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8/7/2019 TCN Lecture 1
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TOPICS IN COMPUTER
NETWORKSBy
Mr. Fasee Ullah
CUSIT Peshawar
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AGENDA OF THE PRESENTATION
Introduction to wireless networking
Wireless Sensor Networks
Mobile Adhoc Networks
Wimax
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INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKING
Mainly two kinds of networking possible
Wired based
Wireless based
Wired based networking is not flexible & notfeasible for movement purposes
Wireless based networking is flexible and feasible
for movement purposes
In wireless based communication, every node(communicating device) has independent &
autonomous to communicate with other nodes or
base station
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INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKING
CONTD
If a user, application or company wishes to make
data portable, mobile and accessible
then wireless networking is the answer
A wireless networking system would free of thedowntime you would normally have in a wired
network due to cable problems
It would also save time and money due to the fact
that spare the expense of installing a lot of cables Also, if a client computer needs to change place
to another part of the office then all you need to
do is move the machine with the wireless
network card
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INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS NETWORKING
CONTD
Wireless networking can prove to be very useful in publicplaces
Libraries
guest houses
hotels
Cafeterias
schools are all places where one might find wireless access to the
Internet
From a financial point of view, this is beneficial to both theprovider and the client
The provider would offer the service for a charge probably on
a pay per use system, and the client would be able to takeadvantage of this service in a convenient location; away fromthe office or home
A drawback of wireless Internet is that the QoS (Quality ofService) is not guaranteed
if there is any interference with the link then the connectionmay be dropped.
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TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORKS
WLANS: Wireless Local Area Networks
y WLANS allow users in a local area, such as a university campus or library,
to form a network or gain access to the internet
y A temporary network can be formed by a small number of users without
the need of an access point
WPANS: Wireless Personal Area Networks
y two current technologies for wireless personal area networks are InfraRed (IR) and Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15)
y These will allow the connectivity of personal devices within an area of
about 30 feet
y However, IR requires a direct line of site and the range is less
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TYPES OF WIRELESS NETWORKS
CONTD
WMANS: Wireless Metropolitan AreaNetworks
y This technology allows the connection of multiplenetworks in a metropolitan area such as different
buildings in a city, which can be an alternative orbackup to laying copper or fibre cabling.
WWANS: Wireless Wide Area Networks
y These types of networks can be maintained over large
areas, such as cities or countries, via multiplesatellite systems or antenna sites looked after by anISP
y These types of systems are referred to as 2G (2ndGeneration) systems.
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Meters Networks
0 --- 10 Personal Area Network
0 --- 100 Local Area Network
0 --- 1000 Wide Wireless Area Network
Below table shows various wireless network ranges
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UNDERSTANDING THE 802.11 FAMILY
802.11
y This standard first appeared in the 1990s
y developed by the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers (IEEE)
y It has expanded to be one of the leading technologies in thewireless world.
802.11
y Using either FHSS (frequency hopping spread spectrum) orDSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum)
y this provides a 1 to 2 Mbps transmission rate on the 2.4GHzband
802.11a
y Using the OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)
y this provides up to 54Mbps and runs on the 5GHz band
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802.11b
y Also known as Wi-Fi or High Rate 802.11
y Uses DSSS and applies to wireless LANs
y
Commonly used for private use, at homey Provides an 11 Mbps transmission rate
802.11g
y This provides a 20+ Mbps transmission rate
y Applies to LANs
y Runs on the 2.4GHz band.
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WIRELESS DATA INFRASTRUCTURE
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
Sensor Node
A sensor is a device that has the capability of sensing toreceive a signal and responds to that signal in individualmanner
Sensor network consists of multiple detection stations
called sensor nodes each of them is
y smaller in size
y short range distance (typically 10 feet)
y low power consumption
y low storage capacity
y light weighty Portable
Wireless sensor networks are quickly gaining popularitydue to the fact that they are potentially low cost solutionsto a variety of real-world challenges [1].
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ABERKELEY SENSOR DEVICE
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APPLICATIONSMilitaryMilitary Monitoring, surveillance, Targeting...Monitoring, surveillance, Targeting...
EnvironmentalEnvironmental Detection, MonitoringDetection, Monitoring
HealthHealth MonitoringMonitoring
HomeHome AutomationAutomation
Environmental control in Office buildings
TrafficTraffic Surveillance andSurveillance and Vehicle tracking Industrial automation
Robot control
Monitoring of weather conditions etcetc
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MILITARY
From UMASS
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ENVIRONMENTAL
From UMASS
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FUTURE HEALTH
Circulatory Net
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COMMUNICATION OF SENSOR
NETWORKS
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WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
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PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION (1)Proactive
First Compute all Routes;
Then Route
Reactive
Compute Routes On-Demand
Hybrid
First Compute all Routes;
Then Improve While Routing
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PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION (2)Direct
Node and Sink Communicate
Directly(Fast, Small Scale)
Flat (Equal)
Random Indirect Route(Fast Around Sink; Medium Scale)
Clustering (Hierarchical) Route Thru Distinguished Nodes
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PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION (3)Location Aware
Nodes knows where they are
Location-Less
Nodes location is unimportant
Mobility Aware
Nodes may move
Sources; Sinks; All
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PROTOCOL CLASSIFICATION (4)Unicast
One-to-One Message Passing
Multicast (actually Local Broadcast)
Node-to-Neighbors Message Passing
Broadcast
Full-Mesh Source to Everyone
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MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORKS (MANET)
A network of hosts, connected by wireless links
y Hosts are mobile
Network established without a pre-existing
infrastructure Routes between nodes may potentially contain
multiple hops
Sometimes known mobile mesh network
Self-configuring network of mobile devicesconnected by wireless links
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MANET EXAMPLE
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MANET USAGE AREAS
Military scenarios
Sensor networks
Rescue operations
Students on campus Free Internet connection sharing
Conferences
The main two characteristics are mobility and
multihop
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MANET VARIATIONS
Fully Symmetric Environment
all nodes have identical capabilities andresponsibilities
Asymmetric Capabilities
y transmission ranges and radios may differ
y battery life at different nodes may differ
y processing capacity may be different at differentnodes
y speed of movement
Asymmetric Responsibilities
y only some nodes may route packets
y some nodes may act as leaders of nearby nodes (e.g.,cluster head)
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Traffic characteristics may differ in different ad
hoc networks
y bit rate
y suitability constraints
y reliability requirements
y unicast / multicast / geocast
May co-exist (and co-operate) with an
infrastructure-based network
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SENSOR
NETWORK ANDAD HOC NETWORK
In sensor network, a number of sensor nodes
have higher scale then the nodes in ad hoc
network.
Sensor nodes are used in very denseenvironment.
The topology of sensor networks changed very
frequently.
The communication pattern of sensor nodes
message broadcasting while ad hoc network
transmits messages hop by hop.
Sensor nodes have limitations of power, memory,
computational capacities.
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GLOBAL WIRELESS STANDARDS
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ADDITIONAL STANDARDS OF WIMAX
(IEEE 802.16)
Standards of WiMAX are in work & will cover:
802.16b Quality of service
802.16c Interoperability, with protocols and
test-suite structures 802.16d fixing things not covered by 802.11c,
which is the standard for developing access
points,
802.16e Support for mobile as well as fixedbroadband
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WIMAX FORUMVISION
Create a global mass market for deployment of
broadband wireless networks that will enable
y fixed,
y Portable
y mobile users to maintain high-speed
Provides connectivity wherever they go
To lead the access anywhere revolution
supporting
y delivery of data
y voice and video applications at home, in the office
and on the go
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WIMAX: HOW WILL IT COMPARE?
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BROADBAND MOBILITY FIELD TRAILS
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WIMAX USAGE AREAS
Security
y Surveillance video cameras
y Vehicle location
Operationsy Sensors for traffic & environment
y Emergency facilities
y Real-time traffic management
Passenger Services
y High-speed Internet access
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