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The American Military Experience American Civil War
1861
Wayne E. Sirmon, M.A.Ed., M.A.Military Science & History Departments
University of South Alabama
2
American Revolution
War of 1812
Mexican War
Civil War
Spanish-American War
World War I
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
Grenada, 1983
Panama, 1990
Desert Shield/Storm, 90-91
Somalia, 92-94
25,324
6,780
13,271
618,222
5,807
116,516
405,399
54,246
57,777
19
23
383
29 Source: The Journal of American History
AMERICAN MILITARY DEATHS, 1775 - 1994 ( Wars and Recent Operations )
3
American Revolution
War of 1812
Mexican War
Civil War
Spanish-American War
World War I
World War II
Korean War
Vietnam War
Grenada, 1983
Panama, 1990
Desert Shield/Storm, 90-91
Somalia, 92-94
117.9
8.3
6.2
181.7
0.8
11.1
29.6
3.5
2.8
0.0008
0.0009
0.0154
0.0011 Source: The Journal of American History
AMERICAN MILITARY DEATHS, 1775 - 1994 ( Wars and Recent Operations - per 10,000 Population )
4
States in the Civil War
Confederate Statesof America
“[The Confederacy’s] foundations are laid, and its cornerstone rests, upon the great truth that the negro is not
equal to the white man; that slavery, subordination to the superior race, is
his natural and moral condition.”
Alexander H.Stephens
Vice President, CSADavis, Government of Our Own, 294
6
Distinct Issues
• Causes of war
• Aims of belligerent governments
• Motivations of individuals
Probably related, quite unlikely to be identical
7
American Civil WarAmerican Civil War
US CSWAR AIMS Restore (Preserve) Union Independent Sovereignty
Scott Davis
1861 Armed Diplomacy Armed Diplomacy
“Anaconda” Cordon defense
1862-63 Halleck Lee
Decisive Points Decisive Points
Decisive Battle Decisive battle
Offensive Defense
1864 Grant
Hard War Defense
Break will Break will
CIVIL WAR STRATEGIES
8
Campaigns, 1861-63
9
InfantryNapoleonic Wars
Deadly Ground: 100 yards. Attack receives 2 volleys
Civil War
Deadly Ground: 500 yards. Attack receives 5-10 volleys.
10
Artillery / Infantry Combat
Napoleonic Wars
Civil War
Rifle: 500 (+) yards
Canister: 500 (-) yards Musket: 100 yards
Canister: 500 (-) yards
11
Projectile Comparison
5.56 mm 4.0 gm 925 m/s 1711 Nm 34 cm
Diameter Mass Velocity Energy Penetration
7.62 mm 9.7 gm 862 m/s 3603 Nm 65 cm
14.7 mm 28 gm 293 m/s 1201 Nm 24 cm.58 cal
12
Lethality?
• Waterloo– 200,000 involved– 68,000 casualties– 12 hours
• Gettysburg– 191,000 involved– 42,000 casualties– 3 days
13
Lethality?
• Napoleonic wars: 300-500 shots/wound
• Civil War: 127-181 shots/wound
• Russo-Japanese War (1904-05)20,000 shots/wound
14
THE REGULAR ARMY ON THE EVE OF WAR
1861 REGIMENTS: 10 INFANTRY, 2 DRAGOONS, 1 MOUNTED RIFLE, 2 CAVALRY, 4 ARTILLERY.
Total Strength: 16,215 (out of 17,867 authorized)
- Regiments in theory, Companies in practice
Location: (198 line Co’s) 183: frontier; 15: Canada/Atlantic)
Officers: 286 of 1098 resign, join CSA ( very few enlisted)
Concentrate as skilled nucleus?Scatter as cadre?
15
Comparative Resources
TOTAL POPULATION 2.5-1
RAILROAD MILAGE 2.4-1
WEALTH PRODUCED 3-1
MERCHANT SHIP TONNAGE 9-1
NAVAL SHIP TONNAGE 25-1
FACTORY PRODUCTION 10-1
FIREARMS PRODUCTION 32-1
IRON PRODUCTION 20-1
FARM ACERAGE 3-1
COTTON PRODUCTION 1-24
Junior Leaders Matters
Junior Leaders Matters
Advance Redoubt
Ft. Barrancas
Ft. McRee
Fort Pickens
Junior Leaders Matters
Advance Redoubt
Ft. Barrancas
Ft. McRee
Fort Pickens
Junior Leaders Matters
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