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TechnologyTechnology in in
Disaster Management Disaster Management
Shyma S GShyma S GAssistant ProfessorSt. Pius X College
Rajapuram
What is Disaster Management?What is Disaster Management?
Preparedness -- activities prior to a disaster.Examples: preparedness plans; emergency exercises/training; warning systems.
Response -- activities during a disaster.Examples: public warning systems; emergency operations; search and rescue.
Recovery -- activities following a disaster.Examples: temporary housing; claims processing and grants; long-term medical care and counseling.
Mitigation - activities that reduce the effects of disasters.Examples: building codes and zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education.
India and Natural DisastersIndia and Natural Disasters
India is one of the most disaster prone countries in the India is one of the most disaster prone countries in the worldworld..
Over 65% land area vulnerable to earthquake;
70% of land under cultivation prone to drought;
5% of land (40 million hectares) to floods;
8% of land (8,000 km coastline) to cyclones.
A Major Disaster occurs every 2-3 years;
50 million people affected annually
1 million houses damaged annually along with human,social and other losses
During 1985-2003, the annual average damage due to natural disasters has been estimated at 70 million USD
Source: Ministry of Agriculture, GOI: BMTPC, Ministry of Urban Development, GOISource: Ministry of Agriculture, GOI: BMTPC, Ministry of Urban Development, GOI
Date: December 26, 2004
Large earthquake strikes off the tip of Sumatra, Indonesia 07:00 hrs
Seismological Station relays data of seaquake from
seismometer center07:06 hrs
Center revises magnitude to 8.5, mentions potential for tsunami
08:04 hrs
Sources: NYT, Sunday Times, Tamilnet,
Disaster Management in India Disaster Management in India
Paradigm shift from relief and recovery to Risk & Vulnerability managementIntroducing culture of preparedness at all levelsStrengthen decentralized response capacity in the country Empowerment of vulnerable groups and ensuring livelihoodsLearning from past disasters.
Role of Technology in Disaster ManagementRole of Technology in Disaster Management
To catalyze the process of preparedness, response and mitigation.Providing access to vital information on Disaster preparedness to citizens. GIS based decision support system for planning.Designing early warning system.Emergency communication for timely relief & response measures.Building Knowledge Warehouses to facilitate planning and policy making.
Key Challenge - Information is Scattered
Law Enforcement Data Exchanges
Criminal Justice, Corrections Agencies
Regional Centers of Operations
Central,Regional,
Fire Dept, Early Responders, Other Disciplines
InformationRequirements
Enabling the Possibilities
We must collect, integrate, and analyze the scattered pieces of data and information required to assemble the big picture
Emergency Information Management
•Defined as the collection, consolidation, analysis and dissemination of the information — requires that the emergency manager be fully cognizant of the needs of the eventual users of the information.
•Effective emergency information management requires concerted planning, organizing, controlling, and influencing of human, material, and information resources to endure that information is disseminated to the right decision-makers at the right time to satisfy those needs.
Role of Disaster information system in various phases of Role of Disaster information system in various phases of Disaster ManagementDisaster Management
•Risk & vulnerability identification•Risk & vulnerability identification
– A database of past disasters effects to determine the risks in particular geographic location.
– Zoning of hazards using GIS. – Validating the disaster history database with
hazard maps and other external data for accuracy in risk assessment.
•Preparedness for response & recovery•Preparedness for response & recovery
– Database of existing skilled human & material resources for emergency response.
– Database on human resources trained on various aspects of disaster management.
– Develop preparedness plans based on risk, available skill & resources.
– Converting Disaster Management plans into electronic documents for easy accessibility and easy updating.
•Mitigation strategies and policies•Mitigation strategies and policies
– Mitigation strategies, policies and legislation based on statistical facts & figures from various databases.
– Development of a virtual knowledge net for creation of a network of institutions, developmental organizations and Government dept. for information sharing and preserving the research efforts.
Information systems frameworkInformation systems frameworkfor Disaster Managementfor Disaster Management
Reducing disaster losses & conserving developmental gainsReducing disaster losses & conserving developmental gains
Planning & Policy decision for disaster preparedness &
mitigation
Hazard mapping &
Vulnerability Assessment
Database of disaster history
for trend & pattern analysis
Database of disaster
management plan.
Awareness & training
materials
Inventory of legal,
techno legal, administrative
and institutional framework
11
22
33
44
Quick emergency response & recovery
Human & material response
resources database
Database of Infrastructure,
lifelines & critical facilities.
Database of trained human
resources.
Demographic information
GIS based information
system
44
33
22
11
elem
ents
Knowledge base for disaster managementKnowledge base for disaster management
Facilitating
55
55
ContentContent
• India Disaster Resource Network
• Disaster Inventory
• GIS in Disaster Management
• Emergency Communication plan
• Use of ICT at community level
• Proposed incident surveillance system
Online inventory of resources for Online inventory of resources for disaster response preparednessdisaster response preparedness
The biggest problem for disaster The biggest problem for disaster managers to respond to disasters is managers to respond to disasters is
quickly mobilizing equipments, human quickly mobilizing equipments, human resources and critical supplies to the resources and critical supplies to the
emergency spot.emergency spot.
•When disasters strike:When disasters strike:
• Disaster managers needs lot of specialized equipments and skilled human
resources for quick response.
•When disasters strike:When disasters strike:
• Delay in response may result in increased loss of lives and livelihoods.
•When disasters strike:When disasters strike:
• There is a lack of knowledge of whereabouts of these resources either in
the neighboring District or State.
Online resource inventory for disaster managementOnline resource inventory for disaster management
• National initiative under the Govt. of India-UNDP DRM programme in collaboration with National Informatics Center, Government of India.
• Online database for capturing the countrywide inventory of equipments and skilled human resources for emergency response.
• A database to minimize emergency response time by effective decision making on mobilization of human & material resources.
• Systematic data collection & collation from Govt. line departments ,Public Sector Units, Corporate sector etc at the district level.
•The Progress…The Progress…• Decentralized resource inventory being managed by the districts.
• 80000 records from 565 districts of 35 States/UTs already been captured.
• Districts are updating their inventory quarterly.
• Partnership with Builders’ Association of India (BAI) for Corporate Sector resource inventory.
ContentContent
• India Disaster Resource Network
• Disaster Inventory
• GIS in Disaster Management
• Emergency Communication plan
• Use of ICT at community level
• Proposed incident surveillance system
Disaster Inventory Database- Objectives
• A database of disasters to understand trends and patterns.
• Capturing ‘Local’ level disaster data to understand the emerging risks at the local level.
• Geo-referenced inventory of small, medium and large-scale disasters to understand trends and patterns.
• To support planning & policy decisions for disaster preparedness and mitigation with statistical evidences.
• Providing an objective base for vulnerability assessment and priority setting.
Preliminary Findings-IndiaPreliminary Findings-India
• Epidemics and cyclones are the greatest causes of deaths
• Epidemics are highly associated with floods, but also occur as independent incidents.
• Fire is the greatest cause of household destruction, comparable to Cyclone.
• Floods affect people more than any other type of disaster.
contentcontent
• India Disaster Resource Network
• Disaster Inventory
• GIS in Disaster Management
• Emergency Communication plan
• Use of ICT at community level
• Proposed incident surveillance system
Geography Information System in in Disaster ManagementDisaster Management
• GIS allows disaster managers to quickly access and visually display critical information by location.
• This information can be easily shared with disaster response personnel for the coordination and implementation of emergency efforts
GIS usage in Disaster Management
• Pre disasters– Preparedness– Risk Analysis
• Hazard zonation• Vulnerability mapping
– Response planning• Spatial/ non-spatial database
– Administrative boundaries(state, district, block/ taluka)– River network– Road network– Railway network– Airports
– Prediction– Forecast Models (disaster wise)– Vigilance system (observation & warning)
• Post Disasters– Relief– Disaster identification– Immediate response– Recovery– Rehabilitation– Impact study
Community Contingency Plans Community Contingency Plans linkages on GIS based systemlinkages on GIS based system
Map Showing Natural Disaster Risk Management Programme States of India
Monitoring disaster possibilities using Satellite communication and GIS tools
Floods
Bio-Surveillance systems: o Show spreading patterns of critical diseases o Short term(SARS, Bird Flu) or long term (HIV/AIDS)o Also address the issue of bio terrorism
Stochastic modelling:o Mathematical simulations based on real data
Layers Taken for analysis :
1. Health Centres
2. Multipurpose Cyclone shelters
3. Storage Facilities
4. Buffer zones
5. Location of Boats
6. River systems
7. Roads
• Information can be retrieved upto village level.
• Block to Village can be zoomed in to view the geographical location of resources.
• Details about item/resource can be seen and query based resources finding is possible
• Flexibility of moving macro to micro level in a same window.
Linkage has been established to
1. District Disaster management Plan (DDMP)
2. Block Disaster Management Plan (BDMP)
3. Gram Panchayat Disaster Management Plan (GPDMP)
4. Village-CCP
Description about the Area
ContentContent
• India Disaster Resource Network
• Disaster Inventory
• GIS in Disaster Management
• Emergency Communication plan
• Use of ICT at community level
• Proposed incident surveillance system
YES
YESNO
MAY BE
MAY BE
MAY BE
MAY BE
Technology in Disaster Preparedness and Response
Does Early Warning matter?
Early Warning Systems - monitoringeg. ADPC Tsunami and Multi-Hazard Regional Early Warning System
1. Recorder on sea bed measures water pressure every 15 mins - an unusual result triggers a reading every 15 secs.
2. Buoy measures surface conditions and sends this plus data from sea bed to satellite
3. Satellite receives data and relays it to ground stations
1. Float in a "stilling well" tube measures sea level
2. Data is processed and sent to satellite
3. Satellite transmits data to alert centres
1. satellite
2. Satellite transmits data to alert centres
NATIONAL EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION PLAN
POLNET HUB
-
NATIONAL EOC
MOBILE EOC
NICNET HUB OPTIONAL BACK-UP FOR DEOC CONNECTIVITY
PUBLIC ISDN
NETWORK
DEOC-N
Reserved VSATs
THRO’ POLNET
SEOC-N
DEOC-1
DEOC-2
THRO’ POLNET
NQRT-1 VSAT
GMPCS PHONE
GMPCS PHONE
Parent Hospital
Mobile Medical Team
THRO’ POLNET
Case StudiesCase Studies
• India Disaster Resource Network
• Disaster Inventory
• GIS in Disaster Management
• Emergency Communication plan
• Use of Technology at community level
• Proposed incident surveillance system
Developed by LSF in the aftermath of tsunami
Used LAMP (Linux/Apache/MySQL/PHP) software stack
The main applications and problems they address are:
Helping to reduce trauma by effectively finding missing persons.
Coordinating and balancing the distribution of relief organizations
in the affected areas and connecting relief groups
Registering and tracking all incoming requests for support and
relief up to fulfilment and helping donors connect to requirements.
Tracking the location and numbers of victims in the various camps
and temporary shelters set up all around the affected area.
Successfully used in Kashmiri earthquake (2005), Philippines Guinsaugon landslide (2006) and Indonesian Yogjakarta earthquake (2006)
Disaster Recovery (Immediate Aftermath)
Role ofInternet:Aftermath of Turkey Earthquake
A major earthquake in Izmit, Turkey on August 17, 1999
Damage: 16,000 deaths, 120,000 houses
Fixed and mobile networks almost down
Only Internet was still up
It was used to locate missing persons, joining families, diverting essential items, prioritizing activities, donor coordination etc
Disaster Recovery (Immediate Aftermath)
Web 2.0 tools- Sarvodaya blog site
Sarvodaya was not ready for a ‘tsumani’
No resource to support the thousands displaced
The result: A blog site called www.sarvodaya.org
Developed overnight by two volunteers
This site connected the Sarvodaya teams at the international level
Sir Arthur C. Clarke made a public request for donations through this site
Site referred by Google, Apple and Nortel
Collected amount more than USD 1 million over few weeks time
Disaster Recovery (Immediate Aftermath)
Example: DAD – Development Assistance database
An automated information management system designed to improve efficiency and coordination of donor activities in the country.
Promotes good governance and public accountability and transparency
First used in Afghanistan. Now rolled out in Indonesia, Thailand, Maldives and Sri Lanka
Has a user friendly web interface
Disaster Recovery (long term)
Risk Reduction
Mitigation and
PreventionPreparedness Response Recovery
GIS √√√ √√√ √√ √
Analytical tools √√√ √√√ √ √
Blogging √√ √√√
Internet √√ √√ √√ √√ √√√
Mobile (voice) √ √√√ √√√
Mobile (non-voice)
√√√ √√√
Open Source √√ √√ √√
Satellite Communication
√√√ √√√ √√√ √√√
Web 2.0, Social Networking
√ √ √√√
TV, Radio √√ √√√ √√√
Fortunately it does not have to be one technology over another…
Case Studies : Community LevelCase Studies : Community Level
73 information centers in 12 districts of OrissaEarly warning dissemination, information on disaster preparedness, agriculture, governance, health etc.Self sustaining models in partnership with Panchayats, NGOs, community.Facilitated by local volunteers and NYKS volunteers.
Orissa ExperienceOrissa Experience
SETU Information Management SystemSETU Information Management System- Gujarat- Gujarat
A nodal point for facilitation of the rehabilitation process underway in Kutch for a defined geographical cluster of 15-20 villages. A network of 22 such centers across 10 talukas.Act as a coordination cell for relief and rehab in a cluster Village community uploading information and feedback about on going projects and activities, base line resource information etc.Accessing info. On schemes, entitlements, technical know how in various areas.
Case Studies: Community LevelCase Studies: Community Level
Case StudiesCase Studies
• India Disaster Resource Network
• Disaster Inventory
• GIS in Disaster Management
• Emergency Communication plan
• Use of ICT at community level
• Proposed incident surveillance system
Preliminary Data Collection Format
Incident Server
Research and analysis
3rd Party Analysis
Tool
Maps Graphs
Research and analysis of time series disaster data through 3rd party analysis tools for trends, patterns of disasters and risk
identification using graphs, maps etc.
Archived
>Situation Reports>Alerts>Damage Assessment>Need Assessment>Immediate Relief Requirements>Intervention Gap Analysis>Long term recovery and rehabilitation planning>Disaster Trends and patterns report>Risk identification
Reports and Utility of the System
Knowledge NetworkKnowledge Network
• Creating and connecting community of practitioners in Disaster Management through a knowledge based portal.
• A network of organizations, research institutions, Government agencies and DM practitioners.
• Facilitating direct interaction, information sharing, virtual conferencing (e-mail/ video conferencing etc)
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