TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER...A line graph shows the relationship between two variables. Both...

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs

Name: ___________________________ Date: ______________ Period: _______________

Scientific Instruments and Measurement

S8.A.2.2

Getting the idea…

� Scientific instruments allow scientists to make observations and

measurements.

� They allow the scientists to carry out the experiment.

� They can enhance your abilities, such as helping you see smaller or more

distant objects than you ordinarily would be able to see.

Tables

� A table displays information in rows and columns so that it is easier to read

and understand.

� Tables are a quick way to pick out the facts or make comparisons.

Table 4 – Endangered Animal

Species in the US

Year Number of

Endangered

Species

1980 174

1984 192

1988 245

1992 284

1996 324

Graphs

� A graph is used to collect, organize and summarize data in a visual way.

� A graph allows the relationship between data to be seen more clearly.

� There are three common types of graphs:

� Line

� Bar

� Circle

Graphing Must Haves

� Every graph must have the following:

� Descriptive title

� Label on the x-axis

� Label on the y-axis

� Numbers on the x or y axis must be evenly distributed (example 0, 2, 4, 6 or

0, 5, 10, 15)

TEACHER COPY – RETURN TO TEACHER

0

100

200

300

400

1980 1984 1988 1992 1996

Nu

mb

er

of

spe

cie

s

Year

US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

� The graph must take up the entire space

� In other words you must space your data out over the x and y axis

Line Graph

� A line graph shows the relationship between two variables.

� Both variables in a line graph must be numbers.

� Horizontal axis – x axis

� Independent variable

� Vertical axis – y axis

� Dependent variable

Bar Graph

� A bar graph uses rectangular blocks, or bars, of varying sizes to show the

relationships among variables.

� One variable is divided into parts

� The second variable must be a number

Circle Graph

� A circle graph shows the parts of a whole

� Circle graphs can be called pie graphs

� Each piece of the pie represents a fraction of the total

� To make a circle graph each piece must show a fraction of the circle or a

fraction of 360 degrees.

0

50

100

Nu

mb

er

of

Sp

eci

es

Animals

US Endangered Species

per Animal Group

Birds

26%

Fish

23%Mamals

21%

Clams

20%

Insects

10%US Endangered Species per

Calendar Year

Microscopes

� Microscope were designed in 1590

� They are used in making small objects appear larger

� Compound light microscopes – use lenses and mirrors to increase the size of

(magnify) the image you see

� They make images 2,000 times larger

Microscopes

� Electron microscopes – are larger, more powerful microscopes

� They magnify objects 450,000 times their size

� Use electrons instead of light

Microscopes

� Scanning tunneling microscope – creates a 3-D image of the specimen

Measurement

� Ruler – measures distance or length

� Length is the distance between two points

� Measuring tape – bends and can be wrapped around a curved object

Reading a Ruler

� 1/16”

� 1/8”

� ¼”

� ½”

� 1”

Reading a Ruler

� The larger numbers are centimeters

� The small lines are millimeters

� 10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

Mass

� Mass is the amount of matter in the object

� Larger objects kilogram (kg)

� Smaller objects gram (g)

� Pan balance

� Triple beam balance

� Both measure mass

Reading a triple beam balance

� First move the sliders to zero (0)

� The first beam reads in one gram

� The tick marks are 0.1 grams

� The second beam reads in 10 grams

� The third beam reads in 100 grams

� Once you move the sliders you must place it inside of the notch for an

accurate reading

� You will then move the sliders until the lines are even on the right side

� Add all numbers together

Density

� Density is a measure of the mass of an object divided by its volume

� Usually given in grams per cubic centimeter

� An object more dense than water will sink

� An object less dense than water will float

Time

� Stopwatch

� Clock

Volume

� Volume – the amount of space an object occupies

� Graduated Cylinder

� Read the meniscus – the lowest point in the dip of the liquid as it sits in the

graduated cylinder

� Beaker

Weight

� Weight is a measurement of force

� Spring Scale

Thermometer

� Measures temperature

� Temperature is a measure of the energy of motion

� Three Scales

� Celsius

� Kelvin

� Fahrenheit

Binoculars and Telescope

� Reveal the details of faraway objects

Computers and Calculators

� Organize data and make graphs