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The Atlantic Rim:The Atlantic Rim:Comparative Issues in North American and European LogisticsComparative Issues in North American and European Logistics
Annual Conference of the Association of American Geographers, Boston, Annual Conference of the Association of American Geographers, Boston, Massachusetts, April 15-19 2008Massachusetts, April 15-19 2008
The Terminalization of Supply The Terminalization of Supply Chains:Chains:North American and European North American and European PerspectivesPerspectives
Theo NOTTEBOOMTheo NOTTEBOOMInstitute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp (ITMMA), Institute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp (ITMMA), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumUniversity of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
Jean-Paul RODRIGUEJean-Paul RODRIGUEDepartment of Economics & GeographyDepartment of Economics & GeographyHofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USAHofstra University, Hempstead, New York 11549, USA
The Terminalization of Supply ChainsThe Terminalization of Supply Chains
A. North America: The Corridor Effect
B. Europe: The Gateway Effect
C. Comparative Logistics: Terminalization and the Move Inland
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Alameda Corridor
Ground Level
Trench (30 feet)
0 2 4 6 81Miles
Port of Los AngelesPort of Long Beach
CBD
UP & BNSF Railyards
Mid-CorridorTrench (10 miles)
Alameda Corridor
UP & BNSF Railyards
Port of Los Angeles
Port of Long Beach
Thruport
Port Cluster
Alameda Corridor
The Extended Gateway of the Ports of Los Angeles / Long Beach
Marine Term
inal
On-dock rail yards
Near-dock rail yards
Off-dock rail yards
Transload facility
Warehouse
Transload facility
Warehouse
Non-local destination
Non-local destination
Non-local destination
Off-dock rail yards
Non-local destination
Non-local destination
Local destination
16%
13%
22%
13%
34%
2%Truck
Rail
Intra-terminal
Average Speed of Class I Railroads, 1945-Average Speed of Class I Railroads, 1945-20042004
15
20
25
30
35
40
1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Kilo
met
ers
per h
our
Average Freight Train Length, United StatesAverage Freight Train Length, United States
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Auto Bulk GeneralMerchandise
Intermodal
Eastern Railroads (CSX, NS)
Western Railroads (BNSF, UP)
Container Dwell Times at BNSF Rail Container Dwell Times at BNSF Rail TerminalsTerminals
Departure Return Free Dwell Time (Days)
Additional Charge (per day)
Loaded Loaded (same shipper)
6 $25
Loaded Loaded (different shipper)
3 $25
Empty Loaded 3 $25
Loaded Empty 1 $25/$50 (after 10 days)
Empty Empty 0 $25/$50 (after 10 days)
1212
BNSF’s Three Tier Terminal System, 2007BNSF’s Three Tier Terminal System, 2007
Facility Group
Facility Free Dwell Time (days)
Charge (per day)
1 Kansas City, KSLos Angeles, CAMemphis, TN
1 $150
2 Alliance, TXAtlanta, GA (Fairburn)Chicago (Cicero), ILHouston, TXOakland Intl. Gateway, CA
San Bernardino, CASeattle, WA (SIG)St. Louis, MOSt. Paul, MNStockton, CA
2 $150
3 Albuquerque, NMAmarillo, TXBillings, MTBirmingham, ALChicago (Corwith), ILChicago (Willow Springs), ILDenver, CODilworth, MNEl Paso, TX
Fresno, CAHarvard, ARLogistics Park Chicago, ILNew Orleans, LAOmaha, NEPhoenix, AZPortland, ORSouth Seattle, WASpokane, WA
2 $100
1313
Average Dwell Times at Major European Average Dwell Times at Major European Container Terminals (in days)Container Terminals (in days)
Characteristics Bremen Hamburg Rotterdam Antwerp La Spezia Gioia Tauro
Import dwell vessel – truck
6,4 6,4 6,4 6,4 7,4 7,4
Export dwell truck – vessel
4,6 4,6 4,6 4,6 5,6 5,6
Import dwell vessel – train 6,5 6,5 6,5 6,5 7,5 7,5
Export dwell train – vessel 4,7 4,7 4,7 4,7 5,7 5,7
Import dwell vessel – barge
4,1 4,1 4,1 4,1 5,1 5,1
Export dwell barge – vessel
4,3 4,3 4,3 4,3 5,3 5,3
Transshipment dwell - - - - - 5,3
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TCT VenloExtended gate (rail-based)
for ECT/HPH
Container transferiumExtended gate (satellite)
Initiated by POR
Case studies Europe – Rhine-Scheldt Delta
Examples of cases
JVC Belgium + TCT Belgium: extended DC for JVC, extended gate for ECT
• Four day rule
• Free time Rotterdam = 5 days
• Free time TCT Belgium = 21 days
• Full containers at TCT = part of stock to JVC Belgium
C. Comparative Logistics: Inland Terminals C. Comparative Logistics: Inland Terminals and the Move Inlandand the Move Inland
What are the main differences and similarities?• Differences:
• Modes (Truck/Rail vs. Truck/Barge).• Ownership (Private vs. Public/Private).
• Similarities:• Function (import based).
Is there a distinct North American (or European) terminalization?• Due to externalities (congestion, environment) Europe
shows a more advanced terminalization.
• Dwell time pressures indicate a more constraining terminalization in North America.
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