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Adaptation-How Animals Survive
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Types of animals
Based on the absence or presence of backbone , animalscan be divided
1. Animals with Backbone (Vertebrates )
2. Animals without Backbone (Invertebrates)
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InvertebratesAnimals that do not have a backbone are called
invertebrates.
Examples are insects like spider and scorpion, Worms,and slug and snail.
Insects have six legs and their body is divided intothree parts: head, thorax, and abdomen.
Most insects have a hard outer covering made up of amaterial called chitin.
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Vertebrates Vertebrates can be divided into
1. Fish2. Amphibians3. Reptiles
4. Birds5. Mammals
Fish, amphibians, and reptiles are cold-bloodedanimals. This means that their body temperaturechanges with the change in the temperature of the
surroundingWarm blooded animals :Animals that have same
temperature inside the body all the time. Birds and mammals are warm-blooded animals
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Vertebrates
1. Fish
Live in water
Breathe through gills Have fins to swim
Body is covered by scale
Are cold-blooded animals
Examples : cod,shark,mackerel
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Vertebrates2. Amphibians
Lives both on land and water
Breathe both through lungs and moist skin
Are cold-blooded animals Example : Frog, toad, newt
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Vertebrates
3. Reptiles Live mainly on land.
Have scaly skins and reproduce by laying eggs. arereptiles.
Are cold-blooded animals
Examples : Lizard, snake, and crocodile
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Vertebrates4. Birds
Birds have a light body.
They are covered with feathers.
They have wings that help them to f ly. Are warm-blooded animals
Examples : Crow, sparrow, eagle, etc.
Birds like ostrich, kiwi, and penguin cannot fly because
they have a heavy body. They are called flightless birds. Hummingbird is the smallest bird in the world.
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Vertebrates5. Mammals
Animals that give birth to babies (except the platypusand anteater).
Their bodies have hair and the mothers suckle theiryoung ones.
They breathe through lungs and have four limbs.
Are warm-blooded animals.,
Examples : Human, elephant, horse, cow, dog.
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Animals based on place they live
Based on where animals live ,they are grouped
Terrestrial Animals Live on land
Aquatic animals Live in water
Amphibians Live on both on land and in water
Arboreal animals Lives mostly on tree
Aerial animals Fly and spend a lot of time in the air
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Terrestrial AnimalsAnimals that live on land are called terrestrial animals.
These animals have features suitable for life on land.
They have legs which help them to walk on land, and
most of them have lungs as their breathing organ.
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Terrestrial Animals
Animals have adapted to live in different climaticconditions.
Freezing condition :Animals have a thick layer of fatcalled blubber under their skin to keep their body warm.
Example: Seal, penguin, and Walrus are adapted to live infreezing conditions
Seal Penguin
Walrus
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Terrestrial Animals Cold Places: Animals that live in very cold places have
thick fur on their body, which protects them from cold.
Example: It is cold on the mountains and in the polarregions. A yak lives in the mountains and a polar bearlives in polar region.
Yak Polar bearwww.reflectivelearn.com
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Terrestrial Animals Desert: Animals living in deserts have very little hair
on their body. These animals have certain adaptationsthat prevent water loss from their bodies.
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Terrestrial Animals Hibernation :Animals like bear, frog, and snake
become inactive in cold winter months, since thefood is also scarce. This inactivity during wintermonths or winter sleep is called hibernation
Aestivation :Slowing down of activity or settlingdown to along sleep by some animals during the
hot summer months.
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Aquatic AnimalsAnimals that live in water are called aquatic
animals.
Most aquatic animals breathe through gills,
except whales and dolphins, which breathethrough lungs.
Most aquatic animals have fins or paddles thathelp them to swim.
Example : Fish, octopus, turtle, and crab
Turtle Octopus Crabwww.reflectivelearn.com
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AmphibiansAnimals that live both on land and in water. The back legs of a frog and toad are stronger than
their front legs. This helps them to jump, which ishow they move on land.
They have webbed feet that help them to swim inwater.
Example : Toad, Frog
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Toad
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Arboreal animals Land animals that live mostly on trees are called
arboreal animals.
They have sharp claws to climb up and down thebranches and usually have strong, muscular limbsand a tail for holding on to the branches.
Example : Monkey , koala bear.
Koala bearwww.reflectivelearn.com
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Aerial animals
Animals that can fly and spend a lot of their time in the airare called aerial animals. Their hollow bones make their bodies light. They have one set of limbs modified as wings to help them
fly.
The body shape of aerial animals is such that they able tocut through the air easily.
In the cold winter months, when the food become scarcemany birds fly towards warmer countries in search of food
and warmth. This mass movement of birds from a colder toa warmer place is called migration
Example :Almost all birds, except flightless birds, Bats
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Animal Group based on food they eat. Based on the type of food animals eat, they can be
divided into five main groups
1. Herbivores : Animals that eat plants
2. Carnivores : Animals that eat the flesh of other animals
3. Omnivores :Animals that eat plants as well as the fleshof other animals
4. Scavengers : Flesh eating animals that feed on the fleshof dead animals
5. Parasites : Some small animals get their food fromother living organisms
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Herbivores
Animals that eat plants are calledherbivores.
Theyhave sharp teeth for biting andcutting, and very strong teeth for grindingas plant food needs to be chewed a lot as it is very richin a substance called cellulose.
Example :Horse, Cow
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Carnivores Animals that eat the flesh of other
animals are called Carnivores.
Most carnivorous animals have very
sharp teeth for tearing out the flesh ofits prey.
Example :Lion, tiger, snake, and lizard
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Omnivores, Scavengers
Animals that eat plants as well as the flesh of otheranimals are called Omnivores
Example :Crow ,bear and Human beings
Scavengers are some flesh-eating animals feed on theflesh of dead animals.
Example :Vulture, hyena
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Adaptations for protection
Many animals have adapted themselves to theenvironment and to protect themselves from theirenemies.
1. Animals like elephant and hippopotamus have thick skin toprotect themselves from the hot climate.
2. Some animals have very strong legs and are able to run very fastand can easily run away from danger. For example, deer andgazelle
3. Some animals like chameleon, zebra, arctic fox, polar bear, andfrog can trick their enemies because their body colour easilyblends with their surroundings, thus confusing their enemies.
This is known as camouflaging.4. A chameleon can also change its body colour according to the
surroundings. Grasshopper and the stick insect are otherexamples of animals that show perfect camouflage.
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Extinct and Endangered animals
Some animals like the Dodo has already disappearedfrom the Earth. Such animals are called extinctanimals
Animals like the Giant Panda and tiger are in danger ofbecoming extinct. Such animals are called endangeredanimals.
www reflectivelearn comGi t P d
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