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8/10/2019 Tansformer Online Monitoring
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Transformer OnTransformer On--LineLine
MonitoringMonitoringRowland JamesRowland James
EntergyEntergyNovember 8, 2004November 8, 2004
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ProloguePrologue
Why OnWhy On--Line Monitoring & Diagnostics?Line Monitoring & Diagnostics? Aging and Failure ModesAging and Failure Modes
Failure StatisticsFailure Statistics
Current Monitoring & Analysis MethodsCurrent Monitoring & Analysis Methods
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Why OnWhy On--Line Monitoring & Diagnostics?Line Monitoring & Diagnostics?
Aging FleetAging Fleet
Reducing Probability of Catastrophic FailureReducing Probability of Catastrophic Failure Reducing NonReducing Non--Catastrophic Unscheduled OutagesCatastrophic Unscheduled Outages
Deferring Capital Costs of Upgrades/ ReplacementsDeferring Capital Costs of Upgrades/ Replacements
Extending Overall Life of EquipmentExtending Overall Life of Equipment
Allowing ShortAllowing Short--Term OverloadingTerm Overloading
Reducing O&M CostsReducing O&M Costs
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Insulating FluidInsulating Fluid
2 Main Purposes:2 Main Purposes: Dielectric InsulatorDielectric Insulator
Thermal TransferThermal Transfer
Additional Benefit:Additional Benefit: Transport Vehicle for Telltale Gases & Acoustical SignalsTransport Vehicle for Telltale Gases & Acoustical Signals
Combustible Gases are Released under Very SpecificCombustible Gases are Released under Very Specific
CircumstancesCircumstances
Transformer AgingTransformer Aging
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Winding Insulation (i.e., Paper/ Cellulose)Winding Insulation (i.e., Paper/ Cellulose)
The One Component with NonThe One Component with Non--Reversible LifeReversible Life
CharacteristicCharacteristic It Will Age.It Will Age.
Factors Affecting Life of Cellulose:Factors Affecting Life of Cellulose: HeatHeat
Paper Moisture (Main Source of Degradation)Paper Moisture (Main Source of Degradation)
Oxygen Content of OilOxygen Content of Oil
Transformer Aging (contd.)Transformer Aging (contd.)
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Failure StatisticsFailure Statistics Outage Rates Generally RisingOutage Rates Generally Rising
Approximately 1.45% Prior to 1990Approximately 1.45% Prior to 1990
Approximately 5.5% After 1990Approximately 5.5% After 1990
Costs of Outages Due to RepairsCosts of Outages Due to Repairs Major FailuresMajor Failures
$1.5 million After Event Vs. $200k+ via Early Detection$1.5 million After Event Vs. $200k+ via Early Detection
Catastrophic FailuresCatastrophic Failures $5+ million Post Event Vs. $200k+ via Early Detection$5+ million Post Event Vs. $200k+ via Early Detection
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Current Monitoring MethodsCurrent Monitoring Methods ThermalThermal
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)
ManualManual
OnOn--LineLine Moisture DetectionMoisture Detection
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Current Monitoring Methods ( contd.)Current Monitoring Methods ( contd.)
BushingsBushings
LTC Oil Dielectric StrengthLTC Oil Dielectric Strength
Acoustical AnalysisAcoustical Analysis
Other Traditional MethodsOther Traditional Methods
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ThermalThermal Top & Bottom OilTop & Bottom Oil
Winding Temperature (Direct, Calculated orWinding Temperature (Direct, Calculated orSimulated)Simulated)
Ambient Temperature (remote from any heatAmbient Temperature (remote from any heatsource in the substation)source in the substation)
Control Cabinet TemperatureControl Cabinet Temperature
Tank Temperature (surface mount)Tank Temperature (surface mount)
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Dissolved Gas AnalysisDissolved Gas AnalysisDGADGA Biggest Bang for the Buck!Biggest Bang for the Buck!
InexpensiveInexpensive
Very Sensitive to Changes in Main TankVery Sensitive to Changes in Main Tank
Can be applied to LTCs and OCBsCan be applied to LTCs and OCBs
Extremely ReliableExtremely Reliable
TrendableTrendable
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Dissolved Gas Analysis (contd.)Dissolved Gas Analysis (contd.)
New TechnologiesNew Technologies
On Line DGA/ Fault GasOn Line DGA/ Fault Gas
On Line Hydrogen & MoistureOn Line Hydrogen & Moisture
Some Suppliers GESome Suppliers GE--Hydran, Morgan &Hydran, Morgan &SchaeferSchaefer
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BushingsBushings Manual Power Factor measurements (Doble,Manual Power Factor measurements (Doble,
Vanguard, Omicron, Biddle, etc.)Vanguard, Omicron, Biddle, etc.) Capacitance tap bushing monitor. (DobleCapacitance tap bushing monitor. (Doble
continuous measurement, others may requirecontinuous measurement, others may require
site visits in order to download data. (Cutlersite visits in order to download data. (Cutler
Hammer, ZTZ)Hammer, ZTZ)
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LTC/TCULLTC/TCUL Dielectric Strength Tester (onDielectric Strength Tester (on--line Developedline Developed
by MIT & Entergy)by MIT & Entergy) Contact Wear Indicator (EPRI R&D project)Contact Wear Indicator (EPRI R&D project)
DGA for LTCDGA for LTC Infrared MonitoringInfrared Monitoring
Differential Temperature MonitoringDifferential Temperature Monitoring
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Fans & PumpsFans & Pumps PumpsPumps apply bearing wear indicators toapply bearing wear indicators to
pump. Monitor voltage, current & flow.pump. Monitor voltage, current & flow. FansFans -- Monitor voltage, current and/ orMonitor voltage, current and/ or
employ air flow indicator.employ air flow indicator.
Cycle lead and lag for fans (back up withCycle lead and lag for fans (back up with
mechanical control)mechanical control)
NonNon--monitoring issue but important for fansmonitoring issue but important for fans totally enclose fan cages to prevent birdtotally enclose fan cages to prevent bird
cages.cages.
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Voltage & CurrentVoltage & Current Use for Dynamic loading and Loss of lifeUse for Dynamic loading and Loss of life
calculationscalculations CurrentCurrent Clip on CTs (1:1) but hard wiredClip on CTs (1:1) but hard wired
CTs more reliable (if transient measurementsCTs more reliable (if transient measurements
desired)desired)
VoltageVoltage use existing PTs, BPTs or CCVTsuse existing PTs, BPTs or CCVTs
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Partial Discharge DetectionPartial Discharge Detection AcousticAcoustic short term testing (portableshort term testing (portable
magnetic accelerometers). Use formagnetic accelerometers). Use forbenchmarking and trouble investigationsbenchmarking and trouble investigations(gassing also detectable)(gassing also detectable)
Permanent installations for desiredPermanent installations for desired
continuous monitoring (bushing mounted)continuous monitoring (bushing mounted)
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Monitoring LevelsMonitoring Levels11
Generator Step Ups (base load) &Generator Step Ups (base load) &Transmission Autotransformers,Transmission Autotransformers,
CriticalityCriticality -- HighHigh
MaximumMaximum MonitoringMonitoring
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Monitoring Levels (contd.)Monitoring Levels (contd.)
22
High MVA, Peaking GSUsHigh MVA, Peaking GSUs
CriticalityCriticality
ModerateModerate
Medium MonitoringMedium Monitoring
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Monitoring Levels (contd.)Monitoring Levels (contd.)33
Specific casesSpecific casesCritical loads & Processes such asCritical loads & Processes such as
Oil Refineries, Chemical Plants,Oil Refineries, Chemical Plants,
Medical Facilities, Military InstallationsMedical Facilities, Military Installations
Maximum to Medium MonitoringMaximum to Medium Monitoring
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Monitoring Levels (contd.)Monitoring Levels (contd.)
44
Normal use ageNormal use age
Conventional MonitoringConventional Monitoring
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New vs. RetrofitNew vs. Retrofit NewNew Factory installed ( should be coveredFactory installed ( should be covered
in purchase specification). Additional thermalin purchase specification). Additional thermalwells, etc.wells, etc.
RetrofitRetrofit Additional thermal wells (add toAdditional thermal wells (add to
radiators?); magnetic RTDsradiators?); magnetic RTDs
PumpsPumps Replace GER/ Harley/ CardinalReplace GER/ Harley/ Cardinal
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Data Handling & StorageData Handling & Storage Information vs. dataInformation vs. data
Expert SystemExpert System Local and RemoteLocal and Remote
CommunicationsCommunications
LocalLocal --LAN, Fiber Optics, Twisted PairLAN, Fiber Optics, Twisted Pair RemoteRemote WAN, Fiber Optics, Twisted Pair,WAN, Fiber Optics, Twisted Pair,
SatelliteSatellite
HMI local and/ or RemoteHMI local and/ or Remote
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ConclusionConclusionWhy TransformerWhy Transformer
OnOn--Line Monitoring?Line Monitoring?
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