The Cardiovascular System Blood. Functions of Blood I. TransportationI. Transportation –Oxygen...

The The Cardiovascular Cardiovascular

SystemSystemBloodBlood

Functions of Functions of BloodBlood

• I. I. TransportationTransportation– OxygenOxygen– Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide– NutrientsNutrients– HeatHeat– Waste productsWaste products– HormonesHormones

RBCs are most numerous, white RBCs are most numerous, white blood cells are stained blood cells are stained

purple.purple.

• II. RegulationII. Regulation– pH using pH using buffersbuffers

– Body Body temperaturetemperature

– Water content Water content of cells.of cells.

Functions of Functions of BloodBlood

Water content of Water content of blood is regulated by blood is regulated by

the kidneysthe kidneys

• III. ProtectionIII. Protection– Blood lossBlood loss– Against Against microbes and microbes and viruses.viruses.

Red Blood Cell Infected With Malaria

Functions of Functions of BloodBlood

Physical Physical Characteristics of Characteristics of

BloodBlood• Temperature Temperature

– 38 C. 38 C.

• More viscous than More viscous than water.water.

• pH pH – 7.35 - 7.457.35 - 7.45

• VolumeVolume– 5-6 liters (male)5-6 liters (male)– 4-5 liters (female)4-5 liters (female)

• Percent total body Percent total body weightweight– 8 percent8 percent

Components of Components of BloodBlood

• I. PlasmaI. Plasma• II. Formed II. Formed elementselements– Red blood cellsRed blood cells– White blood White blood cellscells• GranularGranular• AgranularAgranular

III. PlateletsIII. PlateletsNeutrophil

Platelets RBC

Plasma

• Straw-colored liquid

• 91.5% water, 7% proteins

• Albumins maintain osmotic pressure

• Antibodies fight disease

Formation Formation of Blood of Blood cellscells• HemopoiesisHemopoiesis

– Occurs in fetusOccurs in fetus• Yolk sac, then Yolk sac, then liver, spleen and liver, spleen and thymusthymus

•Red bone Red bone marrow- marrow- after after birth and birth and throughout throughout lifelife

Adult hemopoiesis

Proximal ends Proximal ends of femur and of femur and humerus.humerus.•Flat bones Flat bones such as such as scapula, ribs, scapula, ribs, pelvis, pelvis, sternum.sternum.

Originates from Originates from hemopoietic hemopoietic stem cells that stem cells that differentiate differentiate into into five types five types of blood cells.of blood cells.

Erythrocytes: red blood Erythrocytes: red blood cellscells

• Structure:Structure:– Biconcave discs.Biconcave discs.– 8 microns in 8 microns in diameterdiameter

– No nucleus or No nucleus or organelles.organelles.

– Contains Contains hemoglobin.hemoglobin.

– 4.5 to 5.5 4.5 to 5.5 million per.million per. mmmm33..

• FunctionFunction– Carries oxygen & carbon dioxide.Carries oxygen & carbon dioxide.– Hemoglobin Hemoglobin consists of four proteins consists of four proteins attached to four hemesattached to four hemes

– Each heme has iron.Each heme has iron.– Iron attaches to oxygen.Iron attaches to oxygen.

– RBCs maintain RBCs maintain a a biconcave biconcave shape.shape.

– Maximum S.A. Maximum S.A. for gas for gas exchangeexchange

– 2 million are 2 million are made each made each second!second!

Recycling of a RBCRecycling of a RBC

– RBCs live from 3 to 120 days.RBCs live from 3 to 120 days.– Removed by spleen, liver, and red Removed by spleen, liver, and red bone marrow. (Macrophages)bone marrow. (Macrophages)

JaundiceJaundice

– The non- Iron part The non- Iron part of hemoglobin is of hemoglobin is usually converted usually converted into into bilirubinbilirubin..

– Liver then excretes Liver then excretes it into the large it into the large intestine.intestine.

– If the liver If the liver failsfails to process to process bilirubin in bilirubin in newborns, they will newborns, they will turn a yellow turn a yellow color: jaundicecolor: jaundice

ErythrocytesErythrocytes

• Production of Production of RBCsRBCs– ErythropoiesisErythropoiesis– Kidneys Kidneys determine determine rate rate of RBC of RBC production.production.

– Kidneys produce Kidneys produce erythropoietin.erythropoietin.• Speeds up Speeds up erythropoiesis.erythropoiesis.

LeukocytesLeukocytes

• StructureStructure– Contains a Contains a nucleus.nucleus.

– GranularGranular• NeutrophilsNeutrophils• EosinophilsEosinophils• BasophilsBasophils

– AgranularAgranular• LymphocytesLymphocytes

LeukocytesLeukocytes

• FunctionsFunctions– Neutrophils and Neutrophils and monocytes are monocytes are phagocytic.phagocytic.

– Monocytes are Monocytes are referred to as referred to as macrophages.macrophages.

– WBC’s are capable WBC’s are capable of emigration of emigration (diapedesis).(diapedesis).

– Capable of Capable of chemotaxis.chemotaxis.

Monocyte

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LeukocytesLeukocytes

• Life SpanLife Span– Most live just Most live just a few days.a few days.

– Lymphocytes Lymphocytes live years.live years.

– 5,000 - 7,000/ 5,000 - 7,000/ mmmm33..

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LeukocytesLeukocytes

• NumberNumber– 5,000 - 7,000/ 5,000 - 7,000/ mmmm33..

• Leukocytes are Leukocytes are produced in the produced in the red bone red bone marrow.marrow.

Macrophages

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ThrombocytesThrombocytes

• StructureStructure– Fragment of Fragment of cytoplasm cytoplasm surrounded by surrounded by membrane.membrane.

– Originate from a Originate from a megakaryocyte.megakaryocyte.

– Megakaryocyte Megakaryocyte fragments to form fragments to form platelets.platelets.

Thrombocyte

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ThrombocytesThrombocytes

• FunctionFunction– Forms a plug to Forms a plug to stop bleeding.stop bleeding.

– Initiates Initiates clotting clotting process.process.

ThrombocytesThrombocytes

• Life SpanLife Span– 5 to 9 days.5 to 9 days.

• NumberNumber• 250,000 to 250,000 to 400,000 mm400,000 mm3.3.

• ProductionProduction– Formed in red Formed in red bone marrow.bone marrow.

HemostasisHemostasis

• Three Three mechanismsmechanisms–Vascular Vascular spasmspasm

–Platelet Platelet plug plug formationformation

–Blood Blood coagulationcoagulation

HemostasisHemostasis

• Vascular SpasmVascular Spasm– Smooth muscle in wall contracts.Smooth muscle in wall contracts.– Initiated by nociceptors.Initiated by nociceptors.– Lasts from 20 minutes to several Lasts from 20 minutes to several hours.hours.

HemostasisHemostasis

• Platelet Plug FormationPlatelet Plug Formation–Platelets get ‘sticky’ when Platelets get ‘sticky’ when they come in contact with a they come in contact with a damaged blood vessel.damaged blood vessel.

HemostasisHemostasis• CoagulationCoagulation

– Clotting involves Clotting involves several coagulation several coagulation factors.factors.• Formation of Formation of prothrombinase.prothrombinase.

• Prothrombin Prothrombin converted to converted to thrombin.thrombin.

• Fibrinogen Fibrinogen converted to fibrin converted to fibrin by thrombin.by thrombin.

• Fibrin forms Fibrin forms threads of protein threads of protein that trap RBC’s to that trap RBC’s to form clot.form clot.

HemostasisHemostasis

• Extrinsic Extrinsic pathwaypathway– Initiated from Initiated from outside the outside the circulatory circulatory systemsystem

– Tissue Factor Tissue Factor (TF) found on (TF) found on surface of surface of cells cause the cells cause the formation of formation of prothrombinase.prothrombinase.

HemostasisHemostasis

• Intrinsic Intrinsic pathwaypathway– Initiated from Initiated from inside the inside the blood vessels.blood vessels.

– Slower than Slower than extrinsic.extrinsic.

– Initiated when Initiated when blood contacts blood contacts damaged damaged endothelial endothelial cells.cells.

Blood Blood GroupingsGroupings

• ABOABO– Based on types of Based on types of proteins proteins (antigens) on (antigens) on surface of the red surface of the red blood cells.blood cells.

– Type A has only A Type A has only A antigen.antigen.

– Type B has only B Type B has only B antigen.antigen.

– Type O has none.Type O has none.– Type AB has both.Type AB has both.

Blood Blood GroupingsGroupings

• Type O is the Type O is the universal universal donor.donor.

• Type AB is Type AB is the universal the universal recipientrecipient

Blood Blood GroupingsGroupings

• Typing Typing Blood.Blood.– AntiseraAntisera– Clumping Clumping means means antigen is antigen is present.present.

Blood Blood GroupingsGroupings

• RhRh– Separate Separate systemsystem

– PositivePositive– NegativeNegative

Rh Rh IncompatibilityIncompatibility