosystem

Biosphere

30 copyright cmassengale

31 copyright cmassengale

Study of Biology - Augusta County Public Schools of Biology copyright cmassengale. 2 What is...

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