The 60s An Era of Change. Change in the 60s Social change –demographics –culture

The 60sAn Era of Change

Change in the 60s

• Social change– demographics– culture

Change in the 60s

• Social change– demographics– culture– relations with the United States

CHICAGO 1968

KENT STATE 1970

Canadian National Self-Image

• The “Peaceful Evolution” theme in Canadian history

Canadian National Self-Image

• The “Peaceful Evolution” theme in Canadian history

• contrast with the U.S.– revolution vs. evolution

Canadian National Self-Image

• The “Peaceful Evolution” theme in Canadian history

• contrast with the U.S.– revolution vs. evolution

Seymour Martin Lipset, “Revolution and Counterrevolution: The United States and Canada” in The Revolutionary Theme in Contemporary America, Thomas Ford (ed.) 1965 UWO call # E169.1.F738

Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of United States and Canada (NY 1990)

Canadian National Self-Image

• The “Peaceful Evolution” theme in Canadian history

• contrast with the U.S.– revolution vs. evolution– even towards civil rights

Canadian National Self-Image

• The “Peaceful Evolution” theme in Canadian history

• contrast with the U.S.– revolution vs. evolution– even towards civil rights

• Justified?

Demographic Change

• Population Increase (National):– 1960 17.9 million– 1970 21.3 million

• 19% increase

Demographic Change

• Population Increase (National):– 1960 17.9 million– 1970 21.3 million

• 19% increase

• (but over 30% in the 50s)

Demographic Change

• Population Increase (Provincial):– Ontario 1960-1970: 24%– Western Canada: 19%– Maritimes: 10%

Demographic Change

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

1951 1961 1971

UrbanRural

Demographic ChangeLanguage Groups

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

1961 1971

French

English

Other

Language Groups (millions)

Demographic Change

• Immigration:– 1960s - 1.4 million immigrants to Canada– 1950s - 1.5 million

Demographic Change

• Immigration:– 1960s - 1.4 million immigrants to Canada– 1950s - 1.5 million “

– 1961: 8.4% of pop. recent immigrants– 1971: 6.6% “

Structural Change

Structural Change

• Social services

• Education

Structural Change

• Social services– 1960: 56 million “patient-days” in hospitals– 1970: 61 million “

Structural Change

• Social services– universal public health insurance

• Saskatchewan 1947

• Federal 1968

Structural Change

• Education

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

1960 1970

EDUCATIONAL SPENDINGIN CANADA, 1960-1970

(billions)

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

1960 1970

FULL-TIME STUDENTSIN CANADA, 1960-1970

(millions)

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

1960 1970

PERCENTAGE OF CANADIANSAGED 18-24 in Post-Secondary Education, 1960-1970

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

1960 1970

PERCENTAGE OF FEMALEUNIVERSITY STUDENTS,

1960-1970

0.02.04.06.08.0

10.012.014.016.018.0

1960 1970 1975

PERCENTAGE OF FEMALEPROFESSIONAL SCHOOL

STUDENTS, 1960-1975